Cword2vec: a novel morphological rule-based word embedding approach for Urdu text sentiment analysis

This paper proposes a multi-layered anomaly detection scheme to train feature extraction and to test anomaly prediction by using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) layer, Bidirectional and Unidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), which is one of a novel deep architecture named stacked convolutional bidirectional LSTM network (SCB-LSTM). In the proposed model, the stacked CNNs perform feature extraction of vibration sensor signal patterns, and the result is used to feature learning with the stacked bidirectional LSTMs (SB-LSTMs). After this procedure, the stacked unidirectional LSTMs (SU-LSTMs) enhance the feature learning, and a regression layer finally predicts anomaly detections. The experimental results of bearing data not only show the accuracy of the proposed model in anomaly detection for rotating machinery diagnostics, but also suggest the better performance than other state-of-the-art algorithms such as a plain uni-LSTM or Bi-LSTM.

Wearable electroencephalography (EEG) devices for seizure detection accuracy and reliability are deep learning (DL) applications in the field of epilepsy diagnosis. In this study, we sought to increase the accuracy of seizure detection using advanced DL algorithms on the Children’s Hospital Boston - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) EEG database. First, a fully convolutional network (FCN) was trained and assessed using accuracy and recall/precision metrics, and the early stopping technique was used to avoid overfitting. To assess the performance, the FCN was evaluated in terms of various metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-area under the curve (AUC). In addition, two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) models were used to model the database, and their performance was thoroughly measured using different metrics, graphs, and confusion matrices. Using LSTM variants, such as standard LSTM, bidirectional LSTM, stacked LSTM, and LSTM attention mechanisms, hybrid convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) models were trained and compared. The comparison was conducted based on the training and validation accuracy and loss, as well as the graphs resulting from the precision–recall curves. Apart from DL approaches, EEG signal analysis using time–frequency techniques, such as wavelet transform and short-time Fourier transform, has also been investigated. These methods assisted in the analysis of the time–frequency features of EEG signals in combination with DL models. This study demonstrates that the performance of wearable EEG devices can be augmented using a combination of DL and seizure signal processing techniques. The FCN achieved an accuracy of 92%, with a recall for seizures of 33%, an F1-score of 0.03, and strong ROC-AUC results. The 2D CNN achieved 96% accuracy, a seizure recall of 70%, an F1-score of 0.12, and an ROC-AUC score of 78%. The baseline LSTM struggled with effectiveness at 53% accuracy with a seizure recall of 18%. In contrast, the LSTM model, which incorporated synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) balancing, was able to reach improvements of up to 89% accuracy, with a precision of 91%, a recall of 86%, an F1-score of 0.89, and a strong ROC curve performance. Among the models, the LSTM with SMOTE was the best performer, with 89% accuracy, 91% precision, 86% recall, and an F1-score of 0.89. These results provide evidence that applying techniques for data balancing in combination with certain DL network architectures significantly improves the detection of seizures using wearable EEG devices worn on the body. We believe that real-time monitoring and high-performance systems are feasible using optimized DL frameworks. The analysis of the performance of different models allows for the understanding of the possibilities of optimizing the architectures of DL algorithms for the modern diagnosis of epilepsy in real time. The source code used to carry out the experiments is publicly available at CHB-MIT EEG Dataset Python Scripts (https://www.kaggle.com/code/adnankust/adnaneeg1).

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Sri Lanka are increasingly turning to social media to gain insights into consumer preferences; however, they frequently lack sophisticated analytical tools to derive actionable insights. This research introduces a hybrid deep learning framework aimed at sentiment and emotion analysis specifically for the Sri Lankan cake sector. Customer reviews and social media comments were gathered and processed through various methods including text cleaning, emoji translation, stopword elimination, tokenization, and sequence padding. Several deep learning models— Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) were assessed, along with hybrid models that combined CNN and BiLSTM with GPT-2 embeddings. The CNN+GPT-2 model achieved the highest accuracy in sentiment classification at 96.14%, while BiLSTM performed best in emotion classification with an accuracy of 91.57%. In terms of trend forecasting, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) outshone both SARIMA and Prophet, yielding the lowest error metrics and the most reliable sentiment predictions. These results underscore the potential of hybrid deep learning and transformer-based models to effectively capture complex consumer sentiments and provide SMEs with practical, AI-driven insights. This study is among the first to implement such hybrid NLP models within a localized Sri Lankan context, presenting a scalable approach for business intelligence and informed decision-making.

