Decentration and Intersubjectivity: Collage as a Qualitative Method of Data Collection*

Who is sensitising whom? A participatory interview guide development as an awareness tool within a health care research project

A potentially powerful method of social-scientific data collection and investigation has been created by an unexpected institution: the law. Article 15 of the EU’s 2018 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) mandates that individuals have electronic access to a copy of their personal data, and all major digital platforms now comply with this law by providing users with “data download packages” (DDPs). Through voluntary donation of DDPs, all data collected by public and private entities during the course of citizens’ digital life can be obtained and analyzed to answer social-scientific questions – with consent. Thus, consented DDPs open the way for vast new research opportunities. However, while this entirely new method of data collection will undoubtedly gain popularity in the coming years, it also comes with its own questions of representativeness and measurement quality, which are often evaluated systematically by means of an error framework. Therefore, in this paper we provide a blueprint for digital trace data collection using DDPs, and devise a “total error framework” for such projects. Our error framework for digital trace data collection through data donation is intended to facilitate high quality social-scientific investigations using DDPs while critically reflecting its unique methodological challenges and sources of error. In addition, we provide a quality control checklist to guide researchers in leveraging the vast opportunities afforded by this new mode of investigation.

The use of digital learning media is currently very necessary. It is related to literacy, literacy skills, and the ability to use technology effectively. This research aims to develop Digital Literacy-Based Audio Visual Learning Media on the Topic of the Water Cycle. This type of research is developed using the ADDIE model. The research subjects were one learning material expert, one learning media expert and one practitioner. The test subjects were 25 fifth-grade elementary school students. Methods of data collection using interviews, questionnaires and tests. The data collection instrument uses a rating scale. The techniques used to analyze the data are descriptive qualitative analysis, quantitative and inferential statistics. The research results are the assessment of the learning design expert, getting a score of 97.5% (very good). The assessment of the learning material expert is 93.3% (very good). The assessment of learning media experts is 97.6% (very good). The results of the teacher's assessment were 95.2% (very good). The assessment results of student responses were 89.5% (very good). The t-test results showed a significant influence between Digital Literacy-Based Audio Visual Learning Media on the learning outcomes of fifth-grade elementary school students. It was concluded that Digital Literacy-Based Audio Visual Learning Media could improve student learning outcomes.

The demand for the evaluation of the quality of patient and client care has increased in public health nursing as in all disciplines of nursing. In Hong Kong this demand led to the development of a collaborative study with the Department of Health to evaluate the quality of public health nursing in the maternal and child health centres. A multiple case study design was developed to undertake the research using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The findings from the study demonstrated not only implications for clinical practice which have been reported elsewhere, but also methodological issues for the evaluation of care. These findings indicate three major issues for consideration. The first issue is that of the cultural context of care which includes perceptions of care such as demands on the service and expectations of care. The second issue is the use of health data, including both the methods of recordings as well as the sources of data. The final issue is that of the method of data collection, in particular the implications of the use of language in data collection tools. The findings suggest that both the use of professional language and the need for translation have implications for data collection methods. Indeed in the author's view the development of methodologies for the evaluation of care must address culturally specific issues, particularly where English is not the first language of subjects in the study. In addition the use the use of language in the method of data collection highlights more general issues raised by the use of translation in the collection and analysis of qualitative data.

A digital diary in the form of a mobile messenger service offers a novel method for data collection in cancer research. Little is known about the things to consider when using this data collection method in clinical research for patients with cancer. In this Viewpoint paper, we discuss the lessons we learned from using a qualitative digital diary method via a mobile messenger service for data collection in oncology care. The lessons learned focus on three main topics: (1) data quality, (2) practical aspects, and (3) data protection. We hope to provide useful information to other researchers who consider this method for their research with patients. First, in this paper, we argue that the interactive nature of a digital diary via a messenger service is very well suited for the phenomenological approach and produces high-quality data. Second, we discuss practical issues of data collection with a mobile messenger service, including participant and researcher interaction. Third, we highlight corresponding aspects around technicalities, particularly those regarding data security. Our views on data privacy and information security are summarized in a comprehensive checklist to inform fellow researchers on the selection of a suitable messenger service for different scenarios. In our opinion, a digital diary via a mobile messenger service can provide high-quality data almost in real time and from participants' daily lives. However, some considerations must be made to ensure that patient data are sufficiently protected. The lessons we learned can guide future qualitative research using this relatively novel method for data collection in cancer research.

