Decarbonization pathways for bulk vessels: Integrating power systems, fuels, and control measures

The notion of a “smart grid” results from the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and replace the conventional power system with cutting-edge ICT infrastructures. A transparent technology with a two-way energy supply system is the smart grid. This state-of-the-art technology, an intelligent network, enables utilities to effectively and efficiently manage energy transmission to end users and give energy consumers the most control over their energy use. The fundamental goal of a smart grid is to ensure energy efficiency while involving end users in the power networks through smart meters and smart houses. Smart Grid uses information and communication technologies to collect real-time data and speed up decision-making. This study aims to provide light on the Smart Grid idea, its historical context and driving forces, the relationship between smart meters and smart grids, the current research agenda in this field, and case studies of its integration in various power systems throughout the world. Although there is no single definition for the term “smart grid,” this study will help describe the enabling technologies, research trends, and case studies of smart grid integration in power systems.

Technical Issues for Wind Energy Integration in Power Systems: Projections in Italy

This paper identifies new information integration requirements related to operation, marketing, and maintenance of a power system. A Web-services infrastructure for information integration in power systems is proposed. The objective is to develop an open, flexible, and scaleable framework with higher cooperation and integration capability. Some design issues for implementing a Web services-based SCADA (WS-SCADA) are addressed as a case study of this novel infrastructure.

Requirements of the load-frequency control in interconnections of Commonwealth of Independent States and ENTSO-E are considered. The compliance with requirements of ENTSO-E in the integrated power system (IPS) of Ukraine will enable to operate in parallel with this interconnection. It will enable to transfer surplus capacity of nuclear power plants to ENTSO-E. The analysis of the actual state of automatic generation control system of IPS of Ukraine is carried out. Besides the basic ways of the load-frequency control problem solution in IPS of Ukraine are defined.

The new generation ship integrated power system (IPS) realizes high level informatization for various physical equipments, and gradually develops to a cyber-physical system (CPS). The future trend is collecting ship big data to achieve data-driven intelligence for IPS. However, traditional relational data management framework becomes inefficient to handle the real-time data processing in ship integrated power cyber-physics system. In order to process the large-scale real-time data that collected from numerous sensors by field bus of IPS devices within acceptable latency, especially for handling the semi-structured and non-structured data. This paper proposes a novel key-value data model based real-time data management framework, which enables batch processing and distributed deployment to acquire time-efficiency as well as system scalable. We implement a real-time data management prototype system based on an open source in-memory key-value store. Finally, the evaluation results from the prototype verify the advantages of novel framework compared with traditional solution.

The global energy landscape is rapidly evolving, driven by the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition towards sustainable, renewable energy sources. In this context, Ajayi Crowther University (ACU), like many institutions and utilities worldwide, is faced with the challenge of integrating multiple renewable energy resources into its power system while maintaining grid reliability and flexibility. This research focuses on the development of comprehensive power models tailored to the specific needs of ACU's power system to facilitate the efficient integration of various renewable energy sources. The study begins by identifying the existing renewable energy resources available at ACU, including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind and mini-hydro systems, and potential biomass sources. Detailed data collection and monitoring are undertaken to gain insights into the intermittent nature of these resources and their respective energy generation profiles. To address the challenges associated with the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, the proposed Renewable Energy Hybrid Distribution Generation (REHDG) modelling approach is based on a probabilistic framework, which captures the inherent uncertainty and stochastic nature of solar irradiance and temperature, wind speed, water flow, and bio-waste estimation. The power output of solar, wind, hydro, and bio-waste is treated as random variables and modelled with appropriate probability distribution functions (PDFs). These models enable the assessment of system performance allowing ACU to better anticipate energy generation fluctuations. Ultimately, this research aims to provide ACU with a tailored, data-driven approach to optimize its power system's integration of multiple renewable energy resources. The developed power models and control strategies will serve as valuable tools for achieving grid reliability, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing sustainability in line with ACU's commitment to a greener energy future.

Drastic climate changes have shifted power grids to the integrated power system (IPS), i.e., inverter-based resources (IBRs), leading to operational challenges associated with reducing system inertia and intermittent power generation. Improved inverter control schemes are necessary to ensure the stability and robustness of the power system. Different types of inverter schemes are used in IPS: grid-following inverters (GFLIs), grid-forming inverters (GFMIs), and grid-supporting inverters (GSIs). GFLIs may experience frequency and voltage fluctuations as IBR penetration increases. Still, GFMIs can regulate both frequency and voltage at their point of common coupling, mimicking the behavior of synchronous generators. GFMIs is an emerging technology, attracting academia and industry. This work aims to review the role of GFMIs from the perspective of undergraduate electrical engineering research in power systems education. Students have the opportunity to understand the theoretical background while at the same time performing simulations and experiments to enrich their learning experience.

