Defense of fake fingerprint attacks using a swept source laser optical coherence tomography setup

Fingerprint is the most hopeful biometric authentication that can specifically identify a person from their exclusive features. In the proposed approach, a novel software-based classification method is presented to classify between fake and real fingerprint. The intention of the proposed system is to improve the security of biometric identification system. The statistical techniques are good for micro features but not well for macro. In this paper, we present a novel combination of local Haralick micro texture features with macro features derived from neighbourhood gray-tone difference matrix (NGTDM) to generate an effective feature vector. Combined extracted features of training and testing images are passed to support vector machine for discriminating live and fake fingerprints. The proposed approach is experimented and validated on ATVS dataset and LivDet2011 dataset. The proposed approach has achieved good accuracy and less error rate in comparison with previously studied techniques.

In recent decades, the classification of fake fingerprints and real fingerprint images has become an attractive research topic because of the most advanced threats. A number of research works have been carried out to classify fake and real fingerprints. But, most of the existing techniques did not utilize swarm intelligence techniques in their fingerprint classification system. Swarm intelligence has been widely used in various applications due to its robustness and potential in solving a complex optimization problem. The proposed classification methodology comprises of four steps, namely image preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection and classification. This work uses efficient min-max normalization and median filtering for preprocessing, and multiple static features are extracted from Gabor filtering. To perform multiple static feature selection, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Modified Artificial Bee Colony (MABC) optimization algorithm is used in this work to choose the best optimal static features on the basis of specific fitness values. This approach uses Fuzzy Feed Forward Neural Network (FFFNN) for classification and classification of feature vector into fake and real fingerprint images by the semi supervised graph based classification approach which enables efficient classification of real and fake fingerprints and its performance is compared with the SVM classifier. Evaluation of the performance has been carried out by taking the fingerprint images that had been collected from the FVC2000 and synthetically generated database by employing the SFinGE. The results showed that the proposed work provided improvised and enhanced results with respective to characteristics like sensitivity, precision, specification as well as classification accuracy.

Fingerprint recognition is very stable, reliable, and oldest biometric authentication technology that has been widely used in various civilian and government applications. Like other authentication technologies, fingerprint recognition is not totally free from spoofing. A fingerprint recognition system can be spoofed by placing artificially generated fingerprints of enrolled user at the sensor that are made up of materials like gelatine, silicon, wax or play-doh etc. Liveness detection is a technique to enhance the security of such systems by detecting physiological life signs in fingerprint samples to differentiate a real fingerprint from an artificial one. A live fingerprint image has the property to produce gray level variations along ridges due to presence of sweat pores, perspiration and skin quality (dry, wet) whereas a fake fingerprint has uniform gray levels that can give a fair idea about the liveness in input sample. In the proposed work, two fingerprints are captured by scanner at different time points (0 sec and 2 sec). In order to find their gray level variations, a gray level co-occurrence matrix of each fingerprint image is determined. After that, contrast value is computed from each matrix. If the difference in their contrast value is greater than threshold, then the input fingerprint sample is considered as live otherwise it is considered as fake. Liveness detection solution presented in this work helps to avoid direct attacks at fingerprint sensor that result in very secure and precise fingerprint detection. Keywords: Biometrics, Fingerprint detection, Liveness Detection, Spoofing

Human fingerprints are considered to be the most extensively used modality in state-of-the-art biometric based security systems. A newly developed potential threat occurs in the form of specialized fake fingerprint, known as the double-identity fingerprint which is created by careful alignment of two genuine fingerprints to ensure smooth ridges at the intersection points and with high chance of being matched by the criminal as well as accomplice. In this paper, we propose a countermeasure to resolve this problem with generalized Benford's law in conjunction with support vector machine classification. The generalized Benford's law is found to validate the probability distribution of first nonzero digits from block-DCT coefficients of genuine fingerprint images. The experimental results support that the synthesized fake double-identity fingerprints do not inherently follow the generalized Benford's law and hence the proposed method can be effective to discriminate from the genuine class with high accuracy.

