Deep learning in medical imaging for disease diagnosis

For a considerable amount of time, medical image processing has been an important topic of research in the field of medicine. The advent of deep learning technology has resulted in the development of revolutionary improvements in this particular sector. Because of its remarkable effectiveness in training enormous amounts of data and performing difficult tasks, deep learning has attracted a lot of attention. It has found extensive application in the analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of medical pictures. This work employs the literature review approach to examine and analyze the existing research conducted by academics on deep learning and medical imaging. It also provides a summary of the utilization of deep learning in medical imaging images and highlights the current development trend in this field.

The use of machine learning (ML) has been increasing rapidly in the medical imaging field, including computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), radiomics, and medical image analysis. Recently, an ML area called deep learning emerged in the computer vision field and became very popular in many fields. It started from an event in late 2012, when a deep-learning approach based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) won an overwhelming victory in the best-known worldwide computer vision competition, ImageNet Classification. Since then, researchers in virtually all fields, including medical imaging, have started actively participating in the explosively growing field of deep learning. In this paper, the area of deep learning in medical imaging is overviewed, including (1) what was changed in machine learning before and after the introduction of deep learning, (2) what is the source of the power of deep learning, (3) two major deep-learning models: a massive-training artificial neural network (MTANN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN), (4) similarities and differences between the two models, and (5) their applications to medical imaging. This review shows that ML with feature input (or feature-based ML) was dominant before the introduction of deep learning, and that the major and essential difference between ML before and after deep learning is the learning of image data directly without object segmentation or feature extraction; thus, it is the source of the power of deep learning, although the depth of the model is an important attribute. The class of ML with image input (or image-based ML) including deep learning has a long history, but recently gained popularity due to the use of the new terminology, deep learning. There are two major models in this class of ML in medical imaging, MTANN and CNN, which have similarities as well as several differences. In our experience, MTANNs were substantially more efficient in their development, had a higher performance, and required a lesser number of training cases than did CNNs. "Deep learning", or ML with image input, in medical imaging is an explosively growing, promising field. It is expected that ML with image input will be the mainstream area in the field of medical imaging in the next few decades.

Along with the development of medical imaging technology, medical image analysis has become a crucial part of clinical diagnosis. However, traditional image analysis methods rely on manual feature extraction and expert evaluation, triggering problems such as low efficiency and lack of accuracy. Deep learning techniques, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have made significant breakthroughs in medical image analysis in recent years. The aim of this paper is to study the application of deep learning in medical imaging, and explore the advantages and development potential in early disease diagnosis, image segmentation and feature extraction. This paper reviews the basic principles of deep learning and analyses the applicability of deep learning in medical imaging by combining the characteristics of medical imaging. Through systematic analysis of existing literature, this paper summarises the remarkable achievements of deep learning in processing, analysing and applying it to various medical images, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and so on. It has been shown that deep learning methods can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical image processing and demonstrate performance due to traditional methods in tasks such as classification. However, how to improve the interpretability of models and the generalisability of clinical applications are still current research hotspots and challenges.

Internal images of the body may be captured using X-ray technology, which helps doctors diagnose and treat a wide range of medical issues. Recent studies have focused on optimizing the usage of deep learning algorithms to boost medical imaging's accuracy and productivity. Deep learning AI makes use of massive datasets to train computer algorithms to recognize patterns, which are then used to make predictions or classifications about fresh data. This method has shown promise in facilitating quicker and more accurate detection of conditions including lung cancer and bone fractures using X-ray images. Patient outcomes may improve with the use of deep learning algorithms in medical imaging. Healthcare systems may be strengthened, and the effects of health crises lessened by facilitating faster and more accurate diagnosis. Investing in initiatives that promote the use of deep learning in medical imaging will help get us there. A bespoke deep learning model was able to classify 70% of a dataset evenly between the healthy, COVID, and pneumonia patients, yielding an astonishing 97.96% accuracy. Applying deep learning algorithms to the analysis of X-ray images has shown great potential for improving the efficiency and precision of medical diagnoses. Better health outcomes may result from this enhanced ability to identify abnormalities and illnesses such as lung cancer and bone fractures. The healthcare industry stands to benefit greatly from adopting programs that encourage the integration of deep learning in medical imaging and might even save lives by doing so.

Medical imaging has taken decisive steps in diagnosing the diseases in the past few decades. Many successful diagnosis systems have been developed, and however, there is a scope for improving the accuracy of those systems. Deep learning plays a vital role in improving the performance of medical imaging. Recent developments in deep learning have brought revolution in medical diagnosis. Recent progress in deep learning offers new possibilities in medical imaging for detection of diseases, diagnosis and prediction. Use of deep learning to medical imaging has remarkable achievement in improving the performance in diagnosis. Deep learning has attracted the researchers and the academicians in developing the medical imaging tools based on historical data. However, there are many challenges while blending the deep learning in medical imaging. Some of the key areas where deep learning seems to be challenging are: massive datasets for training, overfitting of data, variations in input, quality of data, understanding of the context, high volume of data and many more. This paper focuses on the deep learning challenges with biomedical imaging. The techniques for analyzing medical images in a heterogeneous environment are also discussed.

