Denialism and Human Rights

This article focuses on the identification of primary infringements within the domain of human rights and freedoms in temporarily occupied territories, as well as the delineation of protective mechanisms. The study systematically examines the existing legislation in Ukraine concerning the determination of the legal status of individuals residing in these territories. Extensive evidence is provided to substantiate mass violations of human and citizen rights and freedoms in temporarily occupied areas, with a particular emphasis on the considerable transgressions against personal, economic, social, and cultural rights. A meticulous analysis of these rights’ violations within these territories is conducted. Notably, the article underscores that the list of systematically restricted or violated rights and freedoms may be expanded due to the armed aggression of the russian federation. Furthermore, the study delves into the instruments available for safeguarding human rights in temporarily occupied territories. It has been determined that, with the aim of addressing national security issues amid a state of war and persistent armed aggression, the state is obliged to systematically and efficiently respond to all potential infringements upon the rights and freedoms of individuals residing in temporarily occupied territories. A conclusion has been drawn that, for the effective safeguarding of human rights in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, the legislator has incorporated a series of normative legal acts into the national legislative framework, exerting a direct influence on the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals situated in these territories. Nevertheless, the temporally occupied territories remain beyond Ukraine’s jurisdiction, rendering the implementation mechanism of normative provisions in this sphere intricate. It is posited that, in light of the substantial and systematic violations of national legislative norms and international treaties in this domain by the russian federation, Ukraine’s primary task lies in the development of an efficacious toolkit for the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals within the context of temporary occupation. Additionally, it determines the position and role of international cooperation in the protection of rights and freedoms for individuals and citizens in such territories. The article concludes by highlighting the imperative need for a comprehensive approach in the mechanism designed for protecting human rights in temporarily occupied territories to attain the most effective outcomes.

Human rights queryfalse are typically presented in terms of entitlements, correlative duties, claims, “trumps,” and remedies. 1 These framings, which draw principally on law and philosophy, emphasi...

Although human rights are officially regarded by the United Nations as indivisible, interrelated and interdependent, it is largely recognised the gap concerning mechanisms for adjudication between civil and political rights compared to economic, social and cultural ones. The very existence of an individual right not to be poor is still controversial within both – domestic and global societies. Consequently, the responsibility for providing individuals with rights such as food, water, shelter and education, although doubtless related to human dignity, have been constantly denied by states and by the international community. By analysing two cases of extrajudicial execution of street children in the American continent, this paper aims to address the debate of poverty as a violation of human rights considered as an option for judicial enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights. This article undertakes a qualitative analysis on jurisprudence, as well as literature and documents concerning the adjudication of such rights by the Inter-American Court. While taking an integrated approach to human rights, the links between poverty and vulnerability to other sorts of violations, such as urban violence, will be demonstrated. This paper will suggest that the adoption of the new Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) shall act as a supervisory mechanism to guaranteeing international implementation of social justice. Keywords: poverty, human rights, street children, violence.

Beyond the Rhetoric of Social Rights for the Poor: the Need to Promote a Methodology aimed at Reinforcing International and National Institutions

The article is devoted to the investigation of the essence and peculiarities of the exposition of the human rights in the international and national acts, and also to the main rationalistic aspects of their realization.The authors say that the modern international system of human rights protection is inefficient. It was emphasized that the responsibility of the state for the violation of human rights before the international organs undermines the authority of the state as the most important guarantor of human rights.The authors pay attention to that fact that the very concept «the violation of human rights» is explicitly politicized and does not take into account the criminality (which constitutes the main domestic threat to a person), and, thus, does not reflects the real situation of the protection of human interests in the state. The real aims of the creation of the concept of human rights were found. It was emphasized that «the protection of human rights and democracy» sometimes acts as a pretext and «justification» of violent overthrow of power, foreign aggression and mass termination of people.The authors say that, in fact, the human rights (and especially the «positive» one) cannot exist without the state. It was found that the absolutization of the natural human rights and underestimation of the role of the state, in fact, returns people to the state of natural savagery and medieval barbarism. The authors emphasize on the collision between the constitutional rules about the recognition of a human as «the main social value» and about the duty of the citizens to defend the Motherland. Also, the authors say that the right of a people to self-determination, as well as the recognition of the nations, who fight for the independence, as the subjects of the international law, in fact, means that the international law justifies the war and the mass termination of people.It was emphasized that, in reality, there are no absolute human rights, so it is senseless to absolutize them. The authors say that the absolutization of the human rights is harmful, especially in the case of the absolutization of the political human rights in general, and such rights as the «natural right of the rebellion» and the «popular sovereignty» in particular. Also, the authors say that the ideas of the popular sovereignty contradict the reality and the historical regularities of the appearance and functioning of the state and law. It was emphasized that human rights are not and should not be an end in themselves, for the sake of which the state power should be weakened, because, in fact, exactly the strong and effective state is the main guarantor of peace, order, security, well-being, civilization and the real provision of the most important human rights (taking into account an adequate understanding their essence, scope and content). The main aspects of the proper provision of the realization by the state of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of a human and of a citizen were determined, etc.