The purpose of this focused issue is to advance understanding of qualitative research methods in the international business context. Debates on qualitative research methods in the key international business (IB) journals have been rare. There has been no focused issue on this topic previously, either in mir or in other journals in the field, making this a 'special' issue. During the process of editing a recent handbook on qualitative research methods (Marschan-Piekkari/Welch 2004), we realized that while this collection covered many topics, often for the first time in the IB field, there were many others still outstanding. There was thus scope for continuing a dialogue about qualitative methods in the IB research community. The challenge of making qualitative research count in the quantitative world of IB remains. Qualitative research is difficult to define, since the term encompasses many different research traditions, research strategies and methods for data collection and analysis (Prasad 2005). A typical definition is that everything non-numerical is qualitative research (Marschan-Piekkari/Welch 2004, p. 19). However, even this very simplistic definition soon breaks down, since research strategies which are typically considered to be qualitative, such as case studies, can combine numerical with non-numerical data (Hurmerinta-Peltomaki/Nummela 2004). There is also no clear divide between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of research traditions, with much qualitative research in management and IB sharing the positivist assumptions of quantitative research (Prasad/Prasad 2002). This focused issue is not about reporting the empirical findings of IB studies applying qualitative methods; rather it is about the process of undertaking qualitative research in the IB field. Of course, there is a large volume of literature on qualitative research methods already. However, we would argue that the IB context warrants special treatment. As the authors of this focused issue discuss, the distinctiveness of the field stems from its multiple linguistic and cultural settings; organizational complexity; and its intellectual roots in post-War academic institutions in the USA. These issues receive little treatment in general texts on qualitative methodology. There has been some methodological debate in previous issues of mir. Earlier articles in mircan be grouped into three categories: first, reviews of existing methodological practices in IB publications (e.g., Cavusgil/Das 1997, Nasif et al. 1991); second, proposals for new quantitative techniques (e.g., the use of key informants in cross-cultural studies, as proposed by Lenartowicz and Roth 2004 and a linguistic-based measure of cultural distance as developed by West and Graham 2004); and third, calls for new methodological approaches (Boddewyn/Iyer 1999). The absence of qualitative research methods in this debate perhaps reflects the limited amount of empirical qualitative research published in this journal. A recent analysis of mir issues between 1990 and 1999 revealed that only 5 percent of articles published in this period used qualitative methods (Welch/Welch 2004). This focused issue is therefore a response to those, such as Boddewyn and Iyer (1999) in this journal, who have called for alternatives to surveys and secondary data analysis. This focused issue attracted 39 submissions from more than 15 countries. Given that there have been limited outlets for methodological articles in IB, this is a considerable number. It perhaps suggests a level of interest to which IB journals have not responded to date. Of the total number of submissions, 11 were selected for review. On the basis of reviewers' comments, six of these papers were ultimately rejected. The final five papers underwent two and, in some cases, up to four rounds of revisions. In selecting the articles, we used the following criteria: appropriateness of the topic for the focused issue; demonstrated knowledge of IB and methodological literature; quality of argument; originality and innovativeness of the contribution to IB methodology; organization and clarity of the paper; and potential application to research practice in IB. …

Background. The article presents the results of a study of methods of positioning, localization and data collection from nodes of a mobile wireless sensor network using intelligent adaptive telecommunication air platforms. To implement the study of this research topic, an analysis of literary sources on this topic was carried out. Based on a fairly rich bibliographic material, this work has the main task of examining, analyzing and systematizing already known approaches to positioning objects in wireless sensor networks using intelligent adaptive telecommunication air platforms and suggesting options for their development. Objective. The aim of the work is to improve the methods of direct data collection of TA from the nodes of BSM, the general directions of synthesis of which are defined in the work. Methods. Methods of cluster analysis (network clustering), graph theory (research of analytical models of BSM with TA functioning, construction of cluster topology), theory of telecommunication networks (when calculating bandwidth in BSM with TA radio channels) and theory were used to solve the formulated problem. (when developing a positioning model for telecommunications air platforms) Results. A technique for evaluating the effectiveness of methods for collecting data from wireless sensor networks using intelligent adaptive telecommunication air platforms is proposed. Conclusions. The method of collecting TA monitoring data from the main nodes of clustered BSM has been improved. The method of estimation of efficiency of methods of data collection with BSM by telecommunication air platforms is offered.

