(D) CBQ Booknotes—Condensed Reviews

The morphological transformation of soot particles via condensation of low-volatility materials constitutes a dominant atmospheric process with serious implications for the optical and hygroscopic properties, and atmospheric lifetime of the soot. We consider the morphological transformation of soot aggregates under the influence of condensation of vapors of sulfuric acid, and/or limonene ozonolysis products. This influence was systematically investigated using a Differential Mobility Analyzer-Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (DMA-APM) and the Tandem DMA techniques integrated with a laminar flow-tube system. We hypothesize that the morphology transformation of soot results (in general) from a two-step process, i.e., (i) filling of void space within the aggregate; (ii) growth of the particle diameter. Initially, the transformation was dominated by the filling process followed by growth, which led to the accumulation of sufficient material that exerted surface forces, which eventually facilitating further filling. The filling of void space was constrained by the initial morphology of the fresh soot as well as the nature and the amount of condensed material. This process continued in several sequential steps until all void space within the soot aggregate was filled. And then “growth” of a spherical particle continued as long as vapors condensed on it. We developed a framework for quantifying the microphysical transformation of soot upon the condensation of various materials. This framework used experimental data and the hypothesis of “ideal sphere growth” and void filling to quantify the distribution of condensed materials in the complementary filling and growth processes. Using this framework, we quantified the percentage of material consumed by these processes at each step of the transformation. For the largest coating experiments, 6%, 10%, 24% and 58% of condensed material went to filling process, while 94%, 90%, 76% and 42% of condensed material went to growth process for 75 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm and 200 nm soot particles, respectively. We also used the framework to estimate the fraction of internal voids and open voids. This information was then used to estimate the volume equivalent diameter of the soot aggregate containing internal voids and to calculate the dynamic shape factor, accounting for internal voids. The dynamic shape factor estimated based on the traditional assumption (of no internal voids) differed significantly from the value obtained in this study. Internal voids are accounted for in the experimentally derived dynamic shape factor determined in the present study. In fact, the dynamic shape factor adjusted for internal voids was close to 1 for the fresh soot particles considered in this study, indicating the particles were largely spherical. The effective density was strongly correlated with the morphological transformation responses to the condensed material on the soot particle and the resultant effective density was determined by the (i) nature of the condensed material; (ii) morphology and size of the fresh soot. In this work we quantitatively tracked in-situ microphysical changes in soot morphology, providing details of both fresh and coated soot particles at each step of the transformation. This framework can be applied to model development with significant implications for quantifying the morphological transformation (from the viewpoint of hygroscopic and optical properties) of soot in the atmosphere.

We describe a systematic way of producing fermionic topological phases using the technique of fermion condensation. We give a prescription for performing fermion condensation in bosonic topological phases which contain an emergent fermion. Our approach to fermion condensation can roughly be understood as coupling the parent bosonic topological phase to a phase of physical fermions, and condensing pairs of physical and emergent fermions. There are two distinct types of objects in fermionic theories, which we call “m-type” and “q-type” particles. The endomorphism algebras of q-type particles are complex Clifford algebras, and they have no analogues in bosonic theories. We construct a fermionic generalization of the tube category, which allows us to compute the quasiparticle excitations in fermionic topological phases. We then prove a series of results relating data in condensed theories to data in their parent theories; for example, if C is a modular tensor category containing a fermion, then the tube category of the condensed theory satisfies Tube(C/ψ) ≅ C × C/ψ. We also study how modular transformations, fusion rules, and coherence relations are modified in the fermionic setting, prove a fermionic version of the Verlinde dimension formula, construct a commuting projector lattice Hamiltonian for fermionic theories, and write down a fermionic version of the Turaev-Viro-Barrett-Westbury state sum.