Sentiment Analysis of Self Driving Car Dataset: A comparative study of Deep Learning approaches

In cybersecurity, the rise of fileless malware poses a significant challenge to endpoint security. Traditional detection methods often fail against these sophisticated attacks, necessitating advanced techniques like deep learning models. This study highlights the limitations of Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) models in dynamic malware analysis and proposes enhancements through Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) architecture. BLSTM models process input sequences in forward and backward directions, combining the results into one output. While this dual-layer approach improves analysis, it is time-consuming, potentially increasing the risk of fileless malware attacks. A key limitation of BLSTM is the lack of parameter sharing between forward and backward directions. This reduces its ability to capture spatial and temporal features simultaneously, hindering effectiveness in detecting fileless malware. To address this, the ConvLSTM model consolidates feature extraction within a single LSTM cell layer. ConvLSTM breaks down samples into subsequence and uses timesteps for additional feature extraction, enabling spatial-temporal data analysis and improving malware prediction accuracy. The model was tested using a dynamic malware dataset. Unlike traditional LSTM, ConvLSTM integrates convolutional layers, allowing parameter sharing across both spatial and temporal dimensions. This reduces computational complexity and improves model performance in handling multidimensional data. The research re-simulated prior work with BLSTM using the same malware dataset. The Spyder app ran the event simulator and the ConvLSTM model's results replaced BLSTM's using identical parameters. Time, accuracy and loss were the main performance metrics. ConvLSTM outperformed BLSTM, achieving 98% detection accuracy compared to BLSTM's 90%. It also significantly reduced processing time, averaging 10 seconds, while BLSTM took 22 seconds. ConvLSTM experienced lower losses, averaging 10% per epoch versus BLSTM's 20%. In conclusion, ConvLSTM offers superior performance over BLSTM in fileless malware detection. Its enhanced computational efficiency and ability to quickly mitigate threats make it a robust solution for fortifying endpoint security against evolving cyber threats. ConvLSTM holds potential in strengthening defence mechanisms against sophisticated malware attacks, providing a proactive approach to safeguarding networks and data.

Social networks are popular for advertising, idea sharing, and opinion formation. Due to COVID-19, coronavirus information disseminated on social media affects people’s lives directly. Individuals sometimes managed it well, but it often hampered daily activities. As a result, analyzing people’s feelings is important. Sentiment analysis identifies opinions or sentiments from text. In this paper, we present an effective model that leverages the benefits of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) to categorize Arabic tweets using a stacked ensemble learning model. First, the tweets are represented as vectors using a word embedding model, then the text feature is extracted by CNN, and finally the context information of the text is acquired by BiLSTM. Aravec, FastText, and ArWordVec are employed separately to assess the impact of the word embedding on the our model. We also compare the proposed method to various deep learning models: CNN, LSTM, and BiLSTM. Experiments are performed on three different Arabic datasets related to COVID-19 and vaccines. Empirical findings show that the proposed model outperformed the other models’ results by achieving F-measures of 76.76%, 87.%, and 80.5% on the SenWave, AraCOVID19-SSD, and ArCovidVac datasets, respectively.

The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has left the world to a standstill by creating a calamitous situation. To mitigate this devastating effect the inception of artificial intelligence into medical health care is mandatory. This study aims to present the educational perspective of Covid-19 and forecast the number of confirmed and death cases in the USA, India, and Brazil along with the discussion of endothelial dysfunction in epithelial cells and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) with the Covid-19. Three different deep learning based experimental setups have been framed to forecast Covid-19. Models are (i) Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) (ii) Convolutional LSTM (iii) Proposed ensemble of Convolutional and Bi-directional LSTM network are known as CoBiD-Net ensemble. The educational perspective of Covid-19 has been given along with an architectural discussion of multi-organ failure due to intrusion of Covid-19 with the cell receptors of the human body. Different classification metrics have been calculated using all three models. Proposed CoBiD-Net ensemble model outperforms the other two models with respect to accuracy and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Using CoBiD-Net ensemble, accuracy for Covid-19 cases ranges from 98.10 to 99.13% with MAPE ranges from 0.87 to 1.90. This study will help the countries to know the severity of Covid-19 concerning education in the future along with forecasting of Covid-19 cases and human body interaction with the Covid-19 to make it the self-replicating phenomena.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41324-021-00408-3.

