Cyberspace: An Advantageous Terrain for War?

This article aims to study issue of ‘change and continuity’ in the field of international relations and the capability of mainstream approaches of international relations and history to cover the issue of change from perspective of James N. Rosenau. The dynamics of change and statics of continuity, at micro and macro levels and interaction between two levels will be analyzed, with the aim of designing a theoretical framework for the issue of ‘change and continuity’. Methodologically, conceptual framework Rosenau uses to explain dynamics of change will be given priority and primacy he attaches to improvement in micro phenomena will be explained. It is argued in this article that even it is far from clear whether global turbulence is a temporary or a permanent condition, change is in progress and is altering the parameters of world politics. Thus, the mainstream conceptual framework and history understanding is incapable to approach the issue of change and there is the need of a jail-breaking process that is to consider new concepts, new actors and new types of relationships. Key words: Postinternational politics, turbulent change, micro and macro phenomena, prametric transformation, multi-centric world.

Profesorė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusEl. paštas: lilija.duobliene@fsf.vu.ltStraipsnyje analizuojama nacionalinė kultūra Europos kontekste ir tam tikri jos segmentai, kurie daro įtaką mokyklai per elgesio ritualus, standartizuotus reikalavimus, specifinį mokytojo žodyną. Mokyklos kultūra šiame straipsnyje suprantama platesniu mastu, t. y. kaip kultūra, nulemiama dabarties laiko ir erdvės (skirtingų teritorijų – Europos, šalies, vietos). Remiantis empiriniu tyrimu analizuojama, kaip pasikeitęs laiko ir erdvės santykis, nuo jo priklausantys mokytojo / mokinio santykiai ir mokytojų vartojamas žodynas gali tapti represuosančia aplinka, užuot būtų kūrybą skatinančia aplinka. Parodoma, kaip mokytojo, kūrėjo, vaidmuo transformuojasi į vartotojo vaidmenį, o mokinio, kaip vartotojo, vaidmuo panašėja į kūrėjo. Įvardijami galimi mokyklos kultūros pavojai, atskleidžamos kultūros ir švietimo politikos priemonės, kurios labiausiai stabdo mokyklos ir asmenybės autentišką ir kūrybišką gyvenimą.

STATE OF THE ART Vololona Rabeharisoa The literature on patient organizations provides a wealth of examples and analyses attesting to these organizations' significance as social and political actors in the domain of health and medicine. In contrast, few studies have been devoted to their relations with the economic world, although interest in the subject is growing, motivated by two issues: the pharmaceutical industry's funding of patient organizations, and certain organizations' support for ...

In recent years, digital intelligence products have been widely adopted in household environments. The extensive human-machine interactions between users and these devices have fostered a new type of relationship within family dynamics—specifically, the human-machine relationship between users and smart devices. These conversations have generated bidirectional address terms that exhibit distinct characteristics compared to conventional interpersonal communication. This study examines address term usage in home-based human-machine interactions through pragmatic identity analysis, utilizing questionnaire surveys to collect linguistic data. By analyzing the patterns of these terms and the underlying human-machine relationships and psychological traits they reveal, this research aims to contribute linguistic insights for building harmonious and friendly digital households.