The increase in installed power onboard ships and the adoption of electric propulsion led to the need of a rather complex power system. The so-called Integrated Power System (IPS) feeds all the ship loads, integrating into a single entity the functions of generation, regulation, distribution and utilization of the electric power. The integration, thus being a powerful tool to increase vessel's performance, reliability and efficiency, permits also the propagation of disturbances to all the users fed by the IPS. Being Power Quality a primary need for the loads (and especially for some particular military ones) it is needed an assessment of the disturbances that can occur in the power system, both in terms of voltage and frequency transients and in terms of harmonic distortion. In this paper is presented a measurement campaign to assess disturbance levels and performance of a Naval vessel.

Tightly regulated fast electronic loads are known to behave like constant-power loads (CPLs) and exhibit negative incremental impedance. CPLs can be found in many applications such as power systems of aircraft, ships, vehicles, etc. While each CPL has its own controller, the stability of the entire integrated power system might not be guaranteed due to the CPL’s destabilizing effect. In this paper, an adaptive method is proposed to stabilize the integrated power system by monitoring the DC bus voltage and enabling an active damping circuit depending on the situation. The performance of the proposed methodology is verified using a simplified model of a typical integrated power system consisting of two sources and CPLs under different loading conditions.

A large number of constant power loads (CPLs) are included in the integrated power system (IPS). This paper firstly studied the characteristics of the load, based on which concluded the physical mechanism of static instability and the chief factors of the static stability of IPS.

This paper examines a class of permanent magnet machines that offer advantages for clean power, UPS and IPS energy storage module applications. The chief feature of this class of machines is the ability to control the location and number of poles on the rotating field structure. Using this technology, motor‐generators with integral flywheel high inertia can supply a constant frequency (for AC application) and constant voltage (AC or DC) output over a wide range of shaft rotation speed.This technology is proven and in service in many applications throughout the country, including severe environment service for weather radars. 400 kW and larger machines are under development which merit consideration for Navy requirements for clean power, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and integrated power system (IPS) energy storage module applications and which could reduce or eliminate the need for battery backup systems. This capability can be backfit into current AC distribution systems and forward fit into IPS AC/DC distribution systems.

The thermal issue causing by Integrated Power System (IPS) can't be neglected. This paper focuses on the electrical-thermal co-simulation of Integrated Engineering System (IES). IES has two high coupled subsystems, it is difficult to modeling such a complex system. Besides, the large difference between electrical and thermal dynamics results in number stiff which consume more time to run a simulation of IES. For this, this presents a modular modeling method of IES for the complexity problem and proposed a reduce-order model of IPS including power management for the stiff problem. A simulation case with several typical scenarios is posed using the proposed model of IES. The interaction of the electrical and thermal subsystems can be observed visually in the simulation results, and the validity of proposed model is proved theoretically.

The pulse load of an integrated power system (IPS) ship can produce very high power intermittently in a short period of time. Owing to the limited DC bus capacitance, the periodic pulse load charging and discharging process can make the IPS system state variables have a periodic alternating process during electromagnetic transients, especially at the bus voltage. In order to alleviate this problem, it is necessary to find a suitable control strategy. At first, this article establishes a mathematical model of DC bus voltage dynamics and propulsion motor load. Then, a flexible energy scheduling algorithm is proposed to coordinate the propulsion motor load and the pulse load based on the flexibility of IPS energy scheduling and the concept of virtual inertia. This algorithm can adaptively change the virtual inertia of the DC bus according to the pulse load power level and the propulsion motor load level to mitigate the impact of the pulse load on the IPS system. At the same time, the algorithm is also distributed and has little impact on the propulsion system. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified through the mixed simulation of PSCAD and MATLAB and the hardware in the loop test.

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Navy has shifted priority from designing systems that offer increased capability, to systems which are more affordable, but enable improved performance. To address the emphasis on affordability, the Advanced Surface Machinery (ASM) Programs and the Affordability Through Commonality (ATC) program are proposing ship systems composed of common modules employing standardized parts. This paper describes the Integrated Power System (IPS) which provides electrical power for both propulsion and ship service loads for a wide range of ship applications including submarines, surface combatants, aircraft carriers, amphibious ships, auxiliary ships, sealift and high value commercial ships. IPS consists of an architecture and a family of modules from which affordable and high performance configurations can be developed for the full range of ship applications. In most configurations, IPS reduces the number of prime movers and divides ships into electrical zones controlled in a modular fashion. Cost reductions are realized in acquisition, training, manning, maintenance and other logistic support areas.

A literature survey on load frequency control considering renewable energy integration in power system: Recent trends and future prospects