Parts of Speech (pos) tagging corresponds to techniques of tagging accurate pos tags of each word of a sentence. It is a pivotal and indispensable part of sentiment analysis, synthesizing text to speech, analyzing textual data and many more Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Though there are many researches done in the field of languages like English, Chinese etc., it is still comparatively unexplored for Bangla. An excellent pos tagger in Bangla language can accelerate NLP of Bangla textual data. In this study, we have developed a novel hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model with two parallel input networks with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM), and an output network of CNN. CNN works well regarding the local dependencies of words in sentences, and BiLSTM works well with the global dependencies of words regarding the context in a sentence. No other work has been done with local features of textual data along with long term word dependencies in Bangla pos tagging studies. The model can work with any external Word Embeddings. In this study, it is implemented with both Embedding Layer and Word2Vec layer. In the evaluation process, Mathews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), Precision-Recall curve are used along with accuracy and F1-score due to the dataset's imbalanced characteristic. Our proposed model accompanied by Word2Vec layer has outperformed Vanilla Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), BiLSTM networks, and also one recent study using the same dataset with the highest accuracy of 0.974, F1-score of 0.883, and MCC value of 0.936.

Online leakage current classification using convolutional neural network long short-term memory for high voltage insulators on web-based service

Question classification is a primary essential study for automatic question answering implementations. Linguistic features take a significant role to develop an accurate question classifier. Recently, deep learning systems have achieved remarkable success in various text-mining problems such as sentiment analysis, document classification, spam filtering, document summarization, and web mining. In this study, we explain our study on investigating some deep learning architectures for a question classification task in a highly inflectional language Turkish that is an agglutinative language where word structure is produced by adding suffixes (morphemes) to root word. As a non-Indo-European language, languages like Turkish have some unique features, which make it challenging for natural language processing. For instance, Turkish has no grammatical gender and noun classes. In this study, user questions in Turkish are used to train and test the deep learning architectures. In addition to this, the details of the deep learning architectures are compared in terms of test and 10-cross fold validation accuracy. We use two major deep learning models in our paper: long short-term memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and we also implemented the combination of CNN-LSTM, CNN-SVM structures and a number of various those architectures by changing vector sizes and the embedding types. As well as this, we have built word embeddings using the Word2vec method with a CBOW and skip gram models with different vector sizes on a large corpus composed of user questions. Our another investigation is the effect of using different Word2vec pre-trained word embeddings on these deep learning architectures. Experiment results show that the use of different Word2vec models has a significant impact on the accuracy rate on different deep learning models. Additionally, there is no Turkish question dataset labeled and so another contribution in this study is that we introduce new Turkish question dataset which is translated from UIUC English question dataset. By using these techniques, we have reached an accuracy of 94% on the question dataset.

The need to capture intra-word information in natural language processing (NLP) tasks has inspired research in learning various word representations at word, character, or morpheme levels, but little attention has been given to syllables from a syllabic alphabet. Motivated by the success of compositional models in morphological languages, we present a Convolutional-long short term memory (Conv-LSTM) model for constructing Swahili word representation vectors from syllables. The unified architecture addresses the word agglutination and polysemous nature of Swahili by extracting high-level syllable features using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and then composes quality word embeddings with a long short term memory (LSTM). The word embeddings are then validated using a syllable-aware language model ( 31.267 ) and a part-of-speech (POS) tagging task ( 98.78 ), both yielding very competitive results to the state-of-art models in their respective domains. We further validate the language model using Xhosa and Shona, which are syllabic-based languages. The novelty of the study is in its capability to construct quality word embeddings from syllables using a hybrid model that does not use max-over-pool common in CNN and then the exploitation of these embeddings in POS tagging. Therefore, the study plays a crucial role in the processing of agglutinative and syllabic-based languages by contributing quality word embeddings from syllable embeddings, a robust Conv–LSTM model that learns syllables for not only language modeling and POS tagging, but also for other downstream NLP tasks.