ObjectivesInterventions to address psychosocial healthcare issues in older adults are increasing. Realist evaluation (RE) helps us understand how these interventions work for their issues. It is significant to obtain implications...

Summary A variety of programs have been written for the computer scoring of multiple choice questions, but the design of the program alone is not a complete solution to the problems of scoring. The program is only a part of a much wider system which must cover methods of accurate data collection, through to suitable dissemination of results. Fortunately, the parts of such systems may be manipulated independently, and we have utilized our own methods of data collection, which have been established for some time, together with our own scoring procedures, to introduce a method of result display which maximizes the return of information to students. Because this is only a special method of displaying the candidates’ results, all other facilities of our major scoring program can be used concurrently. We believe that assessment is central to the learning and teaching processes, and we have therefore formulated a set of procedures which we call SLAM (Self Learning Assessment Module). SLAM is more flexible than a...

The aim of this chapter is to discuss how selection of data collection method is a learning curve for students in higher institutions of education when compiling their dissertations and theses. It looks at various types of data collection methods and what each instrument entails, challenges that students are faced with when deciding on data collection methods; an explanation is provided why these methods are important in academic research; the design and validity of data collection methods. Data collection methods include primary and secondary methods. Primary data methods involve first-hand data collected by the researcher himself or field workers. Primary data collection methods include questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observations, and surveys. Secondary data collection involves data obtained from various sources such as library books, academic publications, government documents. While the focus is primary and secondary types of data collection, this chapter extends the focus to quantitative and qualitative methods.

Many early researchers and students sometimes face the challenges with the type of data they need and the methods that can help them collect data for their academic research. Some of them often struggle with selecting appropriate data types and methods, leading to delays in research progress. Scientific data collection is one of the most important stages of academic research. Poor data leads to poor and unreliable estimated results that cannot be used for shaping public policy, and helping governments and other stakeholders make informed decisions. Thus, this review aims to equip beginners with tools to design robust studies and complete their research efficiently. This study reviewed the relevant literature on the types of data and the data collection methods in social sciences. The narrative literature review focused on the studies that are relevant to the topic and are published in English. The study used published articles from databases such as ResearchGate, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The findings depicted that data can be categorized based on three main dimensions. These include the Nature of data (Qualitative, quantitative data or Mixed methods) and (Categorical or Continuous), Data source (Primary or Secondary data), Data collection (Cross-sectional, Longitudinal or Time series data). The literature search also showed that the widely used methods of data collection in social sciences include Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews, Observations and Secondary data sources such as Archives, Records and Published documents. In general, researchers should choose the right type of data and data collection method that can answer their research objectives. This will ensure that they collect valid and reliable data that can guide policymakers and the government.

This study aims to describe the learning management of early childhood education in Rutosoro kindergarten, namely 1) planning of learning, 2) implementation of learning, 3) assessment of learning. This study was qualitative study. This study was done in Rutosoro kindergarten. The study design was educational ethnography. The subjects of this study were the headmaster, teachers and students of Rutosoro kindergarten. The methods of data collection in this study were interview, observation and documentation. The data analysis in this study using the analysis of interactive model developed by Miles and Huberman namely data collection, data reduction, data display and conclusion. The result of study shows that 1) the planning of learning is made in the form of syllabus, the semester planning, weekly activities planning, daily activities planning. In making the learning planning the kindergarten teachers need to consider the level of children development, the children development aspects, the children’s needs, the children’s interest, and the children’s characteristics, 2) the implementation of learning in Rutosoro kindergarten begins with the welcoming of the children by the teachers, introduction (moving together, praying, presenting, questioning on themes and subthemes), core activities, eating and resting, closing. Implementation of learning using the methods adapted to the theme with the principle of playing while learning, and 3) the assessment of learning is done every time since the children come to the school till the children go back to home through the assignment, conversation, observation, performance, work, and portofolio.

