Cross-border multi-level warehouse network optimization: Modeling and application based on mixed-integer linear programming

In recent years, with the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce and the transformation and upgrading of traditional foreign trade of various countries, both China and ASEAN regard cross-border e-commerce as an important content to promote the high-quality development of bilateral trade. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a key global trade digital pilot area. The official entry into force of the RCEP provides a new environment for the development of cross-border e-commerce between the Greater Bay Area and ASEAN countries. From the background of RCEP framework, this paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by cross-border e-commerce enterprises in the Greater Bay Area and ASEAN. Based on this, it proposes the innovative development path of cross-border e-commerce from the aspects of cross-border logistics system building, cross-border e-commerce talent team building and cross-border e-commerce intellectual property protection. It is aimed to activate the Greater Bay Area commodity trade market, and further promote the development of cross-border e-commerce between the Greater Bay Area and ASEAN countries.

With the development of science, the technology of the internet has also presented new trends. With the integration of the internet and industry, the era of "Internet+" has also arrived. During this period, the development of cross-border e-commerce in China has ushered in new opportunities. However, as a new form of international trade, there are also many potential risks. The global outbreak of the new crown epidemic in early 2020 further accelerated the pace of cross-border e-commerce to replace traditional trade. In recent years, cross-border e-commerce has become the new way of selling trade. China's cross-border e-commerce has also made leaps and bounds, with an expanding range of exports and an increasing role in promoting the domestic economy. This essay is based on the literature about cross-border e-commerce under the "Internet+" from 2015 to 2022 in the CNKI database and uses CiteSpace technology to visualize the current development of cross-border e-commerce under the "Internet+" through a visualization method. The study shows that China's cross-border e-commerce development has been greatly improved. Meanwhile, the scope of research in the field of cross-border e-commerce in China has been expanding and becoming more mature and stable, and most researchers have made outstanding contributions to the field. The research hot spots in this essay are highly related to the background of the times. Through the visualization and systematic study of CiteSpace in the field of cross-border e-commerce, this essay shows the information on postings, keywords, and hot spots, which provides certain references for the development of cross-border e-commerce in China.

In the realm of international trade, cross-border e-commerce has infused fresh vitality into the traditional foreign trade. Through the deepening of international cooperation in "Silk Road E-commerce," Chinese cross-border e-commerce is actively forging into emerging overseas markets. In contrast to regions such as Europe and the United States, Africa presents a less saturated cross-border e-commerce market, offering a vast "blue ocean" of opportunities. Within the context of the cordial relationship between China and Africa, this paper reflects on the past decade of China's cross-border e-commerce development in Africa and employs PEST analysis to investigate the political, economic, social, and technological factors influencing China's cross-border e-commerce in Africa. Speculatively, this analysis suggests that China's cross-border e-commerce to Africa will continue its growth trajectory. This paper will elucidate the internal strengths and weaknesses of China's cross-border e-commerce through SWOT analysis, forecast the opportunities and threats present within the external African environment, and proceed with TOWS cross analysis and regression validation analysis to generate corresponding strategic recommendations. These recommendations aim to provide specific and concise operational measures for the relevant government departments and cross-border e-commerce industry to navigate the African market successfully.

With the globalization of the economy, the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce platforms has made the study of consumers' purchase intentions increasingly important. This research aims to explore the main factors influencing consumers' purchase intentions on B2C or B2B cross-border e-commerce platforms, including aspects such as websites, products, payment methods, and logistics. Understanding the impact of these factors on consumers' purchase intentions not only helps e-commerce platforms optimize user experience but also provides a basis for merchants to formulate effective marketing strategies, thereby promoting the sustainable development of cross-border e-commerce. This study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and uses a questionnaire survey to identify the key factors influencing consumers' purchase intentions and their relative importance, revealing the weight relationships between these factors. The research finds that products and website services are the most important factors influencing consumers' purchase intentions, followed by payment methods and after-sales services. The results indicate that e-commerce platforms should focus on enhancing these various factors to effectively promote consumers' purchase decisions and thereby drive the development of cross-border e-commerce businesses.