The development of the influence of human rights in its journey has affected various countries, including Indonesia. The end of the New Order government, which was very repressive after 32 years in power, has raised awareness of the importance of respecting human rights. Demands for justice against past human rights violators are increasing, while human rights violations continue to take place in various forms, patterns and different actors. Human rights issues are often used by a group of people for their political and economic interests, while officials are reluctant to act for fear of being accused of violating human rights. The understanding of human rights in Indonesia as values, concepts and norms that live and develop in society can be traced through a study of years, and before the human rights court was formed, cases of gross human rights violations were tried by an authorized general court. The establishment of legal regulations regarding gross human rights violations and the establishment of a human rights court is necessary because the applicable legal regulations, most of which are rules from the Dutch colonial era, such as the Criminal Code, do not regulate gross human rights violations as extraordinary crimes. but only regulates conventional crimes, such as murder as regulated in Article 338 of the Criminal Code, persecution as regulated in Article 351 of the Criminal Code. Kidnapping as regulated in Article 333 of the Criminal Code, rape as regulated in Article 285 of the Criminal Code, etc. So in this case, of course, there is a difference between the prosecution process in criminal law and the prosecution process in cases of gross human rights violations. In order to provide protection, certainty, justice and a feeling of security to individuals or the community, it is necessary to establish a Human Rights Court and the rule of law. In Indonesia, the existence of Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights (UU HAM) and Law Number 26 of 2000 concerning the Human Rights Court (Law on the Human Rights Court) is expected to protect human rights, both individuals and communities and become the basis for enforcing , legal certainty, justice and a feeling of security for individuals and the community against serious human rights violations

Background: COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts were abrupt and challenging for most countries with the protracted lockdown straining socioeconomic activities. Marginalized groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of the pandemic such as human rights abuses and violations which can lead to psychological distress. In this review, we focus on mental distress and disturbances that have emanated due to human rights restrictions and violations amidst the pandemic. We underscore how mental health is both directly impacted by the force of pandemic and by prevention and mitigation structures put in place to combat the disease.Methods: We conducted a review of relevant studies examining human rights violations in COVID-19 response, with a focus on vulnerable populations, and its association with mental health and psychological well-being. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies between December 2019 to July 2020. Three reviewers evaluated the eligibility criteria and extracted data.Results: Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic inquiry reporting on distress due to human rights violations. Unanimously, the studies found vulnerable populations to be at a high risk for mental distress. Limited mobility rights disproportionately harmed psychiatric patients, low-income individuals, and minorities who were at higher risk for self-harm and worsening mental health. Healthcare workers suffered negative mental health consequences due to stigma and lack of personal protective equipment and stigma. Other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and refugees also experienced negative consequences.Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need to uphold human rights and address long term mental health needs of populations that have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. Countries can embed a proactive psychosocial response to medical management as well as in existing prevention strategies. International human rights guidelines are useful in this direction but an emphasis should be placed on strengthening rights informed psychosocial response with specific strategies to enhance mental health in the long-term. We underscore that various fundamental human rights are interdependent and therefore undermining one leads to a poor impact on the others. We strongly recommend global efforts toward focusing both on minimizing fatalities, protecting human rights, and promoting long term mental well-being.

Human rights violations remain a historical issue. Thus, exploring this concern amidst the dysfunctionality of the state is more alarming considering that political terrain could serve as a breeding and conducive atmosphere for further human rights violations. This paper explores the nexus between the dysfunctionality of states and its implications on human rights violations in Nigeria. Using secondary data and thematic analysis, we more specifically focused on human rights violation cases in the two terms of office of President Mohammadu Buhari (2015- 2023). The paper explored the state of dysfunctionality and the violation of human rights during this period. The findings show there were violations of socio-economic and cultural rights, freedom of the press, freedom of movement, right to peaceful demonstration, and freedom of gathering and association, in Nigeria during President Buhari's administration. The paper concluded that for citizens’ rights to be adequately protected, the causal factors of a dysfunctional state must be addressed to avoid perverseness and continuous violation of human rights. Recommendations were made in favor of a newly negotiated social contract.

