Decision Support System for Surface Water Planning in River Basins

Uncertainty assessments of herbicide losses from rice paddies in Japan associated with local meteorological conditions and water management practices were performed using a pesticide fate and transport model, PCPF-1, under the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation scheme. First, MC simulations were conducted for five different cities with a prescribed water management scenario and a 10-year meteorological dataset of each city. The effectiveness of water management was observed regarding the reduction of pesticide runoff. However, a greater potential of pesticide runoff remained in Western Japan. Secondly, an extended analysis was attempted to evaluate the effects of local water management and meteorological conditions between the Chikugo River basin and the Sakura River basin using uncertainty inputs processed from observed water management data. The results showed that because of more severe rainfall events, significant pesticide runoff occurred in the Chikugo River basin even when appropriate irrigation practices were implemented.

The concept of driving force-state-response (DSR) framework was used to identify and develop the assessment model of water-land environment carrying capacity (WLECC) for a river basin. The river basin water-land management (RBWLM) decision support system was developed, based on the assessment model of WLECC, as a decision making tool. The Chung-Kang river basin, located in northern Taiwan, was used as a case study to generate a sustainable water-land management strategy. This strategy simultaneously derives the optimal solutions for land use management, water demand allocation, and water quality management. Furthermore, the sustainable WLECC can also be obtained. The WLECC can be used as the area-based indicator of sustainability to accurately measure the progress towards sustainable development for a river basin.

Foreword 1. Editorial 2. Water Quality: Assessment of the Current Situation in Asia 3. Economic Incentives Can Enhance Policy Efforts to Improve Water Quality in Asia 4. Exploring the Boundaries of Water Quality Management in Asia 5. Emerging Contaminants and the Implications for Drinking Water 6. An Overview of Policies Impacting Water Quality and Governance in India 7. Water Quality Management in China 8. An Integrated Management Approach for Water Quality and Quantity: Case Studies in North China 9. Institutional Capacity on Water Pollution Control of the Pearl River in Guangzhou, China 10. Soil Erosion Control and Sediment Load Reduction in the Loess Plateau: Policy Perspectives 11. Managing Urban Rivers and Water Quality in Malaysia for Sustainable Water Resources 12. Improving Groundwater Quality Management for the Sustainable Utilization of the Bangkok Aquifer System 13. Nutrient Balance Assessment in the Mekong Basin: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics in a Catchment Scale

The Role of Technology in Water Resources Planning and Management , E.M. Perez and W. Viessman . ( Editors ). ASCE Press , 1801 Alek Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191-4400 . 2009 . 134 pages . $22 . ISBN 978-0-7844-1028-8 . The main thrust of this 134-page paperback pertains to the impact of using computers and their increasingly sophisticated programs in conjunction with advanced technologies in water resources-related planning and management activities. Appropriate attention is also given to the growing use of GIS in the development of planning and management models. The book begins with a short but useful chapter on the evolution of water resources technology and then continues with three chapters on case studies in water supply, environmental restoration cases, and emerging technologies. Each one of the three chapters includes three different case studies that highlight the issues for each of the study areas. This procedure was good, as a brief but informative background and history of the area (such as the Kissimmee River in Florida) and was followed by a sound, detailed account of the various models, programs, problems, and techniques that were applied to the subject area. Each one of the nine case studies in Chapters 3-5 followed the aforementioned writing format. The examples selected were very informative, as they covered a range of study areas and interesting local issues. The water supply case studies in Chapter 3 included the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area water supply, water availability modeling in Texas with particular emphasis on surface water, and the massive groundwater development project in Libya. The restoration case studies in Chapter 4 included two areas from Florida (Kissimmee River and the Everglades) and a coastal area study in Louisiana. The case studies on emerging technologies in Chapter 5 discussed the decision support system in the South Platte River watershed in Colorado, the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence region, and the operations management of the South Florida Water Management District. The discussion in each study had certain similarities, but the institutional, technical, and differences in location were quite interesting and useful. Regrettably, there were some aspects of the book that could have been avoided. For example, the inner and outer horizontal margins of the pages are only about 0.4 in. (1.02 cm) and 0.3 in. (0.76 cm), respectively. The reader has to constantly press the book down to read the text. Another item that could easily be clarified is to identify what TAF represents in Figure 21. It is presumed to be “thousand acre-feet,” but a brief note would have helped. It is always useful to include maps in a book of this nature. Many projects in different locations are discussed, and basic maps are obviously necessary. Some of the maps were not as clear as they could have been. For example, Figure 1 has a map scale of 1 in. to 44.4 mi for the Potomac River watershed, resulting in a small scale map that makes it very difficult to even read the names of the major rivers. At the least, the printed size of the river names should have been larger. The maps that show the huge groundwater project in Libya (Figure 4) and the Colorado’s River basins (Figure 20) do not have scales. The map of south-central Florida (Figure 13) that goes from the Keys to Orlando has a scale of only 1 in. to 80 mi, which is too small to accompany the discussion in the chapter. The adjoining map of the South Florida Water Management District on the same page (p. 52) is also too small to be of much value. Finally, it would have been useful to include a list of the maps at the very beginning of the book. The various sections of the book also have different writing styles and modes of expression, presumably generated by the 11 members of the Task Committee, two of whom were editors. The talent pool on the committee was substantial, but the material in each chapter varied considerably, perhaps reflecting different authors. This situation led to another unknown (i.e., who were the authors of the various chapters and sections). Mention is made of “… the writer” in the second paragraph on p. 87, but there is no identification. Did this unnamed writer work only on the South Platte River, or on all of Chapter 5? It seems fairly reasonable to have the author(s) identified for the sections/chapters that they wrote. The concluding chapter is excellent, as it serves as a clear, succinct statement of the role of technology in water resources planning. Interesting comments were also made about the role of the federal government and the states in encouraging or discouraging a variety of options to deal with water resource issues. In conclusion, the major goals of the Committee have been met, although there could have been some improvements as previously discussed. Robert M. Hordon Water Resources Consultant8 Dov PlaceKendall Park, New Jersey 08824 Water Ethics: Foundational Readings for Students and Professionals , P.G. Brown and J.J. Schmidt ( Editors ). Island Press , 1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 300, Washington, D.C. 20009 . 