The adsorption and layering of chloro[subphthalocyaninato]boron(III) (SubPc) on Ag(111)
\nhas been studied in detail by means of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and photoelectron
\nspectroscopy at room temperature. SubPc is a polar molecule with an aromatic
\n14-�-electron system. An interesting phase behavior is observed for the �rst molecular layer
\nof SubPc growing on Ag(111). At a coverage below � 0:2 monolayer (ML), only a twodimensional
\n(2D) lattice gas is present, whereas at a coverage in the order of 0.2{0.5 ML
\ntwo-dimensional condensed molecular islands are in coexistence with the 2D lattice gas. In
\nthese condensed islands, the molecules self-organize into well ordered overlayers with a honeycomb
\npattern which has a low packing density. At a coverage of 0.6{0.9 ML the molecules
\nself-organize into a 2D hexagonal close packed (hcp) pattern. This hcp pattern is observed in
\ncoexistence with a dense 2D gas phase. For the honeycomb and the hcp pattern, individual
\nmolecules are imaged with sub-molecular resolution. Typically the molecules are imaged as
\ncharacteristic three lobes. The coexistence of the honeycomb pattern with the 2D lattice gas
\nis studied in detail. A dynamic equilibrium of the condensed honeycomb phase with its gas
\nphase by exchange of molecules is observed. The energy barrier for surface di�usion as well
\nas the condensation energy to form 2D islands is estimated and discussed.
\nInteresting and unusual features of the ordered molecular overlayers are observed. For
\neach pattern, the honeycomb and the hcp, only two di�erent orientations with respect to
\nthe Ag(111) substrate exist. For the honeycomb pattern, the two di�erent orientations have
\ndi�erent chirality, although the SubPc molecule itself is achiral. Not only single SubPc
\nmolecules show di�usion but also whole ordered islands exhibit mobility. This becomes evident
\nin the observed 
\nipping process of overlayers, where whole condensed islands change
\ntheir orientation between the two stable orientations of the pattern. In the case of the honeycomb
\npattern, this constitutes a transition between the two chiral layers. Phase transitions
\nfrom the gas phase to the condensed hcp phase and vice versa of whole overlayer islands
\ncould be controlled by the STM tip. In vacancy islands of the Ag(111) surface produced
\nby sputter defects, it is possible to reversible change the phase of the con�ned molecular
\noverlayer by tip induced experiments. The two phases, the hcp phase and the gas phase,
\nexist at the same conditions at room temperature. Therefore one of these two phases is
\nthermodynamically not favored and in a metastable state. A microscopic model based on
\nthe electric �eld between tip and sample is proposed for this tip-controlled phase transition.
\nIn addition to the STM experiments the adsorption geometry and the electronic structure
\nof SubPc on Ag(111) is studied by means of photoelectron spectroscopy. It is observed that
\nthe intact SubPc molecule is mainly physisorbed on the Ag(111) with the Cl towards the
\nAg surface. The �-electron system of the molecule undergoes only slight changes upon
\nadsorption on the Ag surface. In general, the observed features of the molecular overlayers
\nare attributed to the charge distribution of SubPc and to its resulting dipole moment.

The acetone-water (1:1, v/v) was more effective solvent for extracting total phenolics and extractable condensed tannins from Machilus pauhoi leaves than methanol, ethanol, acetone, water, methanol-water (1:1, v/v), and ethanol-water (1:1, v/v). The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis revealed that catechin/epicatechin was the basic units occurring in M. pauhoi leaf condensed tannins, and A-type and B-type linkages were most common among the structural units of polymers. Thiol degradation with cysteamine indicated that the polymer was constituted of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin as the terminal units and (-)-epicatechin as the extension units. The mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of the condensed tannins was 6.96. The condensed tannins from M. pauhoi leaves had more effective 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals scavenging abilities than the ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and may be considered as a new source of natural antioxidants for food and nutraceutical products. Key words: Machilus pauhoi, condensed tannins, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, antioxidant activity.

To compare vertical condensation with laterally condensed gutta-percha technique in obturation of root canal system. A comparative study. The Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (Operative Deptt), Rawalpindi. Fifty six human permanent extracted teeth were collected from central incisor to second molar from the both arches and in vitro root canal procedure was carried out. Warm vertical technique resulted in a uniform smooth surface and least observable space between gutta percha and canal wall, especially in middle and apical region. Root canal obturation by warm vertical condensation is better than cold lateral condensation.