The effective protection of human rights is extremely important in countries in transition faced with the challenge of overcoming an authoritarian past rife with severe violations of basic human rights and freedoms. In post-war societies, where large-scale violations of human rights have resulted from armed conflicts, the effective protection of human rights is even more crucial. Therefore, it is not surprising that one of the primary goals of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Dayton Peace Agreement) was to establish an adequate legal and institutional framework for the enforcement and protection of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina provides for a special status to the European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols, which, pursuant to Article II.1 of the Constitution, shall have priority over all other laws. The Constitution also stipulates that the enjoyment of rights and freedoms provided for in the 15 human rights instruments listed in Annex 1 to the Constitution shall be guaranteed to all persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina without discrimination on any grounds. While the Constitution envisages the existence of several institutions responsible for guaranteeing respect for human rights, the possibility of BiH citizens to directly address the European Court of Human Rights as well as other bodies responsible for monitoring the implementation of appropriate human rights instruments, whose practice will be discussed within this paper, is of great importance. Although this type of protection is highly important, it is necessary to strive for the improvement of the national (BiH and entity) human rights protection system, through the continuous improvement of the legal framework and the functioning of institutions entrusted with the protection and enforcement of human rights. The paper also analyses the effects of the ratification of international instruments on human rights protection.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations is the major reference document for international human rights. The UDHR and the subsequent International Covenants on Human Rights of 1966 (on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and on Civil and Political Rights) represent the International Bill of Human Rights. In these documents, two generations or dimensions of human rights have been distinguished. The first dimension consists of civil and political human rights, for example the prohibition of discrimination, the right to life, the prohibition of torture or inhuman treatment, the right to freedom of thought, of opinion and expression, the right to seek asylum. The second dimension is made up of economic, social, and cultural human rights, for example the right to work, protection against unemployment, the right to equal pay for equal work, the right to remuneration ensuring an existence worthy of human dignity, the right to a standard of living adequate for one's health and well‐being, including food, housing, and medical care, and the right to education. In addition, a third generation of human rights has been discussed in the United Nations but not yet adopted. It includes mainly the right of peoples to peace, the right to development, and the right to a healthy environment.

The Trust in Indicators: Measuring Human Rights

Identifying potential abuses of human rights through imagery is a novel and challenging task in the field of computer vision, that will enable to expose human rights violations over large-scale data that may otherwise be impossible. While standard databases for object and scene categorisation contain hundreds of different classes, the largest available dataset of human rights violations contains only 4 classes. Here, we introduce the ‘Human Rights Archive Database’ (HRA), a verified-by-experts repository of 3050 human rights violations photographs, labelled with human rights semantic categories, comprising a list of the types of human rights abuses encountered at present. With the HRA dataset and a two-phase transfer learning scheme, we fine-tuned the state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to provide human rights violations classification CNNs (HRA-CNNs). We also present extensive experiments refined to evaluate how well object-centric and scene-centric CNN features can be combined for the task of recognising human rights abuses. With this, we show that HRA database poses a challenge at a higher level for the well studied representation learning methods, and provide a benchmark in the task of human rights violations recognition in visual context. We expect this dataset can help to open up new horizons on creating systems able of recognising rich information about human rights violations.

The rapid development of the use of digital technologies has facilitated access to digital information and evidence. This information and digital evidence are obtained via the Internet, social media or satellite. And may be used to investigate violations of human rights and international criminal law. Therefore, there is a problem of rebalancing between the right to privacy and the use of information and digital evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. This study has objective of unified universal principles that set out the origins and rules for the use of information and digital evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. In order to ensure international and national justice and criminal accountability and to document all violations of human rights and international criminal law. The analytical approach will be used through analysis of previous studies on the use of digital information and evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. And analysis of the Berkeley Protocol on Open-Source Digital Investigations. Several findings and recommendations were reached in this paper, the most important of which is the need for the international community to recognize the information and digital evidence obtained to demonstrate violations of human rights and international criminal law.