2010 . 301 pages . $35.00 (paper ). ISBN 978-1-59726-565-2 . I really enjoyed reading Water Ethics because I have an interest in philosophy. But even if I did not have a background in philosophy, I still would have enjoyed reading these essays – maybe it is simply because something in these well written essays resonated with me. Indeed, I find myself re-reading many of the essays – some of them are just that good. Many of these essays are more than rote academic exercises. I was fully engaged – heart and mind – as I read Water Ethics. For me, some of the philosophies expressed have moved me to action. But to be sure, I was not motivated by monetary gain – not for upward mobility. No, I found myself moved to do good just for the sake of doing good – for what I think is right. Admittedly, I did not instantly recognize many of the essayists in Water Ethics. I hope this is because of my own ignorance of water ethics – my own distorted gestalt focused on the technical issues of water. Still, if you don’t recognize these authors, you should not be dissuaded from reading these essays – many of them are beautifully written and often you can feel the emotional connection that the authors have with their art. Too many excellent works to adequately describe here are included. Indeed, I cannot do justice to reviewing even one single work in the short span of this review. But I think it is useful to discuss two essays that particularly struck me. The essay, “Fish First! The Changing Ethics of Ecosystem Management,” was written by Carolyn Merchant. In particular, one passage moved me: “There is an intrinsic value to all living and nonliving things, and all have a right to survive.” I already believed this to be true but until now I felt alone in this view and I remained mute for fear of ridicule. But this passage let me know that there are others that believe as I do and that I am not alone in holding this view. Nor is this a diseased view. So I am now okay with this thought, that there is an intrinsic value to all things and I am moved to action. There is no reason why I cannot incorporate this thought into my professional ethos – I would be dishonest if I did otherwise. The second essay that stirred me: “Women, Water, Energy: An Ecofeminist Approach,” was written by Greta Gaard. Again, there was one particular passage that touched me: “Exemplifying the instrumentalism inherent in Plumwood’s master model, Western culture views water primarily as a means to its own ends, a servant to the dominant (not subordinate) population; it is difficult, in this cultural context, to imagine that water would have purposes of its own.” Again, I felt relieved that others hold this view – that water would have purposes of its own – as I have held this view for quite some time. Again, I realize that all of my thoughts are not necessarily malformed. Gaard’s essay too has moved me to take action – I am emboldened to modify my professional perspective to accommodate my old friend. I realize that my views might not be held by many other hydrologists – and my views probably won’t make me wealthy or popular. But I will say this, these essays, if you let them, can motivate you to take action for what you believe is right. I am glad that I read Water Ethics and I would not hesitate suggesting it to my colleagues. The essays are not necessarily written for the professional philosopher – the essays are not laden with unfamiliar jargon – the views are immediately understandable. But an emotional component espoused by Water Ethics is lacking in a purely reductionist view of water. Kevin J. Spelts Twin Platte Natural Resources District111 S. Dewey St., 2nd FloorNorth Platte, Nebraska 69103 Water Resources Engineering (Second Edition) , L.W. Mays . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 111 River St., Hoboken, New Jersey 07030-5774 . 2011 . 890 pages . ISBN 978-0-470-46064-1. This book is a detailed text for all students at both the undergraduate and graduate levels and also an excellent reference for engineers and hydrologists. It is suitable for the first undergraduate course in hydraulics, hydrology, and hydraulic design by reference to selected chapters in those fields. Two new chapters on water resources engineering and sustainability have been added to this revised edition. The book is divided into five major areas: Water Resource Sustainability, Hydraulics, Hydrology, Engineering Analysis and Design for Water Use, and Engineering Analysis and Design for Water Excess Management. There are 19 chapters in the book that cover the extensive gamut of hydrology and hydraulics with the exception of the water quality aspects of water resources engineering. The book includes an enormous amount of detail along with copious tables, sample problems, maps, graphs, and photos. The graphs are very useful, numerous, and generally quite clear. Websites are given where appropriate in addition to numerous references. All chapters contain useful problems with worked out solutions and good diagrams for many of the processes. Chapter 2 deals with water resources sustainability and begins with a very good discussion of the Colorado River Basin and the problems of demand exceeding supply in the foreseeable future, as urban/suburban water demand continues to grow. As in this chapter and throughout the book, the author must be commended for the detail in the tables and footnotes in addition to including the source of the data. However, all of the supporting tables and figures are numbered with three digits, such as the map on p. 17 that is labeled as Figure 2.2.1 rather than Figure 2.1. It is the author’s discretion, but many other texts drop the extra digits and just use, for example, Figure 2.1 (Chapter 2, Figure 1) that seems to be easier to find and use. Chapters 3-6 cover the hydraulic processes associated with flow and hydrostatic forces, pressurized pipe flow, open channel flow, and groundwater flow. Chapter 7 on hydrologic processes focuses on the engineering aspects of hydrology with particular attention to surface water. Chemical properties of water and its relationship to biota are not included. The maps of drainage basins are a nice feature, especially since most of them have graphic scales with the exception of Figure 7.1.9 (the Upper Mississippi River without the Missouri River). Figure 7.1.3 on p. 235 shows a map of the world with major ocean currents. As the map is greatly extended along the Equator, it would have been useful to provide a name for the projection (presumably some type of equal-area projection). Many references in climatology include “convergent lifting” as one of the four types of lifting mechanisms that result in precipitation. The convergence type is generally not as common as the three types cited on p. 238, but it is still deemed a major source of precipitation, particularly in the lower latitudes on both sides of the Equator. This