This paper aims at implementing novel biomarkers extracted from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) images taken at resting-state using convolutional neural networks (CNN) to predict relapse in heavy smoker subjects. In this regard, two classes of subjects were studied. The first class contains 19 subjects that took the drug N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and the second class contains 20 subjects that took a placebo. The subjects underwent a double-blind smoking cessation treatment. The resting-state fMRI of the subjects' brains were recorded through 200 snapshots before and after the treatment. The relapse data was assessed after 6 months past the treatment. The data was pre-processed and an undercomplete autoencoder along with various similarity metrics was developed to extract salient features that could differentiate the pre and post treatment images. Finally, the extracted feature matrix was fed into robust classification algorithms to classify the subjects in terms of relapse and non-relapse. The XGBoost algorithm with 0.86 precision and an AUC of 0.92 outperformed the other classification methods in prediction of relapse in subjects.

The application of deep learning (DL) in medicine introduces transformative tools with the potential to enhance prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment planning. However, ensuring transparent documentation is essential for researchers to enhance reproducibility and refine techniques. Our study addresses the unique challenges presented by DL in medical imaging by developing a comprehensive checklist using the Delphi method to enhance reproducibility and reliability in this dynamic field. We compiled a preliminary checklist based on a comprehensive review of existing checklists and relevant literature. A panel of 11 experts in medical imaging and DL assessed these items using Likert scales, with two survey rounds to refine responses and gauge consensus. We also employed the content validity ratio with a cutoff of 0.59 to determine item face and content validity. Round 1 included a 27-item questionnaire, with 12 items demonstrating high consensus for face and content validity that were then left out of round 2. Round 2 involved refining the checklist, resulting in an additional 17 items. In the last round, 3 items were deemed non-essential or infeasible, while 2 newly suggested items received unanimous agreement for inclusion, resulting in a final 26-item DL model reporting checklist derived from the Delphi process. The 26-item checklist facilitates the reproducible reporting of DL tools and enables scientists to replicate the study’s results.

The development of computer hardware allows rapid accumulation of medical imaging data. Deep learning has shown great potential in medical imaging data analysis and establish a new area of machine learning. The commonly used deep learning models were firstly introduced in the paper, and then, summarized with the application of deep learning in the detection, classification, diagnosis, segmentation, identification of medical imaging. The application of deep learning in oral and maxillofacial radiology and other discipline of stomatology was proposed. At the end, the paper discussed the problems of deep learning in medical imaging research.

The use of deep learning in medical imaging to improve spine care: A scoping review of current literature and clinical applications

Deep learning has shown tremendous potential for transforming healthcare by enabling more accurate diagnoses, improved treatment planning and better patient outcome predictions. In this comprehensive survey, we provide a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art deep learning techniques and their applications across the healthcare ecosystem. We first introduce the fundamentals of deep learning and discuss its key advantages compared to traditional machine learning approaches. We then present an in-depth review of major applications of deep learning in medical imaging, electronic health record analysis, genomics, medical robotics and other domains. For each application, we summarize key advancements, outline the technical details of state-of-the-art methods, discuss challenges and limitations and highlight promising directions for future work. We examine cross-cutting challenges in deploying deep learning in clinical settings, including interpretability, bias and data scarcity. We conclude by proposing a roadmap to accelerate the translation and adoption of high-impact healthcare applications of deep learning. Overall, this survey provides a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners working at the intersection of deep learning and healthcare.

INTRODUCTION: In the field of medical imaging, accurate categorization of lung tissue is essential for timely diagnosis and management of lung-related conditions, including cancer. Deep Learning (DL) methodologies have revolutionized this domain, promising improved precision and effectiveness in diagnosing ailments based on image analysis. This research delves into the application of DL models for classifying lung tissue, particularly focusing on histopathological imagery. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study is to explore the deployment of DL models for the classification of lung tissue, emphasizing histopathological images. The research aims to assess the performance of various DL models in accurately distinguishing between different classes of lung tissue, including benign tissue, lung adenocarcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: A dataset comprising 9,000 histopathological images of lung tissue was utilized, sourced from HIPAA compliant and validated sources. The dataset underwent augmentation to ensure diversity and robustness. The images were categorized into three distinct classes and balanced before being split into training, validation, and testing sets. Six DL models - DenseNet201, EfficientNetB7, EfficientNetB5, Vgg19, Vgg16, and Alexnet - were trained and evaluated on this dataset. Performance assessment was conducted based on precision, recall, F1-score for each class, and overall accuracy. RESULTS: The results revealed varying performance levels among the DL models, with EfficientNetB5 achieving perfect scores across all metrics. This highlights the capability of DL in improving the accuracy of lung tissue classification, which holds promise for enhancing diagnosis and treatment outcomes in lung-related conditions. CONCLUSION: This research significantly contributes to understanding the effective utilization of DL models in medical imaging, particularly for lung tissue classification. It emphasizes the critical role of a diverse and balanced dataset in developing robust and accurate models. The insights gained from this study lay the groundwork for further exploration into refining DL methodologies for medical imaging applications, with a focus on improving diagnostic accuracy and ultimately, patient outcomes.