Studies on diet, activity budget and feeding strategy are essential for understating feeding ecology of an animal. For herbivores, herbivory set a condition for them to adapt feeding strategies to simultaneously consider obtaining nutrition from plants and avoiding their chemical defense. Animals may exhibit various dietary width, feeding pattern and or digestive physiology to encounter the varying nutrition contents and negative metabolites of plants. Animals have to consider how to adapt from food choice, feeding strategy, and digestive physiology. However, complexity of social structure in primates could also influenced time allocation of the activity budget. The objective of this study was to examine whether the feeding strategy of Taiwanese macaques was associated with the nutritional composition and contents of secondary compounds of their foods, in terms of food choice and activity budget. Physiological responses of digestive system to condensed tannin were also investigated to understand whether the macaques were physiologically constrained to ingestion of secondary metabolites of plants. The A1 group of Taiwanese macaque at Fushan were tracked 5 to 7 days every month from January 2009 to July 2010. Scan sampling with an interval of 15 min was conducted to collect data on activity budget and diet. Date on daily traveling distance and plant sampling for chemical analysis were also conducted during the observation. Physiological responses to condensed tannin was tested with captive macaques which were fed with Quebracho powder added food for experimental purposes. A total of 75 plant species were recorded to be consumed by the study group. In summer, the monkeys mainly fed on fruits and insects which contained high energy. In winter moreover, they spent higher percentage of time on foliages and other parts of plant body which contained high contents of fibers and secondary compounds. When they ate food items with more crude fat, they spent more time feeding and less time resting. The daily travel distance varied seasonally, and was positively correlated to time spent on fruit, but negatively correlated to feeding time for foliages and other parts of plant body. The alpha adult male spent more time on resting compared to adult females. Females who reproduced in the study period spent more time feeding than those did reproduce in spring and summer after they gave birth. The recovery rate of condensed tannin in the fecal samples was over 90%. Condensed tannin significantly affected and reduced the amount of food intake, as well as the digestibility of dry matter and protein of the study animals. In conclusion, the Taiwanese macaque mainly consumed food items high in nutrition contents, and low in fibers and secondary metabolites. Their feeding strategy was affected by the contents of nutrition and secondary compounds of food they consumed. Their digestive physiology was compromised by the consumption of condensed tannin.

To evaluate the homogeneity and density of root canal filling with four obturation techniques. Forty extracted single root teeth were randomly divided into four groups with 10 teeth each. Under simulated clinical conditions, the root canals were shaped with Nickle titanium rotary files (Protaper) using crown-down technique and were filled with warm vertically condensed gutta-percha (group A), core carrier technique-thermafil (group B), guttaflow (group C) and conventional cold laterally condensed gutta-percha (group D). Roots were sectioned at four levels. The cross-sections were photographed through a microscope, the photos were analysed, and the percentage of gutta-percha filled area (PGFA) was measured. The overall PGFA values were (96.5 ± 3.6)%, (95.6 ± 3.9)%, (86.5 ± 5.7)% and (81.5 ± 4.2)% for groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between these groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Group A and B were significantly higher than group C and D (P < 0.01). The PGFA in group D was significantly lower than that in other groups (P < 0.01). The average PGFA in both group A and B was higher than that of group C and D at apical and middle level (P < 0.01). Warm vertical condensation and thermafil produce significantly higher PGFA than guttaflow and cold lateral condensation technique.