Importance. The widespread use of artificial intelligence technologies affects the language education system. In the few years since the advent of artificial intelligence technology, it has transformed from a theoretical concept into a dynamic force that changes ideas about classical language education. The transition to digital didactics defines new types of relationships between participants in the educational process: the teacher, the student, the educational environment and new technologies. Accordingly, the role of the teacher and the content of didactic and methodological principles of teaching a foreign language using artificial intelligence technologies are changing. The integration of artificial intelligence technologies into the process of teaching a foreign language, on the one hand, indicates the intensification of the educational process and automation of a number of pedagogical tasks, and, on the other hand, the imperfection of new technologies and potential risks and challenges when using them in practice. The main purpose of the research is to define and describe the principles of teaching a foreign language based on artificial intelligence technologies, acting as a full-fledged individual assistant for each student.Research Methods. To conduct research in the field of linguodidactics, an integrated approach is used, including theoretical and empirical methods. At the first stage of the research, theoretical methods are used, including the study of scientific literature on the research topic, analysis, generalization and classification of the information received. At the second stage of the study, empirical methods are applied, including observation and description.Definition of Concepts. Two key concepts of “artificial intelligence technologies” and “neural networks” are considered, and neural networks are classified by type of architecture and scope of application.Results and Discussion. The use of hybrid forms of learning makes it possible to use artificial intelligence technologies as an effective tool for teaching a foreign language right now. Artificial intelligence technologies play a leading role in digital didactics, allowing you to personalize the learning process and enhance the importance of students’ learning autonomy. Digital didactics, based on traditional didactic and methodological principles, involves the implementation of the following principles of learning: the principle of expediency, the principle of contextual learning, the principle of interactivity, the principle of accessibility, the principle of personalization of learning, the principle of multimodality, the principle of gamification, the principle of inclusive assessment.Conclusion. A system of principles of teaching a foreign language based on artificial intelligence technologies is presented, taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of the educational process in relation to digital didactics. It is worth noting that this system of principles is open and can be supplemented with new learning principles, as well as the content of these principles may change with the development of artificial intelligence technologies. The results obtained can be used in further research on the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into language education, as well as in the methodology of teaching foreign languages based on modern technologies.

Globalization and financial processes have progressively generated an intense and problematic phenomenon of disconnection between companies and their territories. Breaking of the spatial link has often led to the breaking of the social bond and the rupture of territorial cohesion.In order to counteract this process of progressive lack of solidarity and social trust between companies and territorial communities, a very important role can be played by Corporate Social Responsibility. From few decades the European and the national reflection was focused on “Corporate Social Responsibility” considered a fundament strategy able to activate the (re) construction of new forms of solidarity and to create favorable conditions for social and economic sustainable growth, restoring continuity between activities and long-term effects connected to them. In this perspective, the corporate territorial welfare is its empirical expression, and a strategic tool to achieve the goal of counteract social and geographical peripherality to guarantee a polycentric and sustainable development of territories and highest level of quality of life of local communities.To grasp this new type of relationship that companies can establish with “their” territories starting from their choices of welfare, different models of corporate welfare introduced in some companies in Puglia have been analyzed. A specific attention has been dedicated to the particular form of corporate welfare extended to the territory and therefore to territorial stakeholders. These actions, when present, go well beyond the most classic attention to employees, and can be considered opportunities to give shape or rebuild the most direct link with the territories. In order to investigate the corporates’ welfare choices, we have used a qualitative methodology interviewing the human resources managers of several Apulian companies and asking them about welfare choices.From the analysis carried out it has been possible to define a typology of enterprises in relation to the adopted model of welfare.The objective that we intend to pursue with this ongoing research is to define a kind of open catalogue of good practices that can facilitate the choices of companies to adhere to innovative forms of corporate and territorial welfare.

Decomposing a graph into groups of nodes that share similar connectivity properties is essential to understand the organization and function of complex networks. Previous works have focused on groups with specific relationships between group members, such as assortative communities or core-periphery structures, developing computational methods to find these mesoscale structures within a network. Here, we go beyond these two traditional cases and introduce a methodology that is able to identify and systematically classify all possible community types in directed multi graphs, based on the pairwise relationship between groups. We apply our approach to 53 different networks and find that assortative communities are the most common structures, but that previously unexplored types appear in almost every network. A particularly prevalent new type of relationship, which we call a source-basin structure, has information flowing from a sparsely connected group of nodes (source) to a densely connected group (basin). We look in detail at two online social networks-a new network of Twitter users and a well-studied network of political blogs-and find that source-basin structures play an important role in both of them. This confirms not only the widespread appearance of nonassortative structures but also the potential of hitherto unidentified relationships to explain the organization of complex networks.

