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This retrospective cohort study was designed to examine the prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Manitoba. A total of 324,605 deliveries by 165,969 women were reported to Manitoba Health in the years 1985-2004. Data on maternal ages, delivery dates, GDM, self-declared First Nation (FN) status, rural or urban residence and previous GDM were collected for the study. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. The prevalence of GDM during the 20-year period was 2.9%, which was 2.3% in 1985-1989 and 3.7% in 1999-2004 (P < 0.01). The trend of increase in the prevalence of GDM continued after major modifications on the screening and diagnostic criteria for GDM in 1998. The prevalence of GDM in FN women was 3-times greater than that in non-FN women. Higher prevalence of GDM was detected in FN pregnant women living in rural areas compared to those in urban areas (P < 0.01), which was opposite for non-FN pregnant women living in rural and urban areas. The prevalence of GDM in pregnant women > or =35 yr was 2.3-fold higher than that in those < 35 yr (P < 0.01). The recurrent rate of GDM was 44.4%. Adjusted odds ratios of GDM for FN status, advanced age, a history of GDM and rural living were 2.2, 2.4, 25.1 and 0.8, respectively. The prevalence of GDM is increased in Manitoba. FN status, advanced age and a history of GDM, but not rural living, are independent predictors for GDM.

Background & objectives The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to be high among South Asians. However, there is no national study on prevalence of GDM in India and few data comparing prevalence of GDM in early pregnancy (Early GDM) and late pregnancy (Late GDM). Methods This is an analysis of pregnant women who participated in the nationally representative Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Of the 1,206 pregnant women 1,032 who underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or had fasting blood glucose measurement and did not have overt diabetes, were included in this study. GDM was diagnosed using the NICE criteria. GDM was classified as Early GDM if diagnosed before 20 wk of gestation and Late GDM if diagnosed ≥ 20 wk of gestation, Results The weighted national prevalence of GDM in India was 22.4 per cent (95% CI: 16.7-28%) with no significant urban rural differences (24.2% vs. 21.6%, NS). The prevalence of Early GDM and Late GDM were 19.2 per cent (9.8-28.7%) and 23.4 per cent (16.7-30.2%), respectively. Central India had the highest prevalence of GDM at 32.9 per cent (17.9-48%), and West India, the lowest at 16 per cent (3.1-29.3%). High systolic blood pressure and family history of diabetes were independently associated with risk of GDM. Interpretation & conclusions Nearly one in four pregnant women in India have GDM with regional variability. The prevalence of Early GDM is also high. Thus, there is a need for screening of all pregnant women for GDM starting in early pregnancy.

The Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Glucose Abnormalities in Pregnant Women With Hepatitis C Virus Infection in British Columbia

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a growing public health concern with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. Identifying its prevalence and associated risk factors is essential for timely diagnosis and preventive interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at a tertiary care hospital between January 2023 and May 2024. GDM was diagnosed using the 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) following the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Data on maternal age, body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, previous obstetric history, and lifestyle habits were collected through structured interviews and clinical records. Results: The prevalence of GDM in the study population was 16.8% (n = 84). A statistically significant association was observed between GDM and maternal age ≥30 years (p < 0.01), pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m² (p = 0.002), family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), previous history of GDM (p < 0.01), and sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.03). Among women diagnosed with GDM, 61.9% were aged ≥30 years, and 70.2% had a BMI ≥25. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified advanced maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.4–4.1) and family history of diabetes (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8–5.4) as the most significant independent predictors of GDM. Conclusion: This study highlights a considerable prevalence of GDM and identifies advanced maternal age, higher BMI, and positive family history as key risk factors. Targeted screening and early lifestyle interventions, particularly for high-risk groups, are crucial to minimizing maternal and fetal complications associated with GDM. Recommendations: Early GDM screening, targeted counseling, antenatal lifestyle interventions, postpartum follow-up, health education, and integration of GDM care into maternal health policies are essential to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

To determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and associated risk factors among pregnant Jordanian women attending Jordan University hospital. A cross-sectional study conducted on 644 singleton pregnancies screened for GDM with 75-g, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of gestation between January 2015 and January 2016 in Jordan. The diagnosis of GDM was reached through WHO criteria. Maternal characteristics and demographic information, and obstetrics’ histories, were collected. The prevalence of GDM with it’s risk factors was then determined. The prevalence of GDM was 13.5%. A statistically significant increase in prevalence was observed among pregnant women with increase in the following variables: maternal age, gravidity, parity, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal BMI at the time of the tests and with the presence of acanthosis nigricans, past history of gestational diabetes, and family history of diabetes mellitus type II with a p `0.001, p 0.005, p 0.013, p 0.000, p 0.000, p 0.001, p 0.016, and p 0.001 respectively. The impact of GDM on maternal and infant health is of great clinical and public health importance and imposes a significant economic burden. The prevalence of GDM seems to be quite high in Jordan. Given that women with diabetes are unaware of their condition, all pregnant women should be screened for oral glucose tolerance test and encouraged to do it at the proper time.

PurposeGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) continues to be a significant health disorder triggering harmful complications in pregnant women and fetuses. Our knowledge of GDM epidemiology in Yemen is largely based on very limited data. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence and risk factors of GDM among pregnant women in Dhamar governorate, Yemen.Patients and methodsA total of 311 subjects were randomly selected for this cross sectional survey. Health history data and blood samples were collected using a pretested questionnaire. To determine the prevalence of GDM, the fasting and random blood glucose techniques were applied according to the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, using alternative methods that are more convenient to the targeted population. Poisson’s regression model incorporating robust sandwich variance was utilized to assess the association of potential risk factors in developing GDM.ResultsThe prevalence of GDM was found to be 5.1% among the study population. Multivariate analysis confirmed age ≥30 years, previous GDM, family history of diabetes, and history of polycystic ovary syndrome as independent risk factors for GDM prevalence. However, body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 and previous macrosomic baby were found to be dependent risk factors.ConclusionThis study reports new epidemiological information about the prevalence and risk factors of GDM in Yemen. Introduction of proper maternal and neonatal medical care and health education are important in order to save the mother and the baby.

Aim To review the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Eastern and Southeastern Asia. Methods We systematically searched for observational studies on GDM prevalence from January 2000 to December 2016. Inclusion criteria were original English papers, with full texts published in peer-reviewed journals. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the guidelines of the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. Fixed effects and random effects models were used to estimate the summary prevalence of GDM and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 4415 papers were screened, and 48 studies with 63 GDM prevalence observations were included in the final review. The pooled prevalence of GDM was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.5%–15.7%), despite substantial variations across nations. The prevalence of GDM in lower- or upper-middle income countries was about 64% higher than in their high-income counterparts. Moreover, the one-step screening method was twice more likely to be used in diagnosing GDM when compared to the two-step screening procedure. Conclusions The prevalence of GDM in Eastern and Southeastern Asia was high and varied among and within countries. There is a need for international uniformity in screening strategies and diagnostic criteria for GDM.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Early identification of risk factors is essential for timely intervention. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GDM and identify associated risk factors among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: A Cross-Sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from January 2023 to June 2023. Materials &amp;Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 178 pregnant women between 24–36 weeks of gestation. Participants were selected using consecutive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic, obstetric, and clinical characteristics. GDM was diagnosed using standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of GDM. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of GDM was 15.7% (28/178). Higher maternal age (≥35 years) was significantly associated with GDM (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.08–9.02; p = 0.035). Obesity (AOR = 3.76; 95% CI: 1.41–10.01; p = 0.008), family history of diabetes (AOR = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.32–7.94; p = 0.010), previous history of GDM (AOR = 5.87; 95% CI: 1.78–19.36; p = 0.004), and chronic hypertension (AOR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.01–7.18; p = 0.048) were independent predictors of GDM. Overweight status and grand multiparity were not statistically significant in the adjusted model. Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM in this tertiary care setting was moderately high (15.7%). Advanced maternal age, obesity, family history of diabetes, previous GDM, and chronic hypertension were significant risk factors. Routine screening and targeted interventions for high-risk women are recommended to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, prevalence, risk factors, pregnancy, obesity, tertiary care hospital, cross-sectional study.

Objective: Studies indicate that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence is increasing worldwide. We aimed to examine secular trends in GDM prevalence and screening practices over the last decade in Israel, and to identify changes in GDM risk factors. Methods: We collected data on all 367,247 pregnant women who were screened for GDM between 2000 and 2010 in Israel’s second largest healthcare organization. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for GDM. Results: GDM prevalence increased by 12%, from 3.8% in 2000 to 4.3% in 2010 and was accompanied by a 37% rise in the proportion screened directly by 100-gram oral glucose tolerance test without a prior 50-gram glucose challenge test (from 6.5% to 8.9%). During the study period there was an on-going increment in the proportion of pregnant women with one or more GDM risk factor, such as older age, low socioeconomic level, history of polycystic ovary syndrome or in vitro fertilization, which was all significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the risk of GDM. Conclusions: The increasing risk of GDM in Israel can be explained by both rising prevalence of women with established risk factors, as well as shifting screening practices.