Intertropical Convergence Zone is noted for copious precipitation, general instability, and rising air in the Hadley cells. It shifts seasonally from about 150°S in North Australia to 250°N in northern India – a range of about 400° in latitude. Chapters 8 and 9 deal with surface runoff and reservoir and stream flow routing. Probability is thoroughly treated in Chapter 10 with numerous problems that involve hydrology and hydraulic design and analysis. Chapter 11 deals with water withdrawal and uses. Surprisingly, with the exception of Vol. 1 of the Gleick et al., Biennial Reports that started in 1998-1999, no other reference to the other five Biennial Reports that covered the periods 2000-2001 through 2008-2009 was made. Abundant in-depth material about water issues is included in these compilations and to exclude them from the reference list in one or more chapters appears inappropriate. To be fair to the author who has selected some of the best possible references overall to be included, it would have been better to extend the list to include recent works on such important areas as water use and trends. This chapter is potentially very interesting and useful, but some of the data are dated. For example, Figure 11.1 shows United States (U.S.) freshwater withdrawals and consumption based on the USGS five-year reports during the 1960-1990 period. This revised edition does not include the USGS reports (or more formally Circulars) for 1995, 2000, and 2005. Would the trends change if more recent data were included? At the least, it would be nice to know. Similar comments could be made about Table 11.1.2 based on a reference from 1991, Tables 11.1.3-11.1.5, 11.2.1, 11.2.2, and Tables 11.4.2 and 11.4.3. Flow duration curves are shown in Figure 11.7.2 on semilog graphs. In Searcy’s USGS Water-Supply Paper 1542-A of 1959, a flow duration curve is shown on a log probability graph. It would have been useful to briefly discuss the difference, if any, between the two types of graph. The list of references is extensive. However, there are none after 2000. Other chapters have newer references, but not this one. Chapters 12-17 cover in good fashion the topics of water distribution, hydroelectric generation, flood control, storm sewers and detention, street and highway drainage and culverts, and the design of spillways. Chapter 18 covers sedimentation and erosion hydraulics. The chapter begins with a brief but important discussion of bridge failures that are caused by floods, as 84% of the 575,000 bridges in the U.S. National Bridge Inventory have been built over streams that are alluvial and therefore are always re-arranging their streambeds and banks. The costs to society when these bridges are damaged or destroyed are substantial, to say the least. Chapter 19 is the last chapter and covers the topic of water resources management for sustainability. It includes many references that are recent, as evidenced by the inclusion of appropriate websites. Major issues discussed include water law of both surface water and groundwater. The sustainable water supply techniques for arid and semiarid areas form a very useful addition to this concluding chapter. The topics include water reclamation and reuse, aquifer recharge, desalination, water transfers such as the Central Arizona Project, the massive movement of groundwater from an aquifer in southern Libya to northern Libya, the Israeli National Water Carrier system to move water to drier sections of the country, and a long-range plan to transfer water from the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in south-central China to the drier northern parts of China. The author properly makes it obvious that the plan to divert water that results from an ancient pluvial period in the Sahara to the coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea does not include any recharge, so that it is really a nonrenewable resource. In summary, this is an impressive book. The amount of material covered in a detailed manner is simply astounding. The text is buttressed by a truly extensive collection of tables, graphs, maps, photographs, and references at the end of each chapter. The book is recommended for undergraduate and graduate students in addition to the specialized interests of the professional community of engineers, hydrologists, and water resource specialists. Robert M. Hordon Water Resources Consultant8 Dov PlaceKendall Park, New Jersey 08824 Other Books and Publications Received Water Resources , S.C., Anisfeld . Island Press , 1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 300, Washington, D.C. 20009 . 2010 . 330 pages . ISBN 978-1-59726-495-2 . Floods and droughts frequently garner the headlines, but they are just part of the multifaceted water crisis facing the world today. Anisfeld addresses the principal ecological and human problems related to water. After introducing the basics of hydrology, he explores issues including flooding, scarcity, climate change, technologies, ecosystem degradation, human health, agriculture, industry, inefficiency and inequity, and political conflict. He argues that the key challenge is balancing competing demands for water, from drinking to navigation to ecosystem protection. This balancing act can be summed up by the two Es – efficiency and equity. New Membranes and Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment , A. Mueller, B. Guieysse, and A. Sarker ( Editors ). Oxford University Press , 198 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10016 . 2010 . 272 pages . $150.00 . ISBN 978-0-84-127214-9 . This book demonstrates that recent innovations in material sciences provide tremendous potential to develop a novel generation of water treatment technologies. The book focuses on (1) creating a viable product from waste removed from water, (2) solutions to common water remediation problems, and (3) molecularly imprinted polymers for water remediation, new to the field. Hydrocomplexity: New Tools for Solving Wicked Water Problems , S. Khan, H. Savenije, S. Demuth, and P. Hubert . IAHS Press , Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom . 2010 . 272 pages . £55 . ISBN 978-1-907-161-11-7 . This book is the proceedings of a conference on the topic of the book title. The book includes 63 papers divided into 11 sections, as follows: Monitoring and Evaluating the Water Cycle, Linking Climate Change With Water Cycle Management, Parsimonious Vs. Complicated Approaches, Whole-of-System and Adaptive Approaches, Need for Transdisciplinary Issues Approaches to Deal With Water Related Ecosystems, Integrated Approaches, Role of Knowledge Platforms for Community Engagement, From Artificial to Embodied Intelligence, Water Allocation Dilemma, Water Quality – A Critical Issue, and Managing Hydrohazards. Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins , A. Herrmann and S. Schumann . IAHS Press , Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom . 2010 . 313 pages . £65 . This book includes the papers presented at a conference on hydrologic aspects associated with small watersheds. The book includes 47 papers allocated to the following eight sections: Presently Operated Small Hydrological Research Basins, Fundamental Hydrological Results Drawn From Studies in Small Basins, Hydrological Processes Knowledge Drawn From Studies in Small Basins, Importance of Hydrological Data, Research on Hydrological Processes, What Contribution to the Monitoring and Understanding of Changes in Physical Processes, The Contribution to the PUB Initiative, and Do We Need Research From Small Basins? Worlds of Flow: A History of Hydrodynamics From the Bernoullis to Prandtl , O. Derrigol . Oxford University Press , 198 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10016 . 