Data Analysis Techniques for Microwave Imaging Reflectometry

Non-invasive autonomic evaluation has used fast Fourier transform (FFT) to assign a range of low (LF) and high frequencies (HF) as markers of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences, respectively. However, FFT cannot be applied to brief transient phenomena, such as those observed on performing autonomic tests where the acute changes of cardiovascular signals (blood pressure and heart rate) that represent the first and most important stage of the autonomic performance towards a new state of equilibrium occur. Wavelet analysis has been proposed as a method to overcome and complement information taken exclusively in the frequency domain. With discrete wavelet transform (DWT), a time-frequency analysis can be done, allowing the visualization in time of the contribution of LF and HF to the observed changes of a particular signal. In this study, we evaluate with wavelets the acute changes in R-R intervals and systolic blood pressure that are observed in normal subjects during four classical autonomic tests: head-up tilt (HUT), cold pressor test (CPT), deep breathing (DB) and Valsalva manoeuvre (VM). Continuous monitoring of ECG and blood presure was performed. Also LF, HF and LF/HF were calculated. Consistent with previous interpretations, data showed an increase of sympathetic activity in HUT, CPT and VM. On DB, results reflected an increase in parasympathetic activity and frequencies. In conclusion, when compared with FFT, wavelet analysis allows the evaluation of autonomic variability during short and non-stationary periods of time and may constitute a useful advance in the assessment of autonomic function in both physiological and pathological conditions.

This study presents the investigation of wave dispersion characteristics of a magneto-electro-elastic functionally graded (MEE-FG) nanosize beam utilizing nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). In this theory, a material length scale parameter is propounded to show the influence of strain gradient stress field, and likewise, a nonlocal parameter is nominated to emphasize on the importance of elastic stress field effects. The material properties of heterogeneous nanobeam are supposed to vary smoothly through the thickness direction based on power-law form. Applying Hamilton\'s principle, the nonlocal governing equations of MEE-FG nanobeam are derived. Furthermore, to derive the wave frequency, phase velocity and escape frequency of MEE-FG nanobeam, an analytical solution is employed. The validation procedure is performed by comparing the results of present model with results exhibited by previous papers. Results are rendered in the framework of an exact parametric study by changing various parameters such as wave number, nonlocal parameter, length scale parameter, gradient index, magnetic potential and electric voltage to show their influence on the wave frequency, phase velocity and escape frequency of MEE-FG nanobeams.

Porosity-dependent wave propagation in multi-directional functionally graded nanoplate with nonlinear temperature-dependent characteristics on Kerr-type substrate

This study developed an estimation model for noise signal characteristic diagnosis based on the time-frequency analysis technique. The time-frequency analysis theory uses the relatively mature and extensively used wavelet method as the basis of signal analysis, but wavelet analysis generates wavelet theories different from other mother wavelet methods. This study used the Morlet Transform, which is a type of wavelet transform using a mother wavelet for wavelet analysis of signals. The time axis was integrated according to the result of time-frequency analysis in order to obtain the marginal spectrum value of the frequency domain. Finally, statistical regression analysis was used as the estimation method of feature extraction. This study determined and validated the behavior estimation functional equation of a wind turbine blade in normal operation versus the signal of a wind turbine blade in abnormal operation. The proposed model can be used as a diagnostic method of early warning and health management of a wind turbine.

Frequency–wave-number analysis is applied to geophone data to study phase velocities of ice waves as a function of frequency. Previous measurements of phase velocities were based primarily on initial arrival time of individual waves which were valid only for the frequency components associated with the initial arrival. By processing the geophone array data coherently, this frequency–wave-number analysis measures the phase velocity as a function of frequency for a wide frequency band. This processing is applied to geophone data collected on a line array of three-axis geophones; the data were generated by striking sledge hammers against a steel pipe frozen into the ice during an Arctic experiment in 1988. As expected, the longitudinal and horizontal shear waves travel with constant phase velocities below 100 Hz. Applying this analysis to vertical-axis geophone data, we find two families of dispersion curves for the flexural waves. Only one dispersion curve is expected for the flexural wave for a uniform sheet of ice. The origin of the additional (flexural) wave is not established. Time-frequency analysis was applied to individual time series to estimate the group velocities of the flexural wave and use the line array data to estimate ice attenuations. Frequency–wave-number analysis is used to identify ice waves in a complex signal in which the various ice waves are no longer separated by travel time. This is demonstrated by the analysis of a noise event. The origin of this noise event based on the analysis of the hammer blow data is discussed.