With the rapid popularization of the Internet and the mature development of the e-commerce industry, cross-border e-commerce has become a new economic growth point in Zhejiang Province. In recent years, Zhejiang Province has vigorously promoted the development of cross-border e-commerce, and with its unique geographical advantages and excellent policy support, cross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly, and the development level of cross-border e-commerce ranks among the top in the country. Based on the existing problems in the development of cross-border e-commerce in Zhejiang Province, this paper puts forward targeted suggestions to promote the further development of cross-border e-commerce in Zhejiang Province.

Abstract: The development of science and technology and the deepening of globalisation have opened up new directions for developing the agricultural industry. With the gradual expansion of the scope of Internet +, traditional trade has gradually evolved into e-commerce, and relatively simple domestic trade has gradually expanded into cross-border transactions. With the help of e-commerce platforms, sales channels can be expanded, and the share of agricultural exports can be increased. The development of cross-border e-commerce is highly valued and mutually supportive of the agricultural product supply chain (APSC), which promotes the international trade of agricultural products. Optimised APSC provide high-quality produce to meet consumer demand. Technological innovations such as big data and the Internet of Things (IoT) bring smart and efficient optimisation solutions to APSC, improving the efficiency of product distribution. This paper reviews the research on cross-border e-commerce and APSC by some scholars in recent years, summarises the current development of cross-border e-commerce, describes the problems of APSC, and proposes solutions. Reviewing and summarising the relevant research literature aims to help scholars understand the development of cross-border e-commerce and APSC more systematically and comprehensively, and to provide strong support for future research and practice.

The development of cross-border e-commerce is generally faced with problems such as high freight, long transportation time, and low service level. However, overseas warehouses can effectively solve the above problems to a certain extent, and they can improve consumer satisfaction. Therefore, this paper proposed a method combined with the entropy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (E-TOPSIS) model and complex network analysis theory to make a comprehensive determination of overseas warehouse locations for China’s e-commerce exports in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (B&R). We selected 62 countries along the B&R as pre-candidates for overseas warehouse locations and then evaluated the significance of each node in cross-border e-commerce for Chinese export products. Finally, 15 countries were identified as the optimal overseas warehouse locations for Chinese export products along the B&R. The results can provide reference for overseas warehouse deployment of Chinese cross-border e-commerce enterprises as well as the development and the construction of the B&R.

This study examines the impact of U.S. tariff policy adjustments on Chinese enterprises within the cross-border e-commerce export supply chain network, using the fast-fashion platform SHEIN as a representative case. A three-stage analytical framework—"production-warehousing-logistics"—is constructed. The research reveals SHEIN's three-pronged strategy: increasing Vietnam's production share to 28%, expanding its U.S. domestic warehouses by 2.7 times, and increasing duty-free direct mail ratios by 23 percentage points. Ultimately, tariff costs were reduced by 22%, and delivery cycles shortened to 3.5 days. The study highlights the unique pathway for digital platform enterprises to achieve supply chain resilience through data-driven agile restructuring, providing theoretical foundations and practical references for optimizing global layouts in cross-border e-commerce. It also points out future research directions, such as addressing regional policy differences and compliance risk early warning systems.

The transaction scale of cross-border import e-commerce has grown rapidly around the world. Platform-style cross-border e-commerce does not control the quality, source and transaction process of goods strictly and comprehensively. In terms of customer service quality, the seller's customer service often ignores the customer's problems, and some customer service solutions cannot solve the customer's problems. Serving customers through the network has changed the traditional offline service form without distance, and the service process has a time and space distance. This paper constructs an evaluation index system based on the development of cross-border e-commerce. Through questionnaires, relevant data were obtained and analyzed. Analyze the results based on the collected data on the factors that affect the quality of cross-border import e-commerce services. Responsiveness is the most important factor found by artificial neural networks. The descending order of importance of other factors is fulfillment, diversity, privacy, reliability, compensation, and ease of use.

In the era of the digital economy, international trade develops rapidly, and cross-border e-commerce occupies an important position in global trade. To comply with the trend of economic globalization, China's cross-border e-commerce field needs to clarify its advantages and shortcomings, make timely adjustments and improvements, and achieve sustainable development. This paper analyzes the international economic background and the development status of cross-border e-commerce. Taking Alibaba International Site, a representative cross-border e-commerce platform, as a specific case, SWOT analysis is applied to analyze its development status, and it is found that the cultural differences, policy differences, and trade protection problems it faces reflect the existing deficiencies in China's cross-border e-commerce field. And put forward optimization suggestions for China's cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Still, the suggestions in this paper have certain limitations, for the specific situation of small and medium-sized cross-border e-commerce enterprises need to be considered in combination with the actual problem.