Chondrocyte apoptosis is known to contribute to articular cartilage damage in osteoarthritis (OA) and is correlated to a number of cartilage disorders. Micromass cultures represent a convenient means for studying chondrocyte biology, and, in particular, their death. In this study, we present the first ultrastructural analysis on chondrocyte death experimentally induced by different agents, all known to be powerful apoptotic triggers. Chondrocytes were obtained from subjects undergoing joint arthroplasty. At the end of the maturation, they were treated as follows: 10 or 30 μM etoposide for 24h, UV-B for 30 min followed by 4h recovery, 200 or 500 nM staurosporine for 24h, hyperthermia for 1h at 43°C followed by 4h recovery. They were processed for TEM and immunofluorescence. Control chondrocyte morphology appears similar to that of human articular cartilage. Proteoglycans and collagen fibers are present in the intercellular space, indicating a good extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Etoposide, when effective, induces necrosis. UV-B treated cells show chromatin condensation and pore clustering, typical of apoptotic nuclei. Hyperthermia seems to induce apoptosis in the presence of abundant ECM, giving, differently, a general necrosis when ECM is scarse. Staurosporine has no effect at 200 nM concentration, but frequently, at 500 nM, chromatin condensation appears. Chromatin clumping appears different from that of classical apoptotic models: Roach et al. proposed the term “chondroptosis” to indicate this type of cell death. Cells appear shrunk and the nucleus contains condensed chromatin, not marginated into large solid masses, but in small patches, mainly at nuclear periphery. Chondrocytes seem so to undergo apoptosis in a peculiar typical manner.

Desert beetles and cactus plants collect water from fog in arid regions. The desert beetle uses heterogeneous wettability to transport water to its mouth. A cactus uses conical spines which provide Laplace pressure gradient to transport water to its base. In this study, bioinspired triangular patterns with various wettability and different from the surrounding regions were investigated to transport condensed water from ambient air. A low temperature of 5°C was used to decrease saturated vapour pressure to promote water condensation. Results from this study can be used to enhance the performance of water collection systems.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology’.

The effect of a condensed-phase environment on the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra of chromophores is of fundamental interest in many phenomena, such as color tuning in photobiology and the solvatochromic shift in chemistry. The experimental measurement of UV-vis absorption spectra can provide the information on the spectral region of the absorption of the sample. While computer simulation of the UV-vis absorption spectra can provide the microscopic interpretation of the absorption bands. Moreover, computer simulations can be done for the cases that are impractical for experimental measurements. This thesis work aims to develop proper computational strategies to calculate the UV-vis absorption of organic chromophores in a condensed-phase environment, and to interpret the experimental results or to tackle problems that are difficult for experimental approaches. Simulation of the UV-vis absorption spectra typically involves modeling of the structure of the target system and the calculation of its vertical electronic excitation energies and oscillator strengths of the interesting part of the system. The large size of the condensed phase makes both parts of the simulation very challenging. In this thesis work, frozen-density embedding theory, one of the appropriate approaches on the market for tackling large systems, combined with linear-response time-dependent density-functional theory, is used to calculate the vertical electronic excitation energies and the oscillator strengths of the chromophores in condensed phases. This thesis work investigates the effect of condensed-phase environments on the UV-vis absorption spectra of organic chromophores for several systems, including a functional host-guest material (fluorenone in zeolite-L channel), a chemical solvation system (coumarin 153 in various solvents), and fundamental biological systems in the eye (retinal in rhodopsin and in three visual cone pigments).

Purpose: The secondary data analysis of the preliminary study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) by AMOS 6.0 with the original 30-item spiritual distress scale involving the relationships of cancer patients with themselves, others, God, and their feelings toward death. Method: The process of developing the original 30-item spiritual distress scale was published in the International Journal of Palliative Nursing (Ku, Kuo, & Yao, 2010), including the study population, data collection and measurement, and ethical considerations. Findings: The findings identified that a condensed spiritual distress scale consisting 11 items were resulted in normally distributed. In addition, the scale was a best fit on the basis of the preliminary criteria. The reliability of individual item reliability among the four factors in the relationship with themselves, others, God, and their feelings towards death was above .5. The composite reliabilities were over .6, providing a good convergent validity, and the structure coefficient for all 11-item in the spiritual distress scale was over .4. On the basis of the assessment of the preliminary fit criteria, overall model fit, and fit of the internal structure of the model. Conclusion: hence the 11-item condensed spiritual distress scale is a validated and supported model for cancer patients. The condensing the original length of the spiritual distress scale will make it more practical to apply in cancer settings.

