Declarative modeling cases of cyber physical systems

Cyberphysical system is the integration of physical space (equipment, devices and people) with computing, communication and control systems (cyberspace). The National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST) has defined CFS as cyberphysical systems (CFS), which are designed systems built on the continuous integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Improving the CFS provides greater opportunities for performance, adaptability, scalability, stability, security and usability, far exceeding today's simple embedded systems. CFS technology will transform the interaction of people with the engineering system [1, 2]. Today, cyberphysical systems exist in various fields, such as automotive, aerospace, civil, railway, medical. Large productions seek to increase the availability of the asset, while reducing maintenance costs through cyberphysical systems. With the development of the industry and the use of systems in production, the proposed maintenance is used constantly to avoid failures. CFS maintenance is performed when certain indicators signal that the condition of the system has deteriorated. One way to solve this problem is to provide systems with resistance properties. Such systems are able to recover quickly and continue to function in changing conditions [3-9]. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop approaches that will predict the resilience of cyberphysical systems based on cloud computing. It is necessary to build methods and tools that will monitor the condition of the CFS and predict the timely replacement of their components that may fail. The application of the process of predicting the resilience of cyberphysical systems using cloud-oriented increases the effective reliability and availability of cyberphysical systems in its life cycle by identifying future failures and reducing unscheduled maintenance. The forecasting process involves the assessment of the useful life, and the implementation of a post-forecast decision on maintenance measures in accordance with the rules. The method of predicting the resilience of cloud-oriented cyberphysical systems allows to determine the state of the cyberphysical systems using cloud computing. The mechanism used to reduce the cost of maintenance and detailed planning of maintenance operations, the apparatus of genetic algorithms.

Guest Editorial

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an emerging technology closely related to the Internet of Things (IoT) schemes, but CPS centers on the occurrence of computation processes, networking, and physical layers. The CPS involves many interconnected systems that can manipulate and monitor the operations of real objects. The evolution of CPS has significantly affected several aspects of the public’s way of life, thereby permitting the integration of different applications and services like smart homes, smart healthcare systems, electronic commerce, and smart campuses, among others. But their creation has posed security challenges for people in the world of an interconnected system and given rise to dangerous security problems. One of CPS’s most complex issues is ensuring information security against cyber-attacks. These problems have attracted significant attention from both industries and many researchers. Therefore, this chapter reviews CPS security vulnerabilities, attacks, and threats in securing information on the internet by identifying the key challenges and issues. The limitations of existing security measures are analyzed and presented, and their effects on the features of people’s lives are explored. The CPS principal types of security threats and attacks are presented and analyzed. Finally, the challenges of CPS, possible solutions, and areas for future research are discussed. In this field, cybersecurity has become a global issue, so the design of stable, healthy, and effective CPS is a popular area of study. Security challenges are not new, but technological innovations make it possible to develop new methods to secure data from detrimental effects. Novel threats will remain exploited, and cyber-attacks will continue to occur, resulting in the need for new CPS security methods.

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are obtained by integrating computation, networking, and physical processes. In many applications, within a CPS, mobile and wireless networks are used to realize the data transmission, conforming to the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). This facilitates interactions with several types of devices like sensors, RFID readers, mobile phones etc. Besides, Smartphones include important sensors as GPS, accelerometers, light sensors, phone camera etc. Based on such a foundation, different electronic services can be developed and provided for various types of clients. New research directions revealed the necessity to consider middleware architectures in CPS design. In this direction, Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) represents a paradigm that can be very efficient in designing specific layers of CPS. Web services are examples of SOA implementation, adequate for the requirements of the business environments. This paper presents a Cyber Physical Systems oriented e-business platform using Web services, which can be accessed through mobile and wireless networks, using Android OS Smartphones. A stock market exchange service was considered, as a relevant example of e-business. The time response of the SOAP and REST based Web service was evaluated, on LTE 4G and IEEE 802.11n channels, to determine which protocol is more efficient to increase the real time response capacity of the CPS oriented platform.