2009 . 356 pages . ISBN 978-0-19-955911-4 . This book provides an in-depth history of hydrodynamics from its 18th Century foundations to its first major successes in 20th Century hydraulics and aeronautics. It documents the foundational role of fluid mechanics in developing a new mathematical physics. It discusses the conceptual breakthroughs of physicists and engineers who tried to meet the practical challenges of the practical worlds of hydraulics, navigation, blood circulation, meteorology, and aeronautics. It shows how the early promise of hydrodynamics at last began to fulfill its early promise to unify the early worlds of flow. It should be of interest to historians, engineers, philosophers, and The eight chapters cover topics from to from and to instability, and from to water the on the Platte River Water , . Press of Colorado , Ave., Ste. Colorado . 2010 . pages . . ISBN . Water of the Platte River have to the water supply, and water In the a new the of four into its This book of the the United States of the the environmental and the how interests found the by the how these interests and which water and an the this book the that over more than

This is the first book to develop a decision support methodology for strategic environmental decision problems, and provides several generic as well as specific tools. The book is divided into three parts plus an Appendix. Part I introduces the methodological background and describes various features of the decision environment and the ways in which model-based decision support can help the decision making process. The methodology of building and analyzing mathematical models that represent underlying physical and economic processes, and that are useful for modern decision makers at various stages of decision making, is presented. These methods support not only the analysis of compromise solutions that correspond best to decision maker preferences but also allow the use of other modeling concepts like soft constraints, soft simulation, or inverse simulation. Part II describes various types of tools that are used for the development of decision support systems. Several of these tools described in the Appendix are available from IIASA's Web site, free of charge, for use in research and teaching. The last part of the book consists of four chapters on applications. Each chapter treats an area of environmental decision making: water quality management in river basins, land use planning, cost effective policies for improving air quality, and energy planning. For each area decision support systems are presented and it is shown how they are used for supporting decision making and negotiations. The applications as well as the methodology presented in this book have been developed at IIASA in close cooperation with several other institutes and organizations.

BackgroundSuicide is a global public health concern, but it is preventable. Increased contact with primary care before the suicide or attempted suicide raises opportunities for intervention and prevention. However, suicide assessment and management are areas that many general practitioners (GPs) find particularly challenging. Previous research has indicated significant variability in how GPs understand, operationalize, and assess suicide risk, which subsequently has an impact on clinical decision making. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have been widely implemented across different health care settings, including primary care to support practitioners in clinical decision making. A CDSS may reduce inconsistencies in the identification, assessment, and management of suicide risk by GPs by guiding them through the consultation and generating a risk assessment plan that can be shared with a service user or with specialized mental health services.ObjectiveOur aim is to co-develop and test with end users (eg, GPs, primary care attendees, mental health professionals) an electronic clinical decision support system (e-CDSS) to support GPs in the identification, assessment, and management of suicidality in primary care.MethodsOurs is an ongoing embedded mixed-methods study with four phases: (1) qualitative interviews with GPs to explore their views on the content, format, and use of the e-CDSS, as well as consultation with two service-user advisory groups (people aged ≤25 and people aged ≥25) to inform the content of the e-CDSS including phrasing of items and clarity; (2) participatory co-production workshops with GPs, service users, and clinical experts in suicidality to determine the content and format of the e-CDDS; gain consensus of the relevance of items; establish content validity and identify pathways to implementation, using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research; (3) building the e-CDSS so that it guides the GP through a consultation; and (4) usability testing of the e-CDSS with GPs and service users in one primary care practice involving a nonlive and a live stage.ResultsThe study was funded for four years, to take place between 2015 and 2019, and is currently completing phase 4 data collection. The first results are expected to be submitted for publication in June 2019. The findings will enable us to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a suicide-specific, electronic, guided decision support system in primary care.ConclusionsThis study will be the first to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of an electronic, guided decision support system for use in primary care consultations for the improved assessment and management of suicidality.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR1-10.2196/11135

Groundwater quality management is a task of the EU Water framework Directive, that has to be elaborated for river basin management plans. It should be treated together with surface water resources as an integrated management system and refers to the statutes, state of the environment of river basins and also past and present activity in these areas. The results of groundwater monitoring are the basis for groundwater quality assessment and trends calculation. The range of monitoring is gradually extended; new chemical compounds and microbiological species should be checked. Nowadays groundwater quality management is one of the serious problems for national and river basins water management planes.

Water Accounting Plus for Water Resources Reporting and River Basin Planning

In this special issue, we are able to present a selection of high-level contributions showing the manifold aspects of the monitoring, modeling, and management of water quality. Monitoring aspects range from cyanobacteria in water using spectrophotometry via wide-area water quality monitoring and exploiting unmanned surface vehicles, to using sentinel-2 satellites for the near-real-time evaluation of catastrophic floods. Modeling ranges from small scale approaches by deriving a Bayesian network for assessing the retention efficacy of riparian buffer zones, to national scales with a modification of the MONERIS (Modeling Nutrient Emissions in River Systems) nutrient emission model for a lowland country. Management is specifically addressed by lessons learned from the long-term management of a large (re)constructed wetland and the support of river basin management planning in the Danube River Basin.