Phase deformation measurements using a swept-source OCT system

Previous work has shown that layers within ceramic laminates that contain biaxial compressive stresses will also contain tensile stresses where the layer intercepts the surface. It has also been shown that when the thickness of the layer exceeds a critical value, the tensile stresses at and near the surface can produce a centerline crack that extends along the surface to a depth corresponding to the thickness of the compressive layer. The current work explores the concept of preventing the occurrence of surface cracks with a thin layer of material that places the entire external surface in compression. A recent finite element analysis by Monkowski and Beltz showed that when the external surface layer material was identical to the compressive layers, the tensile stresses at the surface could be reduced to zero when the thickness of the surface layer was 0.6 of the thickness of the compressive layer. In addition, they determined the stress intensity factor function for a surface crack and showed that surface cracking could be avoided when the thickness of the surface layer was ≥0.25 times the thickness of the compressive layer. The experimental results presented here show that a thin compressive layer will prevent surface cracks from forming in the compressive layers; the results also appear to confirm the predictions of Monkowski and Beltz.

A novel technique, utilizing thin films with protective capping layers deposited onto silicon photodiode substrates, has been developed to accurately determine the optical constants of reactive elements such as the rare earths and transition metals. Depositing protected layers on photodiode substrates has three primary advantages over the study of the transmittance of free-standing films and the angle-dependent reflectance of coatings on mirror substrates. First, it is easy to deposit a thin protective capping layer that prevents oxidation or contamination of the underlying reactive layer. Second, very thin layers of materials that have intrinsically low transmittance can be studied. Third, the optical constants are determined from the bulk properties of the protected layer and are not influenced by reflectance from the top surface that can be affected by oxidation or contamination. These and other benefits of this technique will be discussed, and results for La and Tb will be presented. The determined optical constants are significantly different from the CXRO and other tabulated values. The rare earth (lanthanide) elements with atomic numbers 57-71 have 5d or 4f open shells, and this open shell structure results in transmission windows in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength range >45 nm where materials typically have low transmittance. These transmission windows make possible the fabrication of a new class of multilayer interference coatings, based on rare earth elements, with relatively high peak reflectances and narrow reflectance profiles, both important factors for the imaging of solar and laboratory radiation sources with multilayer telescopes.

Incorporating materials into sediment caps that can sequester contaminants will greatly improve their ability to isolate contaminants in the underlying sediments from the rest of the aquatic environment. For highly sorptive media a thin layer (cm) may be sufficient, but accurately placing a thin layer (cm) of material over submerged contaminated sediment is difficult. A reactive core mat (RCM) was designed to accurately place a 1.25 cm thick sorbent (coke) layer in an engineered sediment cap. In April 2004, twelve 3.1 m × 31 m sections of RCM were placed in the Anacostia River, Washington, D.C., and overlain with a 15 cm layer of sand to secure it and provide a habitat for benthic organisms to colonize without compromising the integrity of the cap. Placement of the RCM did not cause significant sediment re-suspension or impact site hydrology. The RCM is an inexpensive and effective method to accurately deliver thin layers of difficult to place, high value, sorptive media into sediment caps. The approach can also be used to place granular reactive media that can degrade or mineralize contaminants.

Due to asynchronization between the acquisition trigger and K-clock trigger in a swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system, trigger jitter causes the spectrum a temporal shift in the spectral domain and thus corrupts the measurement. We study ternary distribution of the jitter signal by measuring TiO2 phantom using a SS-OCT system, and it shows one-pixel spectral shift in the spectral domain.

In this paper, the swept source-optical coherence tomography system using frequency domain mode locked(FDML) laser has realized. The FDML swept source laser showed 55.03 kHz sweeping speed, 125 nm sweeping range, and 9 mW output optical power, which are the superiority of FDML laser compared to previous swept source lasers. Also, through the cross-sectional image captured at 5 frames per second for a mirror, a 1 mm-thickness glass plate, and a thumb bottom, the performance of the system has demonstrated.