Background: Community organizations are essential in addressing health and social needs for populations often underserved by traditional healthcare systems. Recognizing the importance of program evaluation, these organizations increasingly seek to improve their services, demonstrate impact, and secure funding. However, they frequently face barriers such as limited resources, time constraints, and lack of in-house expertise. Evaluation training programs have been developed to bridge this gap to support community organizations in building evaluation capacity. Despite the availability of such programs, few undergo rigorous evaluation themselves, resulting in limited evidence of their effectiveness in fostering sustainable evaluation capacity within community settings. Addressing this need, this study presents key practices and findings from LaboEval, a five-year initiative launched in 2019 to strengthen evaluation capacity in community organizations across Quebec, Canada. Approach: LaboEval was developed through an iterative, participatory curriculum design process led by a steering committee of community representatives, students, and evaluation experts. The program offered seven online modules, each accompanied by follow-up coaching sessions grounded in a practical participatory evaluation framework. Modules covered essential topics such as stakeholder engagement, theory of change, data collection methods, knowledge transfer, and strategies for embedding evaluation within organizational practices. Implemented across 16 diverse organizations within the health and social services sectors, LaboEval emphasized flexibility to accommodate the schedules and needs of participants. Mayne's six-step contribution analysis was employed in the fifth year to assess LaboEval's impact on both individual and organizational evaluation capacities. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining secondary data analysis, semi-structured interviews, document reviews, surveys, and literature reviews to ensure thorough data collection and analysis. Results: Findings indicate that LaboEval significantly enhanced individual and organizational evaluation skills and practices among participating organizations. Data reported increased confidence in conducting evaluations and improved integration of evaluation into their organizations’ processes. These improvements include more consistent use of logic models, incorporating evaluation activities into routine operations, and adopting appropriate data collection and analysis methods. The program's participatory design, which incorporated direct input from community stakeholders, contributed to its relevance, practicality, and success. Additionally, the modular structure and flexible implementation enhanced participant engagement and retention by addressing organizational constraints. However, challenges remained, particularly regarding the dissemination of evaluation findings by the organizations, which limited the broader impact of their evaluations on policy discussions. Implications: LaboEval offers important insights for both researchers and practitioners engaged in capacity-building initiatives. Its participatory curriculum design highlights the importance of involving organizations in the training program development process, enabling the creation of contextually relevant training that aligns with their specific needs and objectives. Contribution analysis provided a structured evaluation approach, yielding concrete, evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of training strategies and the pathways through which they build evaluation capacity. These insights illuminated specific outcomes, such as increased confidence and skills in evaluation practices, and highlighted how these pathways can refine future capacity-building initiatives and enhance their practical impact. The next phase of LaboEval will focus on expanding the program to additional organizations and enhancing mechanisms to support sustained evaluation practices.

This study is an integrative review of research trends, data collection methods, operational definitions of key terms, and rationales in Korean research on textbook use by mathematics teachers over the past 13 years. Based on the Temporal phases of curriculum use framework (Stein, Remillard, & Smith, 2007, p. 322), we examined the phases of curriculum use in each study and identified trends in the data collection and analysis methods of each paper. We identified the understanding of the terms teacher’s perception and textbook use in the studies and analyzed how the theoretical framework of each study justified the research questions and methods. The results showed: First, a significant number of studies focused on the transformation stage from written to intended, including teachers’ beliefs, orientations, and knowledge about curriculum use. Second, surveys were the most common method of data collection, followed by interviews, classroom practice/observation and text analysis in similar proportions. Surveys and interviews often did not provide a specific analytical framework for analyzing the results but teaching practice/observation and text analysis were mostly based on previous research and derived results through an analytical framework. Third, to examine teacher’s perceptions, researchers mainly examined the appropriateness/effectiveness of mathematics textbooks or specific content areas. And for textbook use, they examined the teaching methods of mathematics textbooks or specific content areas and cases of task modification. Fourth, few studies fully justified their research questions with a theoretical framework, and only about half of the studies justified their research methods with a theoretical framework. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

This study aims to explore the role of visual media in physics learning especially in static electricity and capacitors, and to identify the obstacles faced by teachers in using these visual media. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a literature review and analysis of data obtained through a questionnaire distributed to high school physics teachers in Bandung City. The data collected includes the use of various types of visual media, the purpose of their use, students' responses to visual media, and the obstacles faced in their implementation. The findings show that visual media such as PowerPoint, digital simulation (PhET), and animated videos are very effective in physics learning to help students understand abstract concepts, especially in capacitor material. Digital simulation, with an effectiveness rate of 82.4%, proved to be the most effective in explaining the concept of capacitors. The use of this visual media also has a positive impact on student motivation in learning. However, the main obstacles faced are the limitations of time, facilities, and technical skills of teachers in developing visual media. In conclusion, although the use of visual media is very beneficial, further support in the form of training, provision of facilities, and better time management is needed to optimize the application of visual media in physics learning.