Research on sentiment analysis in recent years has increased. However, in sentiment analysis research there are still few ideas about the handling of negation, one of which is in the Indonesian sentence. This results in sentences that contain elements of the word negation have not found the exact polarity.The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of the negation word in Indonesian. Based on positive, neutral and negative classes, using attention-based Long Short Term Memory and word2vec feature extraction method with continuous bag-of-word (CBOW) architecture. The dataset used is data from Twitter. Model performance is seen in the accuracy value.The use of word2vec with CBOW architecture and the addition of layer attention to the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) methods obtained an accuracy of 78.16% and for BiLSTM resulted in an accuracy of 79.68%. whereas in the FSW algorithm is 73.50% and FWL 73.79%. It can be concluded that attention based BiLSTM has the highest accuracy, but the addition of layer attention in the Long Short Term Memory method is not too significant for negation handling. because the addition of the attention layer cannot determine the words that you want to pay attention to.

This research aims to implement deep learning techniques to determine fact and fake news in Indonesian language. The methods used are Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). The stages of the research consisted of collecting data, labeling data, preprocessing data, word embedding, splitting data, forming CNN and LSTM models, evaluating, testing new input data and comparing evaluations of the established CNN and LSTM models. The Data are collected from a fact and fake news provider site that is valid, namely TurnbackHoax.id. There are 1786 news used in this study, with 802 fact and 984 fake news. The results indicate that the CNN and LSTM methods were successfully applied to determine fact and fake news in Indonesian language properly. CNN has an accuracy test, precision and recall value of 0.88, while the LSTM model has an accuracy test and precision value of 0.84 and a recall of 0.83. In testing the new data input, all of the predictions obtained by CNN are correct, while the prediction results obtained by LSTM have 1 wrong prediction. Based on the evaluation results and the results of testing the new data input, the model produced by the CNN method is better than the model produced by the LSTM method.

Natural language processing is the current topic due to many important tasks like document classification, named entity recognition, opinion mining, sentiment analysis, textual entailment, etc. Such types of task in the Bangla language is also important. This research work endeavored to find out the word embedding of the Bengali language. Leveraging the fastText word embedding, it has shown significant performance in Bangla document classification without any prepossessing like lemmatization, stemming, and others. For the extrinsic evaluation of our word vectors, a classification problem-solving strategy has been used which showed an outstanding result. In the classification module, attempts have been made to classify 40 thousand News samples into 12 categories. For this purpose, three deep learning techniques have been used: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Bi-Directional LSTM (BLSTM) and Convolutional Bi-Directional LSTM (CBLSTM) alongside fastText. From the analogous study of all the parameters of every classifier implemented here, we found that the BLSTM technique is the most promising technique for this task. This technique achieved 91.49%, 87.87%, and 85.5% accuracies for Training, Testing, and Validation set, respectively.

Recent changes in global climate patterns have triggered the accelerated melting of polar sea ice, especially in Arctic regions. A much faster rate of decrease in the sea ice extent (SIE) is observed at than previously expected. The Antarctic region, on the other hand, has shown a stable sea ice pattern throughout the last few decades. However, the southern polar region is not completely unaffected. Recent studies of the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas have shown a downward trend in sea ice. The SIE is crucial for regulating global climate patterns, ocean circulation, and human activities, including shipping and fishing. Hence, forecasting sea ice extent is vital for global economic planning and climatological studies. In this proposed study, time-series forecasting of five Antarctic and Arctic regions are evaluated using a hybrid convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) and a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and compared with a standalone long short-term memory (LSTM). This study uses regional sea ice extent data rather than considering the extent across entire hemispheres. With lower and stable RMSE scores across all lead times, the proposed hybrid BiLSTM model shows better performance in regional sea ice forecasting than does the standalone and ConvLSTM. The study also indicated that the climatic conditions of a particular region play a crucial role in forecasting efficiency, especially at longer lead times.