Problem setting. Current events in Ukraine have forced a new look at the concept of “modernization of the legal system” and innovation processes. The process of modernization of the legal system is developed on the initiative and with the support of the state and through legal means of influence on society. This process has long had a great impact on the nature and state of Ukrainian statehood, the role of law in our society, the understanding of law by Ukrainians, their attitude to law and the state. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The analysis of modernization and innovation processes in politics is conditioned by the need to study the problem of political transformations of the Ukrainian state and society, changes in the political system, transformation of political life, search for alternative ways out of crisis situations. Innovative political development takes place in the context of global transformations on a global scale. This means the need to study and apply foreign, international experience in the development and implementation of innovations in political practice, taking into account Ukrainian conditions. Modernization and innovation processes in public and political life are studied in the works of T. Parsons, S. Eisenstadt, D. Lerner, W. Moore, A. Etzioni, W. Rostow, G. Almond, S. Verb, L. Binder, L. Pai, S. Huntington, A. Toynbee, P. Sorokin, K. Jaspers, Palamarchuk M.O., Glibko S.V., Simpson O.E. and others. Target of research. The process of modernization and innovation are of great importance in the life of Ukraine. The idea of modernization and innovation can be considered as an idea that unites Ukraine, as part of the state ideology, as the dominant development of Ukraine. These ideas influenced further progress in economic, scientific, technical, social and other relations. Studying the peculiarities of the processes of modernization of law in Ukraine is not only interesting but also useful from a practical point of view. The concept of innovative modernization is studied, which changes the type of socio-economic development of society and requires the transformation of the existing political system. Article’s main body. Modernization as a global process entails changes, including in the social sphere. These include increasing social mobility and quality of life, forming institutions of social policy and civil society, increasing the value of human capital, the need for constant investment in professional development and staff development, improving education, expanding access to tangible and intangible benefits. Competition and constant development are the main prerequisites for modernization processes. Innovation should be understood as a commitment to think and act in a way that promotes continuous improvement by identifying, disseminating and embracing creative ideas. Innovation should improve public policy, administration and the re-use of existing knowledge, as well as the creation and application of new knowledge. In a broad sense, innovations are the latest data that are implemented regardless of the scope; it is usually a product of intellectual activity of the actors who implement them. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, innovation is an innovation that radically transforms social reality. Today the country needs innovative modernization, which changes the socio-economic development of society and requires the transformation of the existing political system. Innovative modernization is a significant increase in the ability of the political system to stably and successfully adapt to new patterns of socio-political goals and create new types of relationships, institutions, practices based on innovation in economic, social, regional, international policy and other spheres of life.

This article maps the unique social, gender, and material configurations in the courtesan houses of fin de siècle Shanghai by portraying Chinese sojourners' life in this dream “home.” The male sojourners lacked comfortable, homelike lodgings, and as a result adopted courtesan houses not only as places for romantic liaisons but also as sites in which they could entertain friends and join broader social networks under circumstances more comfortable than their temporary lodgings. The courtesan houses were marked by a different sense of family organization, which merely masked their commercial nature, and a different set of gender roles, in which the courtesan challenged normative understandings of male and female. Finally, the new types of relationships between clients and courtesans were increasingly structured around material objects. This new urban culture, I argue, embodied a new consciousness of time, space, and materiality that constitutes a modernity distinctly different from the positivist conception of the modern marked by linear progress.

In modern conditions, the paternalistic type of relations between the state and the person, between the state and society, is being replaced by a new type of relationship between these subjects. The growth of legal culture, legal consciousness of citizens is changing the previously established paradigm of relations: the number of people who recognize themselves as full-fledged subjects of the political process is growing. Sustainable socio-economic development of the state is directly dependent on the extent to which rule-making and law enforcement effectively affect social processes, to what extent the expectations of citizens from the activities of state authorities are justified.The development of information technologies significantly changes the role of citizens, public organizations in making government decisions, and has a significant impact on this process. State administration is carried out through the adoption of legislative acts and law enforcement. Information openness (transparency) of actions in these areas is an important factor in the legitimacy of public authorities.