I In part I of this thesis similarity solutions to the equations of three phase flow through porous media are examined. The three phases are water, steam, and a noncondensing phase, most likely oil. The main purpose of analyzing such flows is to gain understanding of the steam flooding of oil fields. Provided steam is being injected at a higher pressure than the initial field pressure, it is shown that there will always be at least two saturation shocks. As one increases the pressure of the injected steam several regimes are encountered; first the flow develops a region where all the steam is completely condensed, then the position of two of the shocks are interchanged, and finally one of the shocks grows weaker and is eventually replaced by an expansion fan. In sections 12 and 13 the stability of steadily moving condensation fronts in porous media is analyzed. For one special problem it is found that the sign of the jump in pressure gradient at the interface determines whether the interfaces are stable or unstable. This result is applied with some caution to the similarity solutions found in the earlier sections. II Recently McLean analyzed the shapes of fingers in a Hele-Shaw cell, including the effects of surface tension. His work resolved the question of the uniqueness of the shapes first brought up by Saffman and Taylor in their analysis that did not include surface tension. It is however felt that there are still unresolved problems. In determining the pressure jump across an interface there are two principal radii of curvature. McLean only took into account the effect of the larger of these, assuming that the other was constant along the outline of the finger. Unless the smaller radius is very nearly constant, it should in fact give a larger contribution to the jump in pressure. In this thesis the effect of this smaller radius of curvature is modelled by assuming that it is a function of the normal velocity of the mean two dimensional surface of the finger. It is found that if one only takes into account the smaller radius of curvature, the problem is not uniquely determined, as in the case with no surface tension at all. When both radii of curvature are taken into account, the effect of the smaller radius of curvature is to modify the finger shapes in a way that is qualitatively in agreement with experimental data. Also, McLean's results are checked by an independent numerical scheme, and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. Using both methods of solution a second solution branch other than that described by McLean was also found.

The short mean free paths and zero/low energy transfers associated with charged particle interactions create a computationally intensive problem to model. This paper suggests an accurate and efficient momentpreserving alternative to traditional Monte Carlo transport methods. The Generalized Boltzmann Fokker- Planck Method is an approximation of the scattering cross sections used in the linear transport equation which exactly preserves a finite number of scattering moments using a discrete angle representation. Unlike condensed history, this method preserves exponentially distributed interaction sites, simplifies pre-computation and ultimately leads to simplified boundary crossing algorithms. While this method was developed using the screened Rutherford differential cross section, it has recently been updated with improved interaction physics. Transmission/reflection spectra and dose-depth profiles generated using this method has been benchmarked against both analog and condensed history calculations, and have shown an increase in computational efficiency. Moreover, this method may prove broadly applicable to any Monte Carlo simulation involving sufficiently forward-peaked probability distributions. Future work will integrate these methods into the Integrated TIGER Series (ITS) suite to analyze accuracy and performance enhancement in fully coupled photon-electron transport in realistic three dimensional (3-D) geometries.

DNA condensation, structure and transfection efficiency of complexes formed by gemini surfactants alkane-α,ω-diyl-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide)s (CnGS12, n = 3, 6 and 12 is the number of alkane spacer carbons), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (CnGS12/DOPE = 0.3 mol/mol) and DNA at low surface charge density were investigated through different techniques. Small angle X-ray diffraction showed a condensed lamellar phase with marked dependence of DNA-DNA distance on (+/-) charge ratio. High ionic strength of hydrating medium screens the interaction DNA - CnGS12/DOPE and complexed DNA represented maximally ~ 45-60% of total DNA in the solution as derived from fluorescence and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The in vitro transfection efficiency of CnGS12/DOPE liposomes on mammalian HEK 293 cell line was spacer length-dependent. C12GS12/DOPE/DNA complexes exhibited the best transfection efficiency (~ 18% GFP-expressing cells relative to all viable cells) accompanied by ~ 89% cell viability.

Abstract2‐o‐Chlorophenyl‐2H‐naphtho[1,2‐d]v‐triazole‐4,5‐quinone condenses with semicarbazide and some of its derivatives at the 4 position and the products cyclize into the corresponding 1,2,4‐triazines. Reactions of these triazines with some reagents are described.