Cryptographic techniques for computers

Today, global villages are experiencing a myriad of social, economic, and cultural changes and have thus far been able to advance in the face of rapid change. Keeping abreast with the great progress of transportation, communication, and informational exchange systems, the resultant border‐freeing trend greatly influences not only the daily life of the general public but also the realm of criminal acts. Taking advantage of the changes and trends, the so‐called newly affiliated ‘'Organized Transnational Crimes''1 are becoming increasingly sophisticated, intelligent and internationalized to display a phenomenon of being shaped into a universal scale. As a strategic point in the 21st century Pacific Rim era, Korea not only has a higher propensity for exposure to organized transnational crime than other countries, but is also susceptible to North Korea's plot of such subversive acts as narcotics trafficking and terrorism in alliance with the organized transnational crimes in a bid to undermine South Korea. Although the records of the organized transnational crime activities in Korea have not been greatly alarming, the pattern of the crimes is increasingly being diversified into narcotics trafficking, firearms smuggling, forged bill circulating and so on, with the frequency of their commission also increasing. This is, of course, reminiscent of the situations in the industrialized countries.

The structure of modern information and communication systems (ICS) is characterized by considerable spatial diversity of a large number of interacting subscribers. In these conditions, technologies of processing, storage, protection, transmission and reception of information on the network under conditions of natural and artificial interferences (impacts), as well as limited frequency and energy resources of ICS play an extremely important role in ensuring the quality of service of end users. ICS, especially for critical applications, are increasingly demanding to ensure the effectiveness of their functioning (speed of information transmission, electromagnetic compatibility, noise immunity, information security, survivability, secrecy, information security). The ability to implement these requirements is largely disregarded by applicable information technology. There is a contradiction between the strict requirements for secrecy, confidentiality, integrity, authenticity of data stored and transmitted through communication lines, on the one hand, and existing models, methods and technologies for managing telecommunications networks, information security, services and quality of service, on the other hand. The main ways to resolve this contradiction is to increase the noise immunity, secrecy and information security of ICS based on the improvement of methodological bases for the construction of ICS by developing methods of information exchange, methods of synthesis of signals of physical data carriers with the necessary properties. The principles of construction of derivative signal systems are given. The requirements for output and source signals are defined. The justification of the possibility of using random (pseudorandom) processes for the production of signals is used to construct them. The results of studies of ensemble, correlation, and structural properties of the obtained systems of derivative signals are presented. It is shown that the use of this class of complex nonlinear discrete signals in modern ICS will improve such performance indicators of such systems as noise immunity, information and structural stealth.

Computer facilities and microprocessor-based technology have been successfully used in the energy industry. For protection and equipment control, this technology has been used in SCADA, remote control and monitoring applications. Particular attention is paid to the cyber security sector for automation and control systems. Protective application of the equipment and control, SCADA, monitoring and remote control, uses the technology with microprocessor. Due to the great importance of the power supply process, there is no question of being left in a state of vulnerability and neglect. Security is not perfect and will never be. For this reason, there will always be security breaches and incidents. Also, for this reason, not only protection mechanisms are in place, but also mechanisms for rapid detection of incidents and which are able to react effectively to the isolation of problems and to ensuring security. Processes security for systems will continue to evolve in the future. By definition, there are no communication systems that are 100% safe. Attacks against critical industrial infrastructures marked an increase not only in terms of number but also of the level of complexity. The destruction of the industrial control system (ICS) and critical processes were interrupted. For many organizations, the security improvement in ICS systems is great. The extreme sensitivity to ensure the availability and performance of industrial processes has led to a more conservative and rigorous approach to how security measures are implemented. Cyber-attacks that could compromise the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of ICS systems may come from within systems or from outside ICS systems. Among the ICS system infection vectors from the perspective of the SANS Institute (2014) include: external threats (state attacks, hacking etc.), malware, exploiting tools, phishing, internal attacks, cyber security protocols, and industrial espionage. This chapter addresses the cyber security issues required for the protection, automation, control and communications systems of transformation stations as well as methods that could be used to prevent computer attacks that can have a significant impact on the availability of the system Electro-energetic effect with serious consequences on extended area interruptions.