The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves provide basic information for estimating the shear-wave velocity structure of the ground. Many methods have been proposed for this purpose; however, it is difficult to estimate phase velocities directly from the data found in microtremor records on the differences in phase angles between two sites. The reason for this difficulty is that the sources of microtremors are not stable in either time or space. In order to counteract this problem, therefore, we consider the nonstationary characteristic of microtremors in short-time range and propose a method that can find the instantaneously corresponding portions of microtremor records at two different sites and that can estimate the apparent phase velocities between the two sites. We use the technique of a time-frequency analysis for which the Hilbert–Huang Transform is adopted. After we confirm the applicability of the proposed method based on some numerical calculations, the method is applied to some actual data on microtremors and reasonable results are obtained.

Influence of the dispersion on the measurement of phase and group velocities of Lamb wave in a plate is investigated in the work presented. The velocity of propagating guided waves is important parameter of their application in non-destructive testing. Accurate determination of the Lamb wave velocity is complicated by the fact that it is frequency dependent. In order to determine in what way the dispersion affects the uncertainties of the phase and group velocity measurements the investigation was carried out. The finite element model of the 2 mm thickness and 200 mm length aluminium plate was used in order to obtain the signals for analysis. The A0 mode was excited by adding a shear force to one of the ends of the plate. The excitation signal was 300 kHz burst with the Gaussian envelop. Determination of the velocities was based on measurement of the propagation time. The propagation time was measured using a zero-crossing technique. Investigations demonstrated that the obtained values of phase velocities depend essentially on the number of periods in the burst which was used for measurements by the zero-crossing technique. The obtained regularities enable to compensate part of uncertainties of the phases velocity measurement. Moreover it enables to reconstruct the segment of the phase velocity dispersion curve in narrow frequency ranges.

This paper presents a review of the researches done on fault tolerant control types, methods, main objectives of the fault tolerant control and fault diagnosis of induction motor faults that used the wavelet transform. Wavelet transform from the fault diagnosis point of view, is a summary of the wavelet types (continuous and discrete), machine faults, diagnosis methods and their validation, respectively. Types of software, generality of codes, one dimensional and two dimensional DWT and frequency characteristics components of healthy and faulty induction motor are given. Finally, stator short winding and open winding are taken as a case study to show the effectiveness of the wavelet techniques for fault diagnosis. Key words: Wavelet, induction motor, fault diagnosis, fast Fourier transform, fault indicator, fault tolerant control.

The purpose of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using a wavelet analysis of the torque-time curve patterns of the extensors of the affected knee. The analysis aimed at the quantitative evaluation of irregularities in these torque-time patterns. The study involved a group of 22 men who had had ACL reconstruction. The torque-time characteristics were recorded 3, 6 and 12 months after the surgery by an isokinetic dynamometer. They were then examined using the orthogonal Daubechies 4 (Db 4) and biorthogonal Bior 3.1 wavelets. A statistical analysis of the results revealed significant differences in values of the high-frequency energy stored in the details of the signal from the dynamometer between the first and last measurements, both for the Db 4 ( p ≤ 0.023) and Bior 3.1 ( p ≤ 0.01) wavelets. These differences were found in 73% of patients whose curve patterns were analysed using the Db 4 wavelet and in 82% of patients in the case of the Bior 3.1 wavelet. The wavelet transform proved to be an effective research tool in the qualitative evaluation of irregularities occurring in the curve patterns of the torque generated by the extensors of the ACL reconstructed knee. The findings of the study suggest that time-frequency analyses of these characteristics can be of practical importance, as they help assess the state of the patient's knee joint and his progress in rehabilitation after ACLR.