The United Nations is a worldwide organization devoted to promote international peace and security, economic and social growth, and human rights. From its founding in 1945, the UN has been involved in a number of disputes and violations of human rights, both as a mediator and as an active participant. This research investigates the UN's role in preventing wars and human rights violations all around the globe. Moreover, the UN has taken part in peacekeeping initiatives around the world, notably in Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These missions, which tried to re-establish security and stability in conflict-affected areas, have received praise in some instances but condemnation in others. This research paper examines how the United Nations responds to wars and breaches of human rights all across the world. It will specifically look at how the UN has intervened in numerous crises and peacekeeping operations, as well as how it has attempted to remedy human rights abuses by forging international laws and conventions. The essay will also look at instances where the UN's handling of conflicts and violations of human rights has come under fire and explore alternative avenues for the organization to increase its efficacy in advancing security, fairness, and human rights. The chapter on the United Nations, Wars, and Human Rights Violations has included several outlines that explore different aspects of the subject. First, an introduction of the book and its goals is presented, along with a short description of the United Nations and its efforts to date to address international conflicts and breaches of human rights. Second, The United Nations and Conflict Resolution Examines the UN's Authorization of Military Force and Peacekeeping Missions. The UN's abilities to avert violence, protect people, and promote stability during crises would be assessed. Third, The United Nations and Human Rights," and it looks at how the organization has responded to crises like the Rwandan genocide and the war in Yemen by enacting international treaties and conventions meant to defend human rights. The effectiveness of the United Nations in addressing human rights abuses, both in terms of preventing and reacting to mass crimes, would be evaluated. Forth, The UN's Response to Conflict and Human Rights Violations: A Critical Analysis is a chapter that examines the criticisms leveled against the United Nations for its response to conflicts and human rights violations, such as its inability to resolve ongoing conflicts and its inadequate response to genocide and other mass atrocities. The accountability procedures of the United Nations would be analysed to see how well they promote accountability and justice. Fifth, Case Studies Including the Rwandan genocide, the war in Syria, and the present situation in Myanmar, this chapter gives thorough case studies of various conflicts and human rights abuses in which the UN has been engaged. The UN's reaction to these crises and the lessons learnt from them would be the focus of this chapter. Sixth, "The Future of the UN," and it discusses the obstacles that the United Nations (UN) must overcome to fulfil its mission of promoting international peace, justice, and human rights. Addressing the causes of conflicts, promoting sustainable development, and forming partnerships with member states and other stakeholders are all possibilities that might increase the UN's efficiency in dealing with these issues. Seventh, Conclusion: An overview of the book's major arguments and conclusions, together with a discussion of their relevance to philosophy, policy, and practice. Every topic is structured in a way that provides a clear and concise overview of the topic, examines relevant research and literature, and offers insights and analysis into the key issues. The chapter would be intended for a broad audience, including students, scholars, policymakers, and anyone interested in the United Nations and its role in addressing global conflicts and human rights violations.

Human rights as a strategic system, David Barnhizer human rights priorities and responsibilities for citizens, Noam Chomsky torture in the United States - connecting international human rights standards to abuse in American prisons, Bonnie Kerness tactical innovations for human rights, Douglas A. Johnson and Kate Kelsch the Bureau des Advocats Internationaux - a victim-centred approach, Brian Concannon Jr toward a more responsive sovereignty - confronting human rights violations through national reconstruction, Jennifer Moore protecting civilians in conflict and post-conflict, Kate Robertson babe politics and the victim subject - negotiating agency in women's human rights, Ratna Kapur human rights and the future of international politics - realism and global humanism, Robert Charlick a different look at sovereignty, Anthony D'Amato international jurisdiction and prosecutorial crimes, Richard J. Goldstone coping with chaos while acting justly - lessons from Rwanda, David Rawson the United States approach to international human rights law, David Weissbrodt prosecuting violations of human rights in US courts - a primer for the Justice Department on the Convention against Torture, William J. Aceves why the International Criminal Court should have jurisdiction over contemporary forms of slavery, James G. Wilson will history repeat itself? - case studies of systemic constraints on defence counsel in historic international war crimes trials and the need for resource parity, Richard J. Wilson the (al)lure of the genocide trial - justice, reconciliation and the reconstruction in Rwanda, Mark Drumbl the rights of indigenous peoples to a healthy environment and use of natural resources under international human rights law, Bradford C. Mank civil remedies for gross human rights violations, Michael Ratner holding multinational corporations accountable for human and environmental rights abuses, Richard Herz.