A Study of the Statistical Discrimination of the Drying Kinetics Equations

Thin films successfully grown on the substrate Pt / Si is thin films BT doping Strontium (BST) by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method. The percentage of doping Sr material are 1%, 3%, and 5%. The BST thin layer was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the hysteresis curve testing by Sawyer tower methods. The diffraction angle (2θ) in the XRD curve shifts to the right (bigger) along with increasing doping mol % Sr. Lattice parameters BST using the refinement GSAS program showed that a thin layer of BST has a tetragonal structure. From SEM analysis, along with increasing variation mol % Sr doping does not affect the thickness, but affects the grain size of a thin layer. BST thin layer of a ferroelectric material which has been formed mark a hysteresis curve. The characterization results to show that a thin layer of BST has been deposited on the substrate Pt/Si.

Graphene is different from most optical materials in that it is a thin material layer with a thickness as small as one atom. Graphene layers can be incorporated into optical simulations using either a surface conductivity material model or a volumetric permittivity material model; however, introducing graphene through a volumetric permittivity is computationally inefficient because it requires very fine discretization grids. We have recently developed a more efficient approach that enables the use of comparatively coarse grids by formulating a discretization of Maxwell’s equations (in the time or frequency domains) that combines a surface conductivity description of graphene layers with a volumetric permittivity description of other optical materials. This approach includes the full dispersion characteristics of graphene as specified by the Kubo formula. This paper demonstrates how the combined material description approach can be used to efficiently model state-of-the-art devices that take advantage of the energy confinement provided by surface plasmons. We show how to efficiently model TE and TM polarized surface plasmons, a surface plasmon waveguide switch, and an electro-optical modulator. This last example also includes electrical simulations of graphene and demonstrates how both optical and electrical simulations can be combined to produce a complete model of a graphene based device. For each example, we compare with previously published results, including experimental results.

In hard disk drive (HDD) manufacturing, a reflow soldering process (RSP) implements heat generated by the welding tip to melt a solder ball for bonding the following essential HDD components: a flexible printed circuit (FPC) and a printed circuit cable (PCC). Since the mentioned components are tiny and comprise many thin material layers, an experiment to study thermal and mechanical responses is complex and not worth it. Therefore, a static state multiphysics consisting of thermal analysis (TA) and structural analysis (SA) was employed to investigate both responses. First, the experiment was established to mimic the RSP, measuring the temperature generated by the actual welding tip. Then, the measured temperature was defined as the boundary conditions with the pressing force (F) for the TA and SA based on the actual operating conditions. As expected, the TA results revealed the temperature distribution in the HDD components, which was consistent with the theory and results from previous work and confirmed this work’s credibility. Significantly, the SA reported severe total deformation (δ) in FPC’s top and bottom ends. The maximum δ was 0.72–0.88 mm for the F of 0–1 N. The stronger the F, the greater the δ. This research highlights that multiphysics can investigate both responses in HDD components as slight as 0.1–100 microns thick, which can be used to develop a high-efficacy RSP.

The unbroken global increase of forgery and counterfeiting of valuable documents and products steadily requires improved types of optical devices. Hence, the security world is actively seeking for new features which meet high standards, look attractively and allow easy recognition. One special smart device created by ROLIC's technology represents a cholesteric device combined with a phase image. On tilting, such devices reveal strong color shifts which are clearly visible to the naked eye. The additional latent image is invisible under normal lighting conditions but can be revealed to human eyes by means of a simple, commercially available linear sheet polarizer. Based on our earlier work, first published in 1981, we now have developed phase change guest-host devices combined with dye-doped cholesteric material for application in new features. ROLIC has developed sophisticated material systems of cross-linkable cholesteric liquid crystals and suitable cross-linkable dyes which allow to create outstanding cholesteric color-shifting effects not only on light absorbing dark backgrounds but also on bright or even white backgrounds preserving the circularly polarizing state. The new devices combine unambiguously 1st and 2nd level inspection features and show brilliant colors on black as well as on white substrates. On tilting, the devices exhibit remarkable color shifts while the integrated hidden images can be revealed by use of a sheet polarizer. Furthermore, due to its very thin material layers, even demanding applications, such as on banknotes can be considered.