Deep learning (DL) is affecting each and every sphere of public and private lives and becoming a tool for daily use. The power of DL lies in the fact that it tries to imitate the activities of neurons in the neocortex of human brain where the thought process takes place. Therefore, like the brain, it tries to learn and recognize patterns in the form of digital images. This power is built on the depth of many layers of computing neurons backed by high power processors and graphics processing units (GPUs) easily available today. In the current scenario, we have provided detailed survey of various types of DL systems available today, and specifically, we have concentrated our efforts on current applications of DL in medical imaging. We have also focused our efforts on explaining the readers the rapid transition of technology from machine learning to DL and have tried our best in reasoning this paradigm shift. Further, a detailed analysis of complexities involved in this shift and possible benefits accrued by the users and developers.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a gradual and severe consequence of diabetes that increases the risk of visual impairment and blindness globally. Early and precise identification of DR is crucial for successful care, but availability to specialist diagnostic tools is restricted, especially in low-resource settings. This study aims to improve the automated identification of diabetic retinopathy using cutting-edge deep learning models—specifically ViT, CLIP, BLIP, ViLT, Florence-2, and ResNet50—which are applied to the APTOS Diabetic Retinopathy dataset. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) diagnosis is often hindered by poor image quality and subtle differences across varying severity levels. The grading of DR is typically categorized into five stages: No DR, Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Proliferative, as defined by the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale. To address artifacts such as uneven illumination, we employ Gaussian preprocessing to smooth noise and Wavelet transforms to enhance edge details. This study evaluates the impact of Gaussian and Wavelet preprocessing techniques on the performance of Vision-Language Models (e.g., CLIP, BLIP) and CNNs (e.g., RESNET50). Results indicate that Gaussian Filtering significantly enhances classification accuracy, yielding a 37% improvement for RESNET50 and 36% for BLIP compared to the baseline. This study demonstrates that appropriate preprocessing is critical for maximizing the potential of deep learning in medical imaging. Specifically, Gaussian Filtering proved superior to Wavelet techniques, offering substantial accuracy gains for models like BLIP and RESNET50. Future work will explore hybrid preprocessing pipelines to further distinguish between the subtle early stages of the disease.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation task refers to the accurate segmentation of ventricle and myocardium, which is a prerequisite for evaluating the soundness of cardiac function. With the development of deep learning in medical imaging, more and more heart segmentation methods based on deep learning have been proposed. Due to the fuzzy boundary and uneven intensity distribution of cardiac MRI, some existing methods do not make full use of multi-scale characteristic information and have the problem of ambiguity between classes. In this paper, we propose a dilated convolution network with edge fusion block and directional feature maps for cardiac MRI segmentation. The network uses feature fusion module to preserve boundary information, and adopts the direction field module to obtain the feature maps to improve the original segmentation features. Firstly, multi-scale feature information is obtained and fused through dilated convolutional layers of different scales while downsampling. Secondly, in the decoding stage, the edge fusion block integrates the edge features into the side output of the encoder and concatenates them with the upsampled features. Finally, the concatenated features utilize the direction field to improve the original segmentation features and generate the final result. Our propose method conducts comprehensive comparative experiments on the automated cardiac diagnosis challenge (ACDC) and myocardial pathological segmentation (MyoPS) datasets. The results show that the proposed cardiac MRI segmentation method has better performance compared to other existing methods.

The artificial neural network (ANN), one of the machine learning (ML) algorithms, inspired by the human brain system, was developed by connecting layers with artificial neurons. However, due to the low computing power and insufficient learnable data, ANN has suffered from overfitting and vanishing gradient problems for training deep networks. The advancement of computing power with graphics processing units and the availability of large data acquisition, deep neural network outperforms human or other ML capabilities in computer vision and speech recognition tasks. These potentials are recently applied to healthcare problems, including computer-aided detection/diagnosis, disease prediction, image segmentation, image generation, etc. In this review article, we will explain the history, development, and applications in medical imaging