<p>With the rapid development of China's foreign trade, cross-border e-commerce companies have also emerged successively, and the corresponding tax policies and free trade zones to promote their development have also been rapidly established and improved.In the process of the free trade zone and the development of e-commerce enterprises, the formulation and improvement of tax policies will directly affect the development of the whole free trade zone and cross-border e-commerce industry.Starting with the current tax policies of Fujian Free Trade Zone, this paper analyzes the current tax preferential policies in China, and further improves the current problems of China's tax policies to provide reference for the healthy development of China's cross-border e-commerce.</p>

With the vigorous development of cross-border e-commerce and the application and promotion of modern teaching technology, the ability requirements for cross-border talents have changed a lot. Therefore, the training goal of colleges and universities is to cultivate composite cross-border e-commerce talents, and the teaching reform of cross-border e-commerce courses is imperative. Under the guidance of the blending learning mode, we will design and build cross-border e-commerce curriculum content, stimulate students' learning enthusiasm, improve their learning ability and innovation and entrepreneurship ability, so as to grow into qualified cross-border e-commerce talents faster.

Along with their widespread application, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have recently gained growing acceptance as a sustainable and clean technology. In this regard, the present study proposes a two-phase approach based on a new hybrid multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method and sustainable robust optimization (RO) approach to design and plan a LIBs supply chain (SC) under uncertainty. In the first phase, the most appropriate possible locations for battery manufacturing zones are determined based on various ecological, social, and technical criteria. For this purpose, the Bayesian best-worst method (BBWM) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) are combined through the hybrid MCDM analysis. In the second phase, a two-stage stochastic RO model is formulated to optimize a set of strategic and tactical decisions for LIBs SC. The proposed LIBs SC design is a sustainable mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), multiproduct, and multiperiod model that addresses environmental, social, and economic objectives. Finally, the model’s performance is evaluated by conducting an actual case study in Iran, offering key managerial insights. Findings reveal that the hybrid BBWM-TOPSIS method reduces the optimization model’s computational complexity by eliminating 45% of inappropriate locations. Furthermore, raw material supply cost and manufacturing activities account for the highest portion of the total cost and EI elements by 53% and 60%, respectively.

Cross-border E-commerce (CBEC) is a specific phenomenon of “Internet + foreign business”, the development trend of international business, and a new development point of the national EC industry strategy. The development of CBEC can meet the growing material and cultural needs of the people, increase business opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote the development of the national economy. CBEC is an important strategy for national economic development and a new development opportunity for enterprises. Identifying the factors that affect the development of CBEC is very important for the decision-making of government agencies and enterprises. The main purpose of this paper is to study the development of CBEC based on computer technology. This paper first analyzes the problems existing in the development of CBEC, and uses PEST technology to analyze the external environmental factors that affect the development of CBEC; and analyzes the development path of the CBEC ecosystem. In the process of analyzing the development status of CBEC, it is found that the transaction scale has increased from 9.1 trillion yuan to 10.8 trillion yuan in five years. At the same time, the promulgation of a series of favorable national policies has stimulated domestic demand, and CBEC has huge development space. CBEC has become a rapidly growing market in the field of EC.

Cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) is becoming critical for a strong supply chain. Using data from Chinese listed firms and a difference-in-difference (DID) model, this paper examines the impact of CBEC development on supply chain efficiency from the perspective of enterprise inventory. CBEC significantly reduces enterprises’ non-finished goods inventory and improves supply chain efficiency. The mechanism tests reveal three ways in which CBEC optimizes enterprises’ inventory and enhances supply chain efficiency: improving the performance of upstream-facing sourcing, increasing the efficiency of enterprises’ product transformation, and optimizing downstream-facing demand coordination. The heterogeneous results suggest that CBEC has a greater impact on the supply chain efficiency of firms with high operational volatility and capital intensity and low digitization levels. Further, the effect of CBEC on the reduction of non-finished goods inventory is more significant in regions with weak infrastructure development and location endowment. This study provides empirical evidence for the emerging development topic of new international trade patterns empowering industrial supply chains.