Digital multi-player learning games are believed to represent an important step forward in risk management training, especially related to human factors, where they are trusted to improve the performance of a team of learners in reducing serious adverse events, near-misses and crashes in complex socio-technical systems. Team situation awareness is one of the critical factors that can lead the team to consider the situation with an erroneous mental representation. Then, inadequate decisions are likely to be made regarding the actual situation. This paper describes an innovative communication system designed to be used in digital learning games. The system aims at enabling the learners to share information and build a common representation of the situation to help them take appropriate actions, anticipate failures, identify, reduce or correct errors. This innovative system is neither based on voice-chat nor branching dialogues, but on the idea that pieces of information can be manipulated as tangible objects in a virtual environment. To that end, it provides a handful of graphic interactions allowing users to collect, memorize, exchange, listen and broadcast information, ask and answer questions, debate and vote. The communication system was experimented on a healthcare training context with students and their teacher. The training scenario is set in a virtual operating room and features latent critical events (wrong-patient or wrong-side surgery). Teams have to manage such a critical situation, detect anomalies hidden in the environment and share them to make the most suitable decision. Analyzing the results demonstrated the efficacy of the communication system as per the ability for the players to actually exchange information, build a common representation of the situation and make collaborative decisions accordingly. The communication system was considered user-friendly by the users and successfully exposed lifelike behaviors such as debate, conflict or irritation. More importantly, every matter or implicit disagreement was raised while playing the game and led to an argued discussion, although eventually the right decision was not always taken by the team. So, improving the gameplay should help theplayers to manage a conflict and to make them agree on the most suitable decision.

In this paper, we propose a method to reconstruct frequency- and polarization-multiplexed terahertz (THz) holograms using an aperture-shared metalens composed of merely a single type of meta-atom structure. The focal points generated by the multi-foci metalens serve as the pixels of the holographic images. The designed meta-atom exhibits high circular polarization conversion efficiency at three frequencies; thus, the design of geometric phase metasurfaces can be implemented simultaneously at these three frequencies. A multi-foci metalens is designed using a phase multiplexing approach, with frequency multiplexing achieved through a shared aperture. Meanwhile, during the phase multiplexing design process, the edge phase profiles of different frequencies are adjusted to ensure that the focal spot sizes corresponding to different frequencies remain identical. Two design frequencies are selected for the reconstruction of final frequency-multiplexed holograms after accounting for the influence of dispersion. Additionally, amplitude coefficients are introduced into the phase profile design to mitigate the dispersive effects between different frequencies. Ultimately, through the simultaneous multiplexing of frequency and polarization, the reconstruction of holographic images with nearly uniform intensities across different frequencies is achieved after polarization detection. Our design method enables a single metasurface to simultaneously carry multiple images or pieces of information, which can enhance information density and, thus, holds application potential in fields such as THz communication, information storage, and encryption.

Development of Highly Reliable Power and Communication System for Essential Instruments Under Severe Accidents in NPP

All communication systems must be controlled by strong traffic management architectures. In such systems, many calls are transmitted through many nodes. In this way, a call is blocked if the system is overloaded or the link between the current nodes is deactivated. In this study, we analyze and control the traffic of our sample communication system under different criteria to avoid these problems. We consider low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems, because satellites become a vital requirement for today's dense communication areas. We present a mathematical model to calculate call blocking probabilities (CBPs) with a new traffic density function which is based on coverage areas and current time slots. We also use the channel numbers of the links between satellites in CBP formulas to specify the communication lines and to mean different delivery buses for the calls. Then we compare the results under different CBP values.