The present Ph.D. thesis is devoted to the experimental and numerical analysis of the Pumps As Turbines (PATs) application in hydraulic systems and, specifically, in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) to generate Energy Recovery (ER) in both urban and rural areas. The use of PATs in WDNs represents a relevant topic in the field of the innovative Best Management Practices (BMPs) of WDNs because addressed to both the pressure regulation and the hydropower generation. Thus, it could represent an alternative approach to the use of Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs), benefitting of the exceed pressure to produce sustainable energy, otherwise dispersed. The PATs application consists in the use of pump models commercially available running in reverse mode, by inverting the flow direction and making use of the motor as an electrical generator. Their employment can be intended as an effective alternative to the traditional micro-turbines in WDNs, having lower investment and maintenance costs and allowing the model selection among a wide set of pump models available in the market. Conversely, PATs usually assure lower operative ranges, however expandable by arranging proper hydraulic and/or electrical regulations. In addition to the evaluation of the effective opportunities for pressure reduction in water systems, one of the main issue, concerning the PATs use for hydropower generation, regards the limited knowledge about their performance curves, rarely made available by manufactures. In the literature, several experimental, theoretical and numerical models have been proposed, aiming at both predicting the PAT performances and reproducing the internal fluid dynamics. In this regard, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are widely applied, because able to both simulate the fluid dynamics of actual configurations and analyse the performance improvement obtainable by modifying the geometric properties of the considered turbo-machine. However, the current knowledge about PAT performances, available in the literature, does not allow to characterize the wide set of pump models, which are on the market, useful for running as turbines. With the aim of making this limitation smaller, in the present study an experimental and numerical investigation of centrifugal PAT models was performed, presenting an operative procedure for the optimal selection of centrifugal PATs in WDNs. A laboratory set-up was specfically installed at the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering (DICEA) of the University of Naples (IT) Federico II where several centrifugal PATs, having different geometric configurations and motor equipment, were tested. The experiments were performed in wide flow rate ranges, typical of WDNs supplying small-medium sized urban and rural centers, by varying the PAT rotational speed from 300 to 3000 rpm. A total of about 7400 operative configurations were investigated, in compliance with the laboratory set-up potentialities, achieving generated head drops up to about 70 m and produced electrical powers up to 16.3 kW. From the experimental analysis, with the aim of characterizing the investigated PATs, comparison with models from the literature was performed and, in order to provide effective tools for predicting the performances of centrifugal PATs, analytic relationships were derived, as a function of the geometric configuration, the number of stages and the motor efficiency class equipment. The attention was specifically drawn to the experimental characterization of: a) a classical Horizontal Axis Single-Stage PAT running at wider operative ranges than those discussed in the literature; b) PAT models, not adequately taken into account in the literature, such as centrifugal Single-Stage and Multi-Stage Vertical Axis PATs. Taking advantage of the experimental results, an operative procedure was developed for the optimal selection of PATs in WDNs, able to maximize the potential ER in WDNs. It could be intended as a basic tool for implementing a Decision Support System (DSS) for hydropower generation in WDNs. Finally, the development of a numerical CFD model, by applying the ANSYS® Fluent™ code, allowed to test the reliability of numerical simulations to both predict the PAT performances and investigate the fluid behaviour across centrifugal PATs.

Interactions between mathematical and biological sciences have been increasing rapidly in recent years. The use of system analysis and mathematical model for formulation and solving the environmental pollution is of relatively recent vintage and has been used widely since last three decades. These models can be used to conduct numerical experiments, test hypothesis and help to understand the response of environmental pollution. A mathematical model acts as a bridge between study of mathematics and application of mathematics in environmentand other fields. Modeling is an abstraction of reality and its ultimate objective is to explore the complexity of functions and structure of the system under study. Today, a wide variety of models belonging to different nature and category are available to understand the processes of the environment around us. Various models such as WASP, CE-QUAL-ICM, QUAL W2, AQUATOX, QUAL2K, IITAQ, PEARL, GRAM, UGEM, and IITLT etc. related to water and air quality are developed so far along with their principles, intended use and applications. These models generally simulate the basic physical, chemical and biological processes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the concept and utilization of mathematical models in air and water quality management.