The growing requirement for the rise of production, quality, and efficiency of industrial products drives humans to jointly develop novel technologies capable of following up with the exponential technology growth they are facing today in production processes. In the 21st century, industrial internet of things (IIoT) is dedicated to endorsing the internet of things (IoT) to allow the interconnection of anywhere, any time, and anything to enhance efficiency, productivity, intelligence, and safety in the manufacturing system. Consequently, the combined IoT and cyber physical system (CPS) in IIoT will have an influence on industrial techniques through the industrial 4.0 confluence to encourage connected factories. CPS effectively combines physical and cyber components employing modern components such as sensors, network, and computing technologies. But various securities challenges rising in the CPS, like increasing cyberattacks due to the increase in IoT devices, modelling of security threads, CPS vulnerabilities assessment development techniques, and designing of fault-tolerant architectures, motivate new technologies to meet CPS requirements in order to offer security, confidentiality, and reliability of users’ data. Thus, this chapter presents the classification of various existing studies based on CPS security in terms of IIoT applications. Also, it provides the limitations, shortcomings, CPS architectures, and future potential applications to help researchers in the context of practical work.

Design and verification of Cyber-Physical Systems using TrueTime, evolutionary optimization and UPPAAL

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), widely used in pervasive computing, integrate computation in the cyber world with control of physical processes. Developing CPS is challenging because interactions between physical and cyber components are complex and often unpredictable. Traditional debugging techniques can detect bugs in the cyber world, but bugs introduced from physical components and induced by limitations in the software interface to physical hardware are still difficult to detect. My research will capture the state of art and the state of the practice in verification and validation of CPS. Based on this, I will design middleware that combines models of the physical world with programming-language based assertions to help developers to design, develop, and debug robust CPS applications with ease.

Recent developments in the field of cyber physical systems (CPS) and internet of things (IoT) open up new possibilities in manufacturing. CPS and IoT represent enabling means for facilitating the companies’ adaptation to the ever-changing market needs and adoption of individualized manufacturing paradigm. It is foreseen that implementation of CPS and IoT will lead to new industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0. The fourth industrial revolution will bring about the radical changes in manufacturing process control through distribution of control tasks to intelligent devices. On the other hand, over the last decades International Electrotechnical Commission invested significant efforts in generation of the standard IEC 61499 for distributed automation systems. In this paper we provide the outline of the interconnection of IEC 61499 standard and Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 in cyber physical production systems. The findings of the paper are illustrated using a realistic case study—an example of pneumatic manipulator that is made of CPS devices.

This chapter presents a combined approach to visualize the IoT and cyber-physical system in any wireless communication networks. The brief overview of IoT and its applications in wireless sensor network (WSN) are elaborated in current era. In today’s present situation and the challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic how the things can be monitored through IoT is being focused in this chapter. Also, the threats challenges and monitoring of cyber-physical system for security is presented in analysis form. WSN provides a bridge between the physical and virtual world and finds use in numerous applications like environmental monitoring, civil structural health monitoring and industrial process monitoring. Lately, it has found much use in the latest technology called Internet of Things (IoT). It seems that IoT has a great potential in shaping our future where everything will be connected together all the time. The major challenges faced by WSN include energy-efficiency, heterogeneity, and systematic design. WSN comprise of autonomous sensors which are capable of wirelessly transmitting their sensed parameter-values (also called packets) to remotely 188located sink node. The sink node is a WSN node which has the capability to assemble the data from all the nodes and forward it to farther distances to the remote base station through wired connections. The data transmission from source node to sink node is done by taking multi-hops which means that data is not sent directly to the destination node but through jumping from one intermediate node to another until the sink is reached. The sensor nodes also act as wireless routers which transmit data to other sensor-routers. So, sensor devices are very useful in deployment, collection of data, act as a IoT sensor devices as an application in technology. IoT is a device which can be used as application while a cyber-physical system is a collection of various mechanical components which are controlled and managed by different devices and algorithms. An IFM (Information Flow Monitor) is an application to backtrack queries and find the culprit in an error that has occurred in the cyber system. However, while backtracking and flow monitoring is not always guaranteed in terms of secure and efficient transaction. In some cases, the sender may deny the authority of the data so the information flow monitors may fail to provide a trustful and authentic source of data. Thus, the chapter focuses on both the issues of IoT integration with cyber-physical security (CPS) system. The key challenges and some solutions are proposed for the researchers for future work.