Cyberspace gives rise to risks as well as opportunities, and a prominent threat emerging from this domain is cyber espionage. Because no internationally and legally recognized definition of cyber espionage exists, the following definitions of espionage will be used only to frame the subject under examination. “Cyber espionage” describes the exploitation of cyberspace for the purpose of accessing and collecting confidential data. It can occur via close or remote access. “Close access cyber espionage” involves the collection of confidential data through the installation of hardware or software by malicious actors in close physical proximity to the targeted computer network or system. In contrast, “remote access cyber espionage” is launched some distance from the targeted network, usually by exploiting pathways created by the Internet. Cyber espionage takes different forms depending upon the type of confidential data targeted, the actor undertaking this activity, and the context in which it occurs. “Political” cyber espionage is usually state-sponsored (although it can be undertaken by nonstate actors such as terrorist groups) and describes the appropriation of political and military information belonging to state and nonstate actors during times of peace or armed conflict. “Economic” cyber espionage is also state-sponsored but instead involves the theft of confidential business information from foreign companies. “Industrial” cyber espionage entails the theft of confidential business information, but, unlike economic cyber espionage, it is carried out by companies against foreign rivals without the support or assistance of a state. The dawn of cyberspace has heralded an exponential increase in political, economic, and industrial espionage for several reasons: first, cyberspace is used to store huge amounts of confidential information, and is therefore a resource-rich environment for cyber spies to target; second, the instantaneous nature of cyberspace means that cyber spies can access confidential information quickly, cheaply, and efficiently; and third, cyberspace is a virtual and interconnected domain, meaning that espionage can be conducted remotely and anonymously, thus making it a relatively risk-free enterprise. Peacetime espionage is not specifically regulated by international law, and thus there is no “international law of espionage” that can be applied to cyber-enabled espionage. But this does not mean that cyber espionage exists in an international law vacuum. In fact, there is an array of general principles of international law as well as specialized regimes that are potentially applicable to cyber espionage. Unlike peacetime espionage, cyber espionage committed during times of armed conflict is directly regulated by international humanitarian law.

In independent countries of the former Soviet Union, criminologists, political scientists, and sociologists are in unanimous agreement that organized crime and corruption are the major and perhaps the most important factors hindering economic, political, and social development. The Russian criminal world has a strict hierarchy that represents a three-layer organization, including government officials, businesspeople, and gangsters. In Russia, a discussion of white-collar crime does not make sense without discussing organized crime. In recent years, the conflict between the Slavs and ethnic groups has become very intense and complicated. Within a criminal organization, nationality and ethnicity do not usually play an important role, but it has always been an issue between the criminal groups. Russian law enforcement is well informed regarding the activity of criminal groups and is often interested in the deadly conflicts between them. Organized crime allocates huge financial resources for merging with legal, social, and political institutions.

Data compression is the process of reducing the amount of necessary memory for the representation of a given piece of information. This process is of great utility especially in digital storage and transmission of the multimedia information and it typically involves various encoding/decoding schemes. In this work we will be primarily focused on some compression schemes which employ specific forms of clustering known as fuzzy clustering. In the data mining context, fuzzy clustering is a versatile tool which analyzes heterogeneous collections of data providing insights on the underlying structures involving the concept of partial membership. Several models employing the fuzzy clustering techniques in data compression systems are demonstrated and image compression based on fuzzy transforms for compression and decompression of color videos is described in details.

This chapter focuses on the exploitation of context information for a situation- and user-aware dialogue management implemented in a framework for the automotive environment. A generic dialogue manager for driver information systems (like infotainment and communication systems) and driver assistance systems has been developed and tested. One main focus in the development was the ability to make context-dependent decisions. The dialogue manager provides flexible and user-centered speech dialogues and supports multimodal interfaces, like buttons or turning knobs combined with speech. A frame-based approach is used for the dialogue control. The XML description allows an easy specification and overview over the dialogue structure. Visual outputs are monitored on several displays in the car. The evaluation shows an improvement of effectiveness and a higher joy of use through the possibility of submitting several pieces of information in only one dialogue step with natural speech comparing to a menu-based spoken dialogue. The context-dependent information agents reached a high acceptance by the users. The test persons rated the context-based way of frame-based interaction as comfortable and important.