Integrated Water Resources Management in Practice: Better Water Management for Development , R. Lenton and M. Muller ( Editors ). Earthscan , 22883 Quicksilver Dr., Sterling, Virginia 20166-2012 . 2009 . 228 pages. $78 . ISBN 978-1-84407-650-5 . This book is a welcome addition to the literature promoting integrated water resources management (IWRM). Robert Lenton and Mike Muller make a strong case for better management of water resources using the IWRM approach, widely recognized as the most appropriate way to address a wide range of water-related development and environmental issues confronting mankind today. The presentation of recent achievements and future possibilities in equitably and sustainably managing water resources toward meeting economic and social goals and insure environmental integrity in different parts of the world may be considered a benchmark that bodes well for further progress. The book begins with an introduction to the principles and practices of IWRM, which remain poorly understood, even in the water sector and development arena. This chapter also outlines the conceptual framework used in this book, which sets it apart from other publications. This includes a focus not only on processes in IWRM (e.g., changes in policy, laws, and organizational structures) but also the ultimate outcome and impact of using this approach, rendering the book as a much needed practical guide for planners and practitioners. The four spatially structured parts of the book take the reader from the local to the basin, national, and transnational levels. Twelve of the 14 chapters present case studies in East and Southeast Asia (five chapters), Africa and Latin America (two chapters each), and in Europe, North America, and Australia (one chapter each). The case studies document how better water management guided by the IWRM approach significantly contributed to achieve a large number of development goals in different communities and countries with different socioeconomic and environmental conditions and scales. While the editors duly acknowledge the challenge of deriving overall conclusions about what works and what does not work in different settings, they are able to succinctly and convincingly distill the various strands running through the book in the Conclusion. By considering the major objectives, processes, and outcomes of good water management, the management of water at different scales, and the nature of the IWRM approach itself in the context of the various chapter studies, they conclude that in all of the cases described the basic approach that was applied recognized the following elements: (1) the unitary nature of the water resource that recognizes the interconnectedness of surface, ground, and evaporated water, (2) the physical interventions that could be adopted to manage it, (3) the limits to those physical interventions, and (4) the need for an institutional framework that brought stakeholders together in an equitable manner and gave voice to both the weak and powerful, sought to achieve a balance of interests among them, identified the environmental dimension of water management and developed organizations able to promote the overall approach. The editors further note that these elements utilized in nearly all cases presented in the book were not considered to be explicit applications of the IWRM approach but rather began before the concept was formalized (as in India, Chile, Japan, Mexico, and China) or were incidental (in South Africa and Australia). These facts help to dispel the notion that IWRM is an unrealistic, overly ambitious approach and a fixed prescription that requires the employment of all available tools in its arsenal or a magic bullet. Similarly, the focus on individual tools has tended to hamper water management and the establishment of river basin organizations as a routine first step has played only a secondary role in improving water management in many cases (in South Africa and Chile, for example) and no role in others (Japan and Denmark). These findings strengthen the editors’ argument that IWRM offers a flexible and adaptable framework within which a wide range of water and development problems in different communities and countries can be addressed. Also highlighted in the Conclusion are remaining challenges in applying IWRM in practice. They include overcoming implementation difficulties at the macro-level; finding the proper mix of formal and informal mechanisms in operations; the need for more flexible as well as community-specific and system-wide planning and management rather than blueprint packages in many developing countries; and challenges for integration arising at the interface between water, sectoral, territorial, and organizational systems, particularly governance and participation issues at the international transboundary level. The writing style is lucid and captivating and the focus on real world examples rather than theoretical constructs captivate the inquisitive mind, making it difficult to put the book down. The few typographical errors do not detract from the quality of the presentation. Three relatively minor technical problems – the use of the same gray tones for different categories of water stress indicators in Figure 1.1 instead of using a color scheme, the poor print quality of this world map (all other figures in the book are excellent), and the weak binding I noticed on my paperback copy – should not detract from the intrinsic value of this well conceived and meticulously researched book. As a geographer interested in Third World water resources management and water-related health problems I enjoyed reading the broadly based case studies presented in this much needed book. Planners, water managers, researchers, and students will want to have a copy on their shelves for reference, guidance, and inspiration. Helmut Kloos Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco, California 94134-0560 E-mail: helmutk@comcast.net The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada , The Expert Panel on Groundwater . Council of Canadian Academies , 180 Elgin St., Ste. 1401, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 2K3 . 2009 . 253 pages . ISBN 978-1-926558-09-7 . I enthusiastically agreed to review this book, The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada (Groundwater) penned by the Expert Panel on Groundwater (Panel) not only because I have a great interest in sustainability issues but also because I had heard much in the popular press about the Athabasca Oil Sands project and I hoped the Panel would discuss energy production and sustainable use of water – I was not disappointed on either count. I do not want to mislead the reader though –Groundwater covers a wide range of topics from governance to flow modeling to markets and case studies. Although Groundwater was written explicitly for or from a Canadian perspective, many if not all of the topics are applicable to work in other countries. Many of the authors that served on the Panel are instantly recognizable names with groundwater and hydrology experience garnered from across the globe (interestingly, but not surprisingly, many of these world renowned authors work in Canada); this breadth and depth of expertise helps to make Groundwater a relatively easy to read book especially given the complex nature of groundwater and sustainability. There are too many topics to discuss in detail in this review. Still, to give the reader a sense of this book, some of the salient topics are reviewed here. The Panel identified five sustainability goals to include protection of groundwater from depletion and contamination, protection of ecosystem viability, achievement of economic and social well being and application of good governance; these individual sustainability goals are envisioned as equal members in the schematic put forth by the Panel. This reader agrees that this pentad of sustainability goals should be implemented in future projects although if history teaches us anything, in practice, these goals might not enjoy equal strength or standing; the Panel offers case studies that illustrate the importance of the implementation of (or, sadly, as the case may be, lack of) sustainability goals. Part of the appeal of Groundwater is the ability of the Panel to explain abstruse concepts by the judicious use of footnotes and many well written topic-boxes. One such footnote on page 17 helps exemplify the pedagogical tenor of Groundwater and (a portion of this particular footnote) is well worth repeating here: “The precautionary principle seeks to encourage those undertaking projects to consider and address harm to the public or the environment even if the scientific consensus that harm will occur is unclear.” Unfortunately, it seems from some of the case studies discussed here, all too often, the precautionary principle has not been applied in many cases. An example of topic-box discussions is given on page 113, where the Panel expands on topics such as the Tragedy of the Commons and water. I cannot help but wonder if present day appropriation schemata, such as the doctrine of prior appropriation, riparian rights, correlative rights, rule of capture, etc., have helped to perpetuate the tragedy. Hopefully, some day soon, the Tragedy of the Commons will be relegated to a footnote in history. The Panel discusses many case studies to help illustrate the effects of climate change (Prairie Groundwater), population growth (Denver Basin), and energy production (Athabasca Oil Sands) on sustainable use of water. Groundwater incites some mental rumination (and this is why I am excited by this type of book) – each of these case studies could also be seen to show how climate change, population growth, and energy production also affect another timely topic – food production and economic security. It should be noted that the Panel briefly discusses bio-fuel production generally – presumably because this topic and technology is in an almost mercurial state of flux. However, probably one of the most important topics discussed in Groundwater concerns the use of “... economic instruments such as water prices, abstraction fees, and tradable permits...” to help manage water. This of course could be seen to be a point of contention in places where present day appropriation rules govern water allocations. Given the stressors that affect water such as climate change, population growth, and food and energy security, economic instruments might offer an attractive means to equitably manage water resources (to be fair the significance of these stressors might not have been recognized in earlier times when various appropriation rules were enacted). The Panel notes numerical modeling simulation studies that “...show a significant improvement in the efficiency of water allocation (relative to current allocations) as a result of water trades.” In the face of these changes in climate and population, it may be time to heed these tocsins presented in the various case studies and perhaps consider a retooling of management and regulations schema. In sum, The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada, is an easy to read book written by an expert panel of world renowned water experts. The topics are fresh and timely and applicable both in Canada as well as other parts of the world. I am glad that I read the book and would suggest that it be included on a must-read list to colleagues. Kevin Jeffrey Spelts Twin Platte Natural Resources District, 302 S. Oak St., North Platte, Nebraska 69101 Fluvial Hydraulics , L. Dingman . Oxford University Press , 198 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10016 . 2009 . 559 pages . ISBN 978-0-19-517286-7 . I became familiar with Professor Dingman’s work when I used his Fluvial Hydrology (Dingman, 1984, now out of print) for my graduate work in channel morphology and sediment transport. Fluvial Hydraulics builds upon the geomorphology and fluvial hydraulics presented in Fluvial Hydrology, but Dingman’s new book includes more information on basic-fluid mechanics and a more extensive discussion of the characteristics of natural rivers. Dingman’s preface to Fluvial Hydraulics states that “The overall goal of this book is to develop a sound qualitative and quantitative understanding of the physics of natural river flows for practitioners and students.” That goal is most certainly met. Fluvial-hydraulics concepts, from basic hydraulic relationships to complex phenomena such as turbulence and hydraulic jumps, are clearly presented. The equation derivations are logical and fairly easy to understand. The figures and photographs are clear and complement understanding of the text. Examples and additional derivations are presented in boxes for the reader who is interested in a deeper understanding of the material. Dingman begins with an Introduction that describes volumes of water in the components of the hydrologic cycle and in the world’s largest rivers. The Introduction also includes a fascinating history of fluvial hydraulics and personalities that advanced the science. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 provide a foundation for the study of open-channel flow. In Chapter 2, Dingman discusses the morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of natural streams; in Chapter 3, he describes water’s atomic and molecular structure and other properties. Then, in Chapter 4, Dingman introduces the basic equations for fluid properties and hydraulic variables, including relationships based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and equations based on diffusion and force/balance relationships. Equations based on dimensional analysis and empirical and heuristic relations also are described. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 present relationships between velocity and flow resistance, the Prandtl-von Karman vertical-velocity profile, the Chezy, Darcy-Weisbach, and Manning’s equations, and magnitudes of driving and resisting forces in natural streams. The next two chapters discuss momentum and energy principles, equations for gradually-varied flow, and methods for calculating water-surface profiles. In Chapter 10, Dingman describes steady, rapidly-varied flow, including analysis of hydraulics at abrupt transitions and structures for discharge measurement. In Chapter 11, he discusses unsteady flow, including an excellent description of waves and prediction of wave depths and speed of travel. In Chapter 12, he discusses sediment entrainment and transport, including sediment-transport measurement, factors that dictate the shape of alluvial channel cross sections, and flow competence. Appendix A presents thorough discussions on dimensions, units, and numerical precision. In lieu of problems or exercises, Dingman provides online spreadsheets for flow databases, synthetic channel hydraulics, and water-surface profile computations. These spreadsheets are described in Appendices B, C, and D. I was unable to reach the website at the URL included in the text, but found the spreadsheets at this URL by searching the publisher’s website: http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195172867/?view=usa. I was unable to find the links to other fluvial geomorphologic websites or discussion pages noted in the introduction. The book will be useful for an undergraduate-level or graduate-level class in channel hydraulics and morphology, for students with an understanding of basic calculus and university-level physics. For civil engineers, the book is a valuable companion to classic open-channel texts because it includes extensive discussions and applications focused on natural streams. For researchers, practitioners, and students in the natural-resources sciences, the book provides clear and complete discussions of open-channel flow that do not require a theoretical background in fluid mechanics to understand. This book will spend more time on my desk than on my shelf; I will refer to it often. Katherine J. Chase, PE 541 Diehl Dr. Helena, Montana 59601 The World’s Water: 2008-2009, The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources , P.H. Gleick with H. Cooley , M.J. Cohen , M. Morikawa , J. Morrison , and M. Palaniappan . Island Press , 1718 Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 300, Washington, D.C. 20009 . 2008 . 402 pages. $35 . ISBN 978-1-59726-505-8 . The First Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources for the world by Peter H. Gleick was issued in 1998. The Sixth Biennial Report by Peter H. Gleick and his associates is the latest version and covers the period 2008-2009. The series continues to be an invaluable collection of all kinds of water-related material, ranging from concise stand-alone chapters on important topics to numerous sections of data that have been updated as much as possible given the mix of reporting countries. A sampling of some of the six discussion chapters that are at the beginning of the book of 402 pages should provide the reader a good sense of the nature of the material. The first chapter by M. Palaniappan and P. H. Gleick on “Peak Water” provides an interesting discussion of the similarities and differences between oil and water. The importance of ocean water desalination is that the amount is unlimited, but the problem is how much we are willing to pay for it. In areas where water is really scarce, such as selected islands in the Caribbean and certain parts of the Persian Gulf, desalination is already becoming an “economically competitive alternative.” Chapter 2 on “Business Reporting on Water” by M. Morikawa, J. Morrison, and P. H. Gleick provides a useful accounting of corporate reporting of non-financial environmental information in annual reports that started in the 1970s. These non-financial reports have grown from fewer than 50 in 1992 to over 1,900 in 2005 and 2,470 by 2007. As expected, water management and use reporting by major corporations vary from industry to industry. In addition, and regrettably, most corporations rarely report on water recycling and reuse. The next chapter by H. Cooley deals with water management in a changing climate. A sampling of some of the water resource issues associated with climate change include the following: (1) climate change will affect the quantity and timing of surface runoff, (2) groundwater is less understood than surface water and sea level rise could result in greater saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, and (3) agriculture accounts for 70-80% of global water use and lawns in hot, dry areas can account for 70% of total residential water use. Even in developed countries, water infrastructure that was designed and operated on historic water conditions may become a problem in the future. In 2002, 1.1 billion people did not have access to improved water supply and 2.6 billion did not have access to improved sanitation. Of particular interest is the section from pages 151-193 by P. H. Gleick pertaining to the chronology of water conflicts from Noah’s flood of about 5,000 years ago to fights between animal herders and farmers in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Cote D’Ivoire in 2007 in the Sahel region of West Africa just south of the Sahara Desert. a description of the of the the and the It is clearly a valuable on the world history of water conflicts that are not in number and of this book is the of that on pages A sampling of these data include information on water and use by data on access to water and updated on in Africa and the information on in five years of from water-related and data on the of water in selected countries and In this book is as an excellent of information on the world’s It is well and includes an extensive on a of water-related It is a for interested in the water resource Robert M. Water Resources New A of the of 2008 , ( ). University of Press , . . pages. . ISBN . 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Nursing publications on the use of decision-support systems in clinical practice are just beginning to appear. Unfortunately, this small body of literature already suffers from confusion and lack of clarity because of the various definitions and conceptualizations of decision-support systems. It is characterized by authors who use the same term to refer to different concepts or who use different terms for the same concept. However, there is consensus among authors that decision-support systems should be used to extend the nurse’s decision-making capacity rather than to replace it. The care planning systems now in use are not decision-support systems. Standardized care plans, whether manual or computer-based, only provide care for standardized patients! Standardized care plans do not enhance nursing decision making; on the contrary, their cookbook approach discourages active decision making by nurses.

A new neural network‐based multiobjective optimization of water quality management for water pollution control and river basin planning is presented. Past research on water quality management problems has shown that traditional multiobjective decision making does not provide an adequate solution since it depends directly on the decision maker's (DM's) preferences, which may not be clearly defined. In order to overcome the DM's preferences problem this study uses a neural network algorithm to form a model for the solution of the multiobjective problems of water quality management in a river basin. Using the backpropagation algorithm of feedforward neural networks, a multiobjective programming model can simulate the DM's preferences, providing direct help to the analysts involved in real applications. Before describing the details of the multiobjective optimization problem, neural networks are proposed which can be used to predict the DM's preference structures. To demonstrate the procedures and the performance of the neural network‐based approach, the case of the Tou‐Chen River Basin in Taiwan is selected for analysis and discussion.

지금까지 국내에서는 도시하수, 공장폐수 등의 점오염원에 국한하여 수질관리를 시행하여 부분적으로 밖에 효과를 얻지 못하였다. 따라서 오염원에 대한 최적관리를 위해서는 유역의 토지특성 및 토양 형태에 따른 비점오염원에 대한 관리가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 유역의 특성별로 발생하는 오염원을 산정하기 위해 분포형 모형을 적용하였으며, 상세한 유역특성 자료를 구축하기 위해 GIS 기법을 응용하였다. 본 연구에서는 분포형 수질관리모형으로 연속 강우 사상에 대해 유역에서 발생하는 유출량 및 첨두유량, 유사량, 비점오염 부하량 등을 산정할 수 있는 AnnAGNPS 모형을 적용하였고, 모형내의 부모듈을 이용하여 입력자료를 생성 및 가공하여 적용하였다. 대상유역은 팔당호 유역권에 포함되는 복하천 유역을 선정하였으며, 1999년과 2000년 호우기의 각각 2개의 강우 사상을 적용하였다. 우선 강우시 유역에서 발생하는 유출량을 모의하고, 이를 복하교 지점의 실측유량자료와 비교, 보정하여 모형의 입력 매개변수를 조정하였으며, 이후 토사발생량과 오염부하량을 모의하였다 토사발생량의 경우는 실측값이 미비하여 비교분석은 못하였으나, 오염부하량의 경우 환경부에서 측정한 수질농도 자료를 이용하여 비교, 분석값을 제시하였다. There has been continuous efforts to manage the water resources for the required water quality criterion at river channel in Korea. However, we could not obtain the partial improvement only for the point source pollutant such as, wastewater from urban and industrial site through the water quality management. Therefore, it is strongly needed that the Best Management Practice(BMP) throughout the river basin for water quality management including non-point source pollutant loads. This problem should be resolved by recognizing the non-point source pollutant loads from upstream river basin to the outlet depends on the land use and soil type characteristic of the river basin using the computer simulation by distributed parameter model based on the detailed investigation and the application of Geographic Information System(GIS). Used in this study, Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AnnAGNPS) model is a tool suitable for long term evaluation of the effects of BMPs and can be used for un gauged watershed simulation of runoff and sediment yield. Now applications of model are in progress. So we just describe the limited result. However If well have done modeling and have investigated of propriety of model, well achieve our final goal of this study.