Longitudinal and transverse wave propagation analysis of stationary and axially moving carbon nanotubes conveying nano-fluid

Shear-wave velocities (VS) are widely used for earthquake ground- motion site characterization. VS data are now largely obtained using borehole meth- ods. Drilling holes, however, is expensive. Nonintrusive surface methods are inex- pensive for obtaining VS information, but not many comparisons with direct borehole measurements have been published. Because different assumptions are used in data interpretation of each surface method and public safety is involved in site character- ization for engineering structures, it is important to validate the surface methods by additional comparisons with borehole measurements. We compare results obtained from a particular surface method (array measurement of surface waves associated with microtremor) with results obtained from borehole methods. Using a 10-element nested-triangular array of 100-m aperture, we measured surface-wave phase veloci- ties at two California sites, Garner Valley near Hemet and Hollister Municipal Air- port. The Garner Valley site is located at an ancient lake bed where water-saturated sediment overlies decomposed granite on top of granite bedrock. Our array was deployed at a location where seismic velocities had been determined to a depth of 500 m by borehole methods. At Hollister, where the near-surface sediment consists of clay, sand, and gravel, we determined phase velocities using an array located close to a 60-m deep borehole where downhole velocity logs already exist. Because we want to assess the measurements uncomplicated by uncertainties introduced by the inversion process, we compare our phase-velocity results with the borehole VS depth profile by calculating fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave phase velocities from an earth model constructed from the borehole data. For wavelengths less than 2 times of the array aperture at Garner Valley, phase-velocity results from array measure- ments agree with the calculated Rayleigh-wave velocities to better than 11%. Mea- surement errors become larger for wavelengths 2 times greater than the array aper- ture. At Hollister, the measured phase velocity at 3.9 Hz (near the upper edge of the microtremor frequency band) is within 20% of the calculated Rayleigh-wave veloc- ity. Because shear-wave velocity is the predominant factor controlling Rayleigh- wave phase velocities, the comparisons suggest that this nonintrusive method can provide VS information adequate for ground-motion estimation.

Summary form only given. A disk loaded slow wave structure with a cold wave phase (without electron beam) velocity of the TM/sub 01/ wave greater than the speed of light (1.05c) is used as the electron bunching stage of a two stage X-band amplifier. The high phase velocity section produces well defined electron bunches. The second section, where the cold wave phase velocity is (0.84c), i.e. less than beam velocity of 0.91c, is used to generate the high output power microwave radiation. The tightly bunched beam from the high phase velocity section enhances the beam energy conversion into microwave radiation compared to that obtained with a synchronous electron-wave buncher. A new: amplifier with similar phase velocity characteristics but with a 1 GHz bandwidth and an HEM/sub 11/, TM/sub 01/ mode frequency separation of 3.3 GHz has been designed and constructed. The interaction frequency for the HEM mode is above the passband of the TM mode. Testing is in progress. The performance of the new amplifier will be compared with results obtained using the earlier configuration.

By use of the frequency response method with a radioactive tracer, it was possible to determine fluid dispersion and distribution in a natural consolidated and an unconsolidated medium. Measurements were made in a linear flow system at oleic saturations of 69 per cent in the consolidated medium, and 100 per cent in both media. Dispersion and distribution were obtained by measuring the amplitude attenuation and the phase velocity of sinusoidal waves with a dual monitor apparatus. The gamma ray emissions permitted in situ measurements at any distance along the porous samples. One result of importance was that the effective diffusivity increased as the wave length increased. As a consequence, a dispersion coefficient appropriate for the injection of large slugs might exceed the value measured by use of small slugs. Since flow models based solely on fluid velocity and an effective diffusivity coefficient imply that the diffusivity should be independent of frequency, such representations were not adequate for the data of this study. A comparison was made with a capacitance model of porous media with dead-end PV's, but even this model was not completely adequate. By using attenuation and phase velocity data, fluid dispersion can be predicted without postulating a differential equation satisfied by the tracer concentration, thereby eliminating the need of a complicated model to represent dispersion. Introduction The flow of similar miscible fluids through a porous medium can be fairly adequately described by two parameters: the average fluid velocity and the effective diffusivity.1-3 It has been pointed out recently, however, that significant discrepancies exist between this representation and the experimental data.4-7 An improved agreement can be obtained by introducing additional parameters based on the concept of dead-end pores. The purpose of the present investigation was to find out whether the frequency response method could be used to measure the relevant parameters. The method was used in the following form. A stream of fluid was flowed at a constant rate through a sample of porous material and the concentration of a radioactive tracer in the fluid was varied sinusoidally at a fixed frequency. The effects of flow through a porous medium are a decrease in the amplitude of the concentration wave and an increase in the velocity of the peaks of the waves above the average velocity. Attenuation and phase velocity of the waves were measured as a function of frequency and fluid velocity. The simple two-parameter model implies that the diffusivity should be independent of frequency. Data reported in this paper show that the diffusivity decreases as the frequency increases. Hence, as shown also by many others, the two-parameter model is not completely adequate. Coats and Smith5 used two additional parameters in their model: the volume of the dead-end pores and the rate of mass transfer between dead-end pores and the flowing stream. Their capacitance model of a porous medium containing some stagnant fluid, to which transfer occurs by molecular diffusion, did not explain the dispersion results of either the present study or of theirs. Instead, the capacitance effect can be better described as the result of extreme velocity variations within the pores of the medium, with transfer between the velocity zones by convection.

Abstract. Several magnetic measurements and theoretical developments from different research groups have shown certain relationships with worldwide geological processes. Secular variation in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, magnetic frequencies, or magnetic anomalies have been linked with spatial properties of active convergent tectonic margins or earthquake occurrences during recent years. These include the rise in similar fundamental frequencies in the range of microhertz before the Maule 2010, Tōhoku 2011, and Sumatra–Andaman 2004 earthquakes and the dramatic rise in the cumulative number of magnetic anomalous peaks before several earthquakes such as Nepal 2015 and Mexico (Puebla) 2017. Currently, all of these measurements have been physically explained by the microcrack generation due to uniaxial stress change in rock experiments. The basic physics of these experiments have been used to describe the lithospheric behavior in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory. Due to the dramatic increase in experimental evidence, physical mechanisms, and the theoretical framework, this paper analyzes vertical magnetic behavior close to the three latest main earthquakes in Chile: Maule 2010 (Mw 8.8), Iquique 2014 (Mw 8.2), and Illapel 2015 (Mw 8.3). The fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, and daily cumulative number of anomalies methods were used during quiet space weather time during 1 year before and after each earthquake in order to filter space influence. The FFT method confirms the rise in the power spectral density in the millihertz range 1 month before each earthquake, which decreases to lower values some months after earthquake occurrence. The cumulative anomaly method exhibited an increase prior to each Chilean earthquake (50–90 d prior to earthquakes) similar to those found for Nepal 2015 and Mexico 2017. The wavelet analyses also show similar properties to FFT analysis. However, the lack of physics-based constraints in the wavelet analysis does not allow conclusions that are as strong as those made by FFT and cumulative methods. By using these results and previous research, it could be stated that these magnetic features could give seismic information about impending events. Additionally, these results could be related to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC effect) and the growth of microcracks and electrification in rocks described by the seismo-electromagnetic theory.

We propose a new analysis method of microtremor circular arrays for detecting phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in microtremors, aiming to conduct the microtremor array observations with fewer restriction of seismometer arrangement than the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method. The method is based on the complex coherence function (CCF) of the Rayleigh waves formulated by Shiraishi and Matsuoka (2005) to study the relationship between wave sources and observation points on an array. In this method, the values of the Bessel function J0 (kr) (k: wave number, r: distance between observation points) that generate phase velocities are obtained as a solution of the simultaneous equations of CCFs, while they are calculated from the directional average of CCFs in the SPAC method. Therefore, our method allows observation points not equally spaced on the circumference.From theoretical studies of this method for a circular array, it was found that seismometers on the circumference could be set at almost any place with the condition of symmetrical seismometer arrangement. Moreover, a field experiment have confirmed that the phase velocity obtained from the proposed method agreed with that of the SPAC method.