Objective: To study the prevalence of early-onset gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and clinical characteristics from universal early antenatal screening in Thai pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A multicenter prospective study in multi-level of hospitals in Thailand was conducted between May and September 2024. All pregnant women attending antenatal clinic before 20 weeks of gestation were screened for GDM using the two-step method. A 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) at first antenatal care followed by a diagnostic 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The glucose screening test was repeated between 24 and 28 weeks if the earlier testing was negative. The prevalence of early-onset GDM and their clinical characteristics of GDM were evaluated. Results: Eight hundred eighty-four pregnant women participated in the present study. The participants were found to have low, intermediate, and high risk of GDM of 19.46%, 42.31%, and 38.24%, respectively. The prevalence of early-onset GDM was 11.09% (95% CI 9.09 to 13.34). The glucose screening test was positive in 22.09%, 21.39%, and 42.01%, and the early-onset GDM was detected in 3.49%, 6.68%, and 19.82% of the low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively. The significant associated factors of early-onset GDM were maternal age of 35 years or older, maternal age between 25 and 34 years, BMI of 30 kg/m² or more, a first degree relative with diabetes, and history of GDM in previous pregnancy. Conclusion: Universal early GDM screening in Thailand can detect a high prevalence of GDM in asymptomatic pregnant women. The early detection leads to early control of blood glucose levels. However, the impact of this protocol still needs further investigation.

Background and Objectives: The escalating prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the limitations associated with utilizing body mass index (BMI) as a predictive measure underscore the imperative need for identifying an optimal early pregnancy predictor. Such a predictor not only mitigates the risk of GDM but also allows for timely implementation of interventions. Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depth and the risk of GDM. A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to 30 September 2023. The analysis employed a random-effects model to assess the relationship between VAT depth and the likelihood of GDM. Results: The inclusion criteria encompassed seven studies involving 1315 women, including 225 diagnosed with GDM. Significantly lower VAT depth was observed in the non-GDM group in comparison to the GDM group (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]: 0.84; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.52–1.15; p < 0.001). Substantial statistical heterogeneity was noted among studies (I2 = 72.88%, p = 0.001). Through meticulous sensitivity and subgroup analyses, the source of heterogeneity was identified and thoroughly discussed. Subgroup analyses suggest that different GDM diagnostic criteria and VAT definitions all indicate higher VAT depth in GDM patients during early pregnancy. Conclusions: Our findings propose that, during the first trimester, GDM patients exhibit higher VAT depth compared to non-GDM women, highlighting VAT depth as a potential predictive factor for GDM in early pregnancy. This study contributes valuable evidence to the growing body of knowledge surrounding novel predictors for GDM, emphasizing the importance of early intervention strategies.

BackgroundThe prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its associated factors have not been investigated in Vietnam, especially in rural areas.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of GDM and its associated factors in rural areas of Vietnam.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 1003 pregnant women aged ≥18 years in rural areas of northern Vietnam. GDM was identified based on impaired oral glucose tolerance test results according to the guidelines of the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. Associated factors for GDM were analyzed using a modified Poisson regression with robust (sandwich) SE analysis, with maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and family history of diabetes as explanatory factors, adjusted for parity, method of conception, hormonal therapy for pregnancy maintenance, physical inactivity, and history of chronic medical conditions.ResultsThe prevalence of GDM was 26.2%. Patients with GDM were more likely to be older than the control group (odds ratio 3.33, 95% CI 2.31‐4.78). In the multivariable analysis, maternal age was strongly associated with GDM. Compared with women aged <25 years, those aged 25 to 34 years had a significantly higher prevalence of GDM (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.12‐1.99; P=.006). The rate was even higher among women aged ≥35 years (adjusted PR 2.40, 95% CI 1.74‐3.31; P<.001). These associations remained consistent after further adjustment for confounders (25‐34 years: adjusted PR 1.44, 95% CI 1.07‐1.95; P=.02 and ≥35 years: adjusted PR 2.15, 95% CI 1.49‐3.11; P<.001). Overweight women (BMI 23 to <25 kg/m²) showed a borderline association with GDM, although this did not reach statistical significance (adjusted PR 1.39, 95% CI 0.98‐1.98; P=.06), while women with BMI ≥25 kg/m² had a significantly higher prevalence (adjusted PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10‐2.26; P=.01). These findings persisted in the adjusted model, with BMI ≥25 kg/m² remaining significantly associated with GDM (adjusted PR 1.54, 95% CI 1.10‐2.17; P=.01). Women with a family history of diabetes had an increased prevalence of GDM in both models, although the association did not reach statistical significance (adjusted PR 1.51, 95% CI 0.85‐2.68; P=.16). Most additional covariates included in the multivariable analysis were not significant. However, women who conceived via in vitro fertilization had a significantly higher prevalence of GDM compared with those who conceived naturally (adjusted PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04‐1.85; P=.03). The use of hormonal therapy to maintain pregnancy was also associated with an increased risk (adjusted PR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04‐1.68; P=.02).ConclusionsThe findings highlight the need for early screening and counseling before pregnancy. Lifestyle programs should focus on weight control and healthy habits. Future research should test whether these programs can reduce the rate of GDM in rural communities.