Systems development has often resulted as a hit-or-miss proposition before the advent of standardized analysis and design languages providing blueprints understood by both software and systems engineers. This paved the way for modeling cyber-physical systems using established, yet evolving standardized notation widely accepted by industry. In the past, system analysts would try to assess the needs of their clients, generate a requirements analysis in some notation that the analyst understood (but not always the client), give that analysis to a programmer or team of programmers, and hope that the final product was the system the client wanted (Schmuller, 2003). However, advances in UML and SysML have created new pathways to the design process when combined with Concurrent Object Modeling and Architectural Design Method (COMET) methodology that can assist in the realm of complex embedded system design for next generation cyber-physical systems (Rajhans, 2009). In order for product development to meet a desired need, communicating the vision to the developers is of utmost importance. The UML is a visual modeling language that enables system builders to create blueprints that capture their design intentions in a standardized format for effective communication of engineering detail. The paper reviews some key benefits of using UML and SysML during the product development process with COMET. The UML process steps are briefly described, followed by an introduction to the SysML language which is an extension of the UML. The paper provides a process review of embedded system development using SysML for systems engineering that can be useful for modeling aspects of cyber-physical system development during integrated product development. Realizing the fact that SysML may be considered too generic to address embedded and real-time system design, the paper provides a brief review of COMET, a UML based method for the development of concurrent applications, in particular distributed and real-time applications (Gomaa, 2008). The Artificial Intelligence Design Framework introduced as part of the thesis work supported by NASA (Tanik, 2006) can be adapted to cyber-physical system design. The published book detailing the AIDF called Architecting Automated Design Systems is based on this thesis work (Tanik, 2008) and is being used as a basis for supporting cyber-physical system design using artificial intelligence decision support with many application areas, including complex safety-critical medical and space systems design. This journal paper establishes the link between the conference paper on integrated product development (Tanik, 2010), and the previous work on the PhD thesis completed in 2006 that relates to cyber-physical system design frameworks.

New approaches and technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing and Big Data are giving rise to another industrial revolution. We propose here an implementation of an industrial gateway architecture adopting the idea of IoT, intelligent methods, Machine-to-Machine and Cyber-Physical Systems. The proposed gateway creates a virtual representation of the physical world scanning the technological layer’s devices in real time. It creates a uniform communication interface for the heterogeneous technological layer, enables self-management of devices, diagnostics and self-reconfiguration to improve Quality of Service aided with cloud SCADA and MES services. We have tested the proposed gateway in an experimental setup with a programmable logic controller.

Over recent decades, the application of artificial intelligence methods in manufacturing has led to new spheres of research such as the Internet of Things, Cyber–Physical Systems, and Cloud Computing and Big Data, leading to the so-called Industry 4.0. However, to date, little research has been geared towards assessing the factors that influence intelligent manufacturing on a regional scale. Addressing this problem, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) intelligent manufacturing sector using eleven years (2008–2018) of provincial panel data. The entropy method is applied to three evaluation criteria, namely intelligent innovation, equipment, and profit, to construct an evaluation index system. An analysis of the results revealed that the level intelligentization of the manufacturing industry of the YREB increases yearly, and that intelligent innovations are notably occurring at a faster rate than profits. Disproportional enterprise returns on investment have occurred, which decreases enterprise motivation to be innovative in the first place. Additionally, it was also observed that FDI, financial development, government intervention, and the level of opening-up were the primary factors modulating regional intelligent manufacturing levels.

Abstarct :- This paper presents The new era of manufacturing, known as Industry 4.0, necessitates the extensive utilization of mechatronic systems. In this context, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) play a pivotal role. These technologies are implemented through integrated platforms that utilize connectivity protocols, facilitating extensive information sharing among various devices. The principles of smart manufacturing can be effectively applied to processes such as machining in the foundry industry and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) operations. This paper focus on the integration of wireless technology and operations of smart way of manufacturing according to smart conection regarding IOT, CPS, Cloud computing. keyword :- IOT, CPS, Cloud computing , Application

Security and Privacy Aspect of Cyber Physical Systems