Communication lines in wire communication systems are usually used as power lines. The AC communication signal and DC supply power are separated at the input part in a powered terminal. Conventional wellknown separators utilize the combined circuits of inductors and capacitors. When the frequency of the signal is at its lowest, the inductance increases, making it necessary to have a large inductor. A conventional electronic choke circuit using transistors has the disadvantage of high power dissipation. Furthermore, the direction of the DC current is limited to unidirectional. Our original communication system consists of powering terminals with low-power DC-DC converters and the terminals they power. The direction of the DC current in the powering terminals is opposite to that in the powered terminals. Therefore, it is preferable to have a bidirectional electronic choke. In this paper, a new low-loss electronic choke with small inductors and amplifiers is proposed. This circuit is composed of a high input-impedance buffer and a signal canceller. Input-impedance and other characteristics are investigated through an experiment and analysis.

In most wire communication systems, communication lines are also used as power lines. Therefore, the powered terminal needs to separate as communication signals and dc supply power in its input Well-known separators usually utilize a combined circuit of inductors (or transformers) and capacitors. When the lowest frequency of the signal is low, the inductance bocomes high and the size of the inductor increases. A conventional electronic choke circuit with no inductor has the disadvantages that power dissipation is high and the dc current is limited to unidirectional flow. Our original communication system consists of low-power dc-dc converters. Because a converter in the powering terminal operates not only as power supply but also as transmitter, it is preferable that the electronic choke be bidirectional. In this paper, the ac voltage attenuation characteristics of a new low-loss electronic choke with small inductors and an amplifier are investigated by experiment and analysis.

Information Management (IM) services need lifecycle management, i.e., determining how long persistent information is retained locally and when it is moved to accommodate new information. This is important when bridging IM services from enterprise to tactical environments, which can have limited onboard storage and be in highly dynamic situations with varying information needs. In this paper, we describe an approach to Value Function based Information Lifecycle Management (VFILM) that balances the value of existing information to current and future missions with constraints on available storage. VFILM operates in parallel with IM services in dynamic situations where missions and their information needs, the types of information being managed, and the criticality of information to current missions and operations are changing. In contrast to current solutions that simply move the oldest or least frequently accessed information when space is needed, VFILM manages information lifecycle based on a combination of inputs including attributes of the information (its age, size, type, and other observable attributes), ongoing operations and missions, and the relationships between different pieces of information. VFILM has three primary innovative features: (1) a fuzzy logic function that calculates a ordering of information value based on multiple relative valued attributes; (2) mission/task awareness that considers current and upcoming missions in information valuation and storage requirements; and (3) information grouping that treats related information collectively. This paper describes the VFILM architecture, a VFILM prototype that works with Air Force Research Laboratory IM services, and the results of experiments showing VFILM's effectiveness and efficiency.

Information processing using material's own properties has gained increasing interest. Mechanical metamaterials, due to their diversity of deformation modes and wide design space, can be used to realize information processing, such as computing and storage. Here a mechanical metamaterial system is demonstrated for material‐based encoding and storage of data through programmed reconfigurations of the metamaterial's structured building blocks. Sequential encoding and decoding are achieved in the three‐dimensional (3D) printed pixelated mechanical metamaterial via kirigami‐based “pixels” with programmable, temperature‐dependent bistability. The mechanical metamaterial is demonstrated via a multistep deformation of encoding messages of texts and surfaces with arrays of binary data, and then decoding them by applying a predetermined stretching and heating regimen to sequentially retrieve layers of stored information and display them on its surface. This approach serves as a general framework to enable the encoding and storage of data with mechanical metamaterials.