Introduction: The prevalence of GDM is increasing globally. GDM is associated with many maternal and fetal complications. Hence identifying and treating maternal hyperglycemia is beneficial for both mother and baby. Proper monitoring of women is necessary during pre-conceptional and early pregnancy period to prevent GDM and its complication. Objective: To assess the level of maternal serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as predictor of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Methods: A Prospective cohort study was carried out at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from January 2021 to December 2021. Total sample size was 144. Pregnant women attending Obstetric OPD, DMCH at her 1st trimester (8 -12 weeks) without the evidence of GDM, DM, or any comorbid condition and drugs that affects blood glucose level. Data regarding demographic profile, medical and family history (history of chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, and CKD) were recorded. Obstetric history regarding gravity, parity, past obstetric history was documented. Then a complete physical examination of the subjects including height, weight, blood pressure level was carried out with an appropriate procedure. Period of the gestation was confirmed by recording CRL in early USG. Patient’s fasting blood sugar and 2hrs after 75- gram glucose at first trimester was measured. Results: In the current study 144 pregnant women, at their first trimester (8-12 week) were included, but during follow up about 12 patients were dropped out due to mid trimester abortion, migration to another place and so on. Most of them were primi (56.1%) housewife (75%), had completed their secondary education (59.1%), and about 61.4% belong to middle class family. The clinical parameter like BMI 25.80±4.56kg/m2, gestational age at delivery 38.09±1.28 weeks. The mean ±SD BMI 27.52±4.72 kg/m in GDM group 25.40±4.46 kg/m in Non GDM group. The mean ± SD birth weight was 3.07±0.37 kg in GDM group and 2.86±0.33 in Non GDM group. The difference was statistically non- significant (p&gt;0.05) between two groups. Among 45.45% subjects had GGT level &lt;10 U/L,34.09% had 11-20 U/L and 20.45% had GGT &gt;20 U/L. Among total 132 respondents 25 respondents (18.94%) developed GDM. The total population divided in two groups, Group I (GDM) and Group II (non GDM). Shows that in group A (GGT ≥12.5 U/L) total respondents were 61, GDM developed in 29.50% (n=18), GDM not developed in 70.49% (n=43). On the Other hand in Group B (GGT &lt;12.5 U/L) total respondents were 71, GDM developed in 9.85% (n=07) and GDM not developed in 90.14% (n=64) and p value was 0.004. Conclusion: The result of our study indicated that pregnant women with high GGT (&gt;12.5 U/L) at booking visit had greater risk of developing GDM (72%).Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV ,NPV of this diagnostic test was 72% , 59.81%, 29.50%, 90.14% respectively and accuracy is 94.69%. Among these 132 respondents, those having GGT&gt;12.5IU/L relative risk (RR) of development of GDM is 3.01. As measurement of GGT is easy, inexpensive and easy to carry out, it can be used as a predictive biomarker who are at increased risk for the subsequent development of GDM.

BackgroundThe prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is rising rapidly in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most women with GDM in LMICs are undiagnosed and/or inadequately managed due to a lack of knowledge and skills about GDM on the part of both providers and patients. Following contextual analysis, we developed an educational/behavioural intervention for GDM delivered through a package of culturally tailored films. This trial aims to evaluate whether the intervention can improve the timely detection and management of GDM in two LMIC settings.MethodsTwo independent cluster randomised controlled trials, one each to be conducted in Uganda and India. Thirty maternity facilities in each country have been recruited to the study and randomised in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention and control arms. The intervention comprises of three interconnected sets of films with the following aims: to improve knowledge of GDM guidelines and skills of health providers, to raise awareness of GDM screening among pregnant women and their families, and to improve confidence and skills in self-management among those diagnosed with GDM. In facilities randomised to the intervention arm, a GDM awareness-raising film will be shown in antenatal care waiting rooms, and four films for pregnant women with GDM will be shown in group settings and made available for viewing on mobile devices. Short films for doctors and nurses will be presented at professional development meetings. Data will be collected on approximately 10,000 pregnant women receiving care at participating facilities, with follow-up at 32 weeks gestational age and 6 weeks postnatally. Women who self-report a GDM diagnosis will be invited for a clinic visit at 34 weeks. Primary outcomes are (a) the proportion of women who report a GDM diagnosis by 32 weeks of pregnancy and (b) glycaemic control (fasting glucose and HbA1C) in women with GDM at ~34 weeks of pregnancy. The secondary outcome is a composite measure of GDM-related adverse perinatal-neonatal outcome.DiscussionScreening and management of GDM are suboptimal in most LMICs. We hypothesise that a scalable film-based intervention has the potential to improve the timely detection and management of GDM in varied LMIC settings.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03937050, registered on 3 May 2019. Clinical Trials Registry India CTRI/2020/02/023605, registered on 26 February 2020.

Feto-maternal outcomes in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria