Current Concepts for Myopia Development in Bulgarian Schools

To study the causes and risk factors for development of myopia and to see short term progression in children of 0 – 15 years.A prospective observational study was conducted among children attending the Ophthalmology department of a Tertiary care centre in Central India, from October 2019 to September 2021.In order to determine the refractive status of the eye, all subjects underwent visual acuity tests, anterior and posterior segment examinations, and various other investigations. Data was collected during the first year concerning their parents' use of spectacles, duration of indoor activity near work, and outdoor activity, and progression was tracked during the second year. Statistical software SPSS 23.0 version was used to tabulate and analyze the data.Amongst714 children between the age 0 – 15 years, myopia was seen in 19.9% subjects. Amongst those with myopia, 28% showed progression. In those showing progression, 50% belonged to 11 – 15-year age group, a female predilection of 64.3%, 50% with parental history of refractive error, 71.4% subjects were involved in > 2 hours/day of indoor active near work and 57.1% subjects were involved in < 2 hours/ day of outdoor activity. In subjects with progression of myopia, 71.4% had an increase in axial length of < 1 mm. While in subjects less than 10 years of age, steeper cornea was a more common factor for progression as compared to increase in axial length, seen in 57.1% cases.Myopia progression in the growing age group is inversely correlated with time spent engaging in outdoor activity, on the other hand, it shares a strong positive correlation with time spent on indoor active near work. Corneal curvature plays a more significant role in progression of myopia as compared to axial length in younger age group.

Myopia is a type of clinical refraction, a form of spherical refractive anomaly in which the eye has a relatively stronger refractive power for the corresponding length of the anteroposterior axis. The focus of this optical system is far in front of the retina. Myopia can be congenital or manifest later, most often at school age. It can be stationary or progressive. Progresive myopia is sight-threatening. The article discusses results from a screening program for myopia progression in Bulgarian schools between 2018-2023. The risk factors for myopia development have been outlined, and the ways of prophylaxis have been pointed out.

This report is dedicated to study of the possibility of designing a new type of electronic device - girotona on the goffered open resonator, in which the three-dimensional bunching of electron beam does not occur; however, reaching the high efficiency of the conversion of the power of electrons beam into the power of the electromagnetic revolving wave is possible. Rectilinear at entrance the electrons beam due to its initial deviation from the axis by retarded E/sub 11/ wave then returns its longitudinal energy to the same wave with the efficiency 74%.

Darkness and near work: Myopia and its progression in third-year law students

PURPOSE- To determine the effect of outdoor activities in daylight over myopia progression in young peopleMETHOD- This prospective observational single centered hospital-based study was conducted in Department of Ophthalmology of Shyam Shah Medical college and associated GM Hospital Rewa, during the period of January 2019 to September 2020. Cycloplegic autorefration with 1% cyclopentolate eye drop followed by subjective refinement of refraction was done and Spherical equivalent was calculated at baseline (Time 1), and then after 6 months (Time 2), and at 1 year (Time 3). Progression of myopia was calculated as the change in spherical equivalent during 1 year. Questionnaire survey about amount of time spent in outdoor activities in daylight was done. Multivariate analysis was done to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for outdoor activities associated with myopia progression.RESULT-Significant increase in odds of myopia progression was observed in young people with shorter outdoor activity hours (p<0.05).COCLUSION -Longer duration of outdoor activities in day light has protective effect over myopia progression (p<0.05).

Prediction by maternal risk factors of neonatal intensive care admissions: Evaluation of >59,000 women in national managed care programs

The prevalence of myopia in school-aged children has increased dramatically in recent decades, particularly in urban populations. This review examines current evidence on the relationships between digital screen exposure, outdoor activity, and myopia development in urban school-aged children and adolescents, focusing on research published between 2020-2025. Recent studies consistently demonstrate strong associations between increased screen time, reduced outdoor exposure, and myopia progression. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these relationships through increased digital learning and reduced outdoor activities. We evaluate methodological approaches to measuring screen time and outdoor activity, highlighting objective assessment tools. Intervention studies indicate that structured increases in outdoor time and regulated screen use can effectively slow myopia progression. We conclude with recommendations for evidence-based guidelines and future research directions to address this growing public health concern in urban environments.

Several interventions exist for treating myopia progression in children. While these interventions' efficacy has been studied, their cost-effectiveness remains unknown and has not been compared. To determine cost-effective options for controlling myopia progression in children. In this cost-effectiveness analysis, a Markov model was designed to compare the cost-effectiveness of interventions for controlling myopia progression over 5 years from a societal perspective in a simulated hypothetical cohort of patients aged 10 years with myopia. Myopia interventions considered included atropine eye drops, 0.05% and 0.01%, defocus incorporated multiple segment spectacles, outdoor activity, soft contact lenses (daily disposable and multifocal), rigid gas-permeable contact lenses, progressive addition lenses, bifocal spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, highly aspherical lenslets (HALs), and red light therapy; all interventions were compared with single-vision lenses. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis determined the association of model uncertainties with the cost-effectiveness. Costs were obtained from the charges of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong and The Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Center. The mean costs (in US dollars) per child included the cost of hospital visits, medications, and optical lenses. The outcomes of effectiveness were the annual spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) reductions. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each strategy relative to single-vision lenses over a time horizon of 5 years. Outdoor activity, atropine (0.05%), red light therapy, HALs, and orthokeratology were cost-effective. The ICER of atropine, 0.05%, was US $220/SER reduction; red light therapy, US $846/SER reduction; and HALs, US $448/SER reduction. Outdoor activity yielded a savings of US $5/SER reduction and US $8/AL reduction. Orthokeratology resulted in an ICER of US $2376/AL reduction. These findings suggest that atropine eye drops, 0.05%, and outdoor activity are cost-effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Though more expensive, red light therapy, HALs, and orthokeratology may also be cost-effective. The use of these interventions may help to control myopia in a cost-effective way.