《中美科技合作协定》的签署历程与发展历史解释了中美两国签订该协定的动因与维持双边科技合作关系的考量，并深刻揭示了两国科技合作关系背后的经济与政治博弈。现阶段，美国对华战略认知的调整与其将科技问题安全化的倾向导致了《中美科技合作协定》遭遇续签危机，其未来走向成为中美各界尤其关心的问题。博弈论为中美科技关系的战略转型提供有效的分析框架。其中，中美猎鹿博弈模型揭示了美国对华科技脱钩力度较弱的情况下双方进行合作的进路，而重复囚徒困境博弈模型则指出长期合作与互信的建立才是中美实现双赢的关键。中美两国应努力消除分歧，构建合作与竞争并存的新型关系，避免零和游戏，共同推动科技进步和全球发展。 The signing process and development of the US-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement (US-China S&T Cooperation Agreement) explain the reasons for the signing of the agreement and the considerations for maintaining the bilateral S&T cooperation relationship between China and the US, and deeply reveals the economic and political games behind the S&T cooperation relationship between the two countries. At this stage, the adjustment of the U.S. strategic perception of China and its tendency to securitize science and technology issues have led to the renewal crisis of the US-China S&T Cooperation Agreement, and its future direction has become an issue of particular concern to all sectors in the U.S. and China. Game theory provides an effective analytical framework for the strategic transformation of Sino-US S&T relations. The Stag Hunt Game Model reveals the way forward for cooperation between the two sides in the case of weak US S&T decoupling from China, while the Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma Game Model points out that the establishment of long-term cooperation and mutual trust is the key to achieving a win-win situation for both China and the US. China and the United States should strive to eliminate differences, build a new type of relationship where cooperation and competition coexist, avoid zero-sum games, and jointly promote scientific and technological progress and global development.

Family is a complex socio-cultural phenomenon. Specificity and uniqueness of itlies in the fact that it focuses in itself almost all aspects of human life activity and goes to all levels of social practice: from the individual to the socio-historical, from the material to the spiritual. Family-marriage relations are of interest for research, since the family is one of the fundamental institutions of society. During his life a person is a member of many different groups of peers or friends, the school class, the work collective, the sports team — but only the family remains the group that he never leaves. The development of the family is experiencing a crisis at this historic stage, the resolution of which will lead to the birth of a new type of family, the distinctive features of which will be the new functional-hierarchical structure and a new type of relationship between the spouses. The processes of transforming the family institution into modern society are evident, and this fact does not cause any doubts. Various thoughts are in the assessment of the depth of change experienced by the modern family. It should be remembered that the family as a social institution has gone a long way in developing and adapting to different conditions of existence, characterized by flexibility and stability. The family at the present stage undergoes radical changes in its functions and forms of family life. The incomplete and illegitimate family is becoming more widespread, the age of marriage, the lowering of birth rates, the transfer of the realization of the basic functions of the family to social institutions, the growing number of conflicts between family members due to different understanding of family values anddifferent perceptions of the distribution of roles. All this makes it necessary to study these issues in order to prevent conflict situations in marriage and family relations and to facilitate the transition to new forms of family life adapted to modern conditions.

The aim of this study is to make a critical analysis of the different definitions of health literacy to provide a framework of the concept. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, Health Evidence, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and Cochrane Library. Google and OpenGrey were searched to find additional papers and unpublished works. Among 7000 papers founded, we selected 26 works. During the 1990s, authors began to systematically study the relationship between health literacy and health status, according to a public health view. In the first decade of the new century, a new fundamental definition established three progressive degrees of health literacy: functional, interactive and critical health literacy. Sørensen (in 2012) provided a framework for the development of new assessment tools and interventions. The improvement of health literacy is a powerful tool for the development of a new type of relationship between individuals and the health system.

With the development of China's “One Belt, One Road” initiative, the theory and practice of building a community of human destiny has increasingly become a value norm that promotes the transformation of the global governance system and the construction of a new type of relationship between powers and the international order. The idea of human destiny community originated from Marx's free people's union thought. Based on the Chinese traditional culture, the goal is to build a global interest community and value community, theoretically enriching Marx's community thinking, and practically providing a viable Chinese solution for global governance.

The article offers a case study of the development of craft brewering in Bulgaria and its local specifics. Craft beer brewing offers an interesting business model based on shared knowledge and technological experience, close relations between craft brewers and often common projects. Craft beer culture develops new type of relationship between consumers and producers; relationship based on closer communication and shared values. Craft brewing is an industry based on traditional knowledge and innovation that can be used as an example of neolocalism policies and new sustainable business models that aim region development and the establishment of sustainable communities. The article traces craft brewing as closely linked to the regions cultural and natural heritage.