The global increase in myopia prevalence and associated secondary complications necessitates adequate monitoring of myopia progression. This review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used target parameters for assessing myopia progression: refractive error and axial length. Although refractive error is essential for the diagnosis and optical correction of myopia, axial length proves to be amore reliable and clinically relevant parameter for monitoring progression and guiding preventive interventions. Axial length correlates more strongly with the risk of ocular complications and is less susceptible to diurnal variations and interventions that alter the eye's refractive power. Assessing myopia progression under preventive measures requires consideration of age-dependent physiological changes in axial length. Standardized comparison parameters, such as the cumulative absolute reduction in axial elongation (CARE) can facilitate the objective evaluation of the efficacy of the intervention. Regular monitoring of refraction and axial length should also be performed in young adults with risk factors, as myopia onset and progression can occur even at this age.

Background: Objectives of the present work were to analyze the prevalence of hearing loss in our population of screened newborns during the first 9 years of the universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) program at University Hospital Sassari (Italy) (AOU Sassari), to analyze the risk factors involved, and to analyze our effectiveness in terms of referral rates and dropout rates. Methods: Monocentric retrospective study whose target population included all the newborns born or referred to our hospital between 2011 and 2019. Results: From 2011 to 2019, a total of 11,688 babies were enrolled in our screening program. In total, 3.9‰ of wellborn babies and 3.58% of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) babies had some degree of hearing loss. The most frequently observed risk factors among non-NICU babies were family history of hearing loss (3.34%) and craniofacial anomalies (0.16%), among NICU babies were low birth weight (54.91%) and prematurity (24.33%). In the multivariate analysis, family history of hearing loss (p < 0.001), NICU (p < 0.001), craniofacial anomalies (p < 0.001), low birth weight (<1500 g) (p = 0.04) and HIV (p = 0.03) were confirmed as risk factors. Conclusions: Our data are largely consistent with the literature and most results were expected, one relevant exception being the possible role of NICU as a confounding factor and the limited number of risk factors confirmed in the multivariate analysis.

Many factors contribute to the development of clinical atherosclerotic disease in adults. Observational studies conducted from the late 1940s onward have helped us to identify cigarette smoking, cholesterol levels, diabetes, blood pressure, and other factors as important determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes.1,2 The effects are multiplicative. For example, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes each double the risk of a heart attack, and having all 3 factors can lead to a risk that was ≈8 times that of an adult of similar age and sex who did not have any of the factors.3 A major focus in the earlier population and clinical studies was identification of persons at increased risk before the clinical atherosclerotic event. Less attention has been directed toward other types of events, such as occurrence of a myocardial infarction in persons presenting with chest pain, recurrent CVD events, and long-term vascular disease complications such as cardiac failure. The determinants of these vascular events are likely to include some of the classical risk factors, but new factors will no doubt be important as well. Improvements in outpatient and inpatient care, diagnosis, and biomarker discovery have reshaped the landscape. It is possible to visualize subclinical CVD with modern atherosclerotic imaging techniques such as carotid intima-media thickness and arterial calcification assessments. Clinical chemists and geneticists identify new biomarkers that promise to help refine assessments of CVD risk, but it is not clear how such tests should be used for research or for clinical care. This article addresses several of the questions posed above and takes the perspective of research and care for clinical atherosclerotic disease, emphasizing the progress we have made from traditional risk factor assessment to the present time that includes newer assessment methods such as genomics, metabolomics, and predictive medicine. ### Traditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease The traditional risk factors include cholesterol, blood …

Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a consensus statement.

Impact of cancer awareness training for community-based health workers: a cross-sectional repeated measures survey

Smart cities are urban areas that puts internet technology in use to ease access for its citizens to its different services, using countless different types of electronic devices and applications that constitutes what its known as Internet of things. It is a cyber fona where sensors and actuators interacts to surface a virtual city of rich data, based on multiple phenomenons of diverse nature - natural, industrial, urban and social - occurring in its different areas, that emit meaningful events describing their state as different intervals of time. We chose to call them in this paper, fuzzy complex space time events, due to their fuzzy nature and tight relationship with their geospacial position, time and their values impredictible nature. Portunus is a system that aims to collect and distribute data over sensors and actuators, supporting MQTT and HTTP to communicate over the network, additionally, it was designed as a microservice based system, and uses NoSQL database systems to cop up with the large data volume. However, data collection as a virtue is not enough, but only the first step to benefit from this vague pool of rich data.

Negative differential resistance (NDR) is the essential property that allows fast switching in certain types of electronic devices. With scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, it is shown that the current-voltage characteristics of a diode configuration consisting of an STM tip over specific sites of a boron-exposed silicon(111) surface exhibit NDR. These NDR-active sites are of atomic dimensions ( approximately 1 nanometer). NDR in this case is the result of tunneling through localized, atomic-like states. Thus, desirable device characteristics can be obtained even on the atomic scale.