Deploying performance poetry in dispelling HIV and AIDS stigma: An applied theatre approach

The aim of the study was to determine the views of professional nurses on the manifestations of HIV and AIDS stigma and discrimination and their influence on the quality of care rendered to people living with HIV and AIDS in three rural hospitals of Limpopo province, South Africa. The study was qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual in nature. The population included all professional nurses registered with the South African Nursing Council who were working with confirmed HIV-positive patients in the three hospitals and had received specialised training in voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), antiretrovirals (ARV), prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and couple counselling. A purposive sampling method was used to select both the wards and participants, based on set criteria. A total of 9 wards (6 adult medical and 3 maternity) and 37 participants were selected. Focus group discussions and semi-structured and key informant interviews were conducted. Data were analysed using a combination of data analysis guidelines from different sources. Results revealed that professional nurses were aware of the existence of HIV and AIDS stigma and discrimination in their wards and regarded these as bad and improper care of HIV-positive patients. Behaviour included leaving care of HIV patients to junior members of staff with limited skills and knowledge of HIV and AIDS; showing HIV-positive patients that their disease was dangerous and contagious; judgmental behaviour towards and stereotyping of HIV-positive patients; and regarding patients with HIV and AIDS as uncooperative and problematic in the wards.

Research Article| September 01, 2004 Basin development during the deposition of the Elliot Formation (Late Triassic - Early Jurassic), Karoo Supergroup, South Africa Emese M. Bordy; Emese M. Bordy University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. e-mail: emese_bordy@yahoo.com; HancoxP@geosciences.wits.ac.za; rubidgeb@geosciences.wits.ac.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. John Hancox; P. John Hancox University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. e-mail: emese_bordy@yahoo.com; HancoxP@geosciences.wits.ac.za; rubidgeb@geosciences.wits.ac.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bruce S. Rubidge Bruce S. Rubidge University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. e-mail: emese_bordy@yahoo.com; HancoxP@geosciences.wits.ac.za; rubidgeb@geosciences.wits.ac.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Emese M. Bordy University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. e-mail: emese_bordy@yahoo.com; HancoxP@geosciences.wits.ac.za; rubidgeb@geosciences.wits.ac.za P. John Hancox University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. e-mail: emese_bordy@yahoo.com; HancoxP@geosciences.wits.ac.za; rubidgeb@geosciences.wits.ac.za Bruce S. Rubidge University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. e-mail: emese_bordy@yahoo.com; HancoxP@geosciences.wits.ac.za; rubidgeb@geosciences.wits.ac.za Publisher: Geological Society of South Africa First Online: 07 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1996-8590 Print ISSN: 1012-0750 © 2004 Geological Society of South Africa South African Journal of Geology (2004) 107 (3): 397–412. https://doi.org/10.2113/107.3.397 Article history First Online: 07 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Emese M. Bordy, P. John Hancox, Bruce S. Rubidge; Basin development during the deposition of the Elliot Formation (Late Triassic - Early Jurassic), Karoo Supergroup, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 2004;; 107 (3): 397–412. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/107.3.397 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySouth African Journal of Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract The integrated results of a facies analysis and provenance study of the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Elliot Formation (Karoo Supergroup) provide some new insights into the development of the main Karoo foreland system of South Africa. Based on changes in the fluvial style, palaeocurrent pattern, provenance, isopach trends and fossil content, a regional lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Elliot Formation is proposed. In addition, the boundary between the Lower and Upper Elliot formations appears to be a second order sequence boundary. This unconformity was probably generated by the last stage of orogenic loading of the Cape Fold Belt, which interrupted the overall, first order orogenic unloading of the system, suggesting that tectonically controlled flexural subsidence existed in the main Karoo Basin until at least the end of Triassic. The magnitude of this pre-Upper Elliot tectonic event is signified by the presence of outsized quartzite pebbles and boulders, believed to have originated in the Cape Fold Belt. A number of tectonic structures, e.g. pene-contemporaneous normal faults and large-scale convolute bedding, coupled to sandstones with basement uplift/craton interior provenance, and easterly palaeocurrent direction for the Upper Elliot Formation suggest that the first stages of inversion from a compressional to extensional tectonic regime began only in the Early Jurassic. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

This article analyzes how the notions of what counts as ‘performance poetry’ and who counts as a ‘performance poet’ differ according to context, and its focus lies on how these terms are postulated and disseminated within the South African literary scene. It offers an analysis of circumstantial factors within the South African literary community, which is explored as a site of epistemic violence. This epistemic violence unfolds through the racial micro-invalidations which are produced each time academia and media use the terms ‘performance poet’ and ‘performance poetry’ in relation to black poets and their work, without being aware of the negative implications of this. This pernicious ignorance is exposed and addressed, and so too is the conceptual system underscoring an approach that sees poetry as synonymous with the written word and which privileges the written over the oral, thereby relegating ‘performance poetry’ to an indefinite space, existing somewhere outside the national written traditions.

Research Article| December 01, 2009 INTRODUCTION R.J. DURRHEIM; R.J. DURRHEIM University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050 South Africa CSIR, South Africa, e-mail: rdurrhei@csir.co.za Corresponding author: e-mail: paul.dirks@jcu.edu.au Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A.A. NYBLADE; A.A. NYBLADE Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, e-mail: andy@geosc.psu.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P.H.G.M. DIRKS P.H.G.M. DIRKS School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa. Current Address: School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information R.J. DURRHEIM University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050 South Africa CSIR, South Africa, e-mail: rdurrhei@csir.co.za A.A. NYBLADE Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, e-mail: andy@geosc.psu.edu P.H.G.M. DIRKS School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa. Current Address: School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia Corresponding author: e-mail: paul.dirks@jcu.edu.au Publisher: Geological Society of South Africa First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1996-8590 Print ISSN: 1012-0750 © 2009 Geological Society of South Africa South African Journal of Geology (2009) 112 (3-4): 209–212. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.209 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation R.J. DURRHEIM, A.A. NYBLADE, P.H.G.M. DIRKS; INTRODUCTION. South African Journal of Geology 2009;; 112 (3-4): 209–212. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.209 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySouth African Journal of Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract AfricaArray (www.AfricaArray.org) is a 20-year initiative, started in 2005, to meet the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) requirements for continent-wide cooperation in human resources development and science capacity building. The name “AfricaArray” refers to arrays of scientists working on linked projects across the continent; arrays of shared training programmes and observational networks; and above all, a shared vision that Africa will build and retain capacity in an array of technical and scientific fields. AfricaArray was established through a partnership of three organisations, the University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, South Africa), the Council for Geoscience (Pretoria, South Africa), and the Pennsylvania State University (University Park, PA, United States of America), to address demands for a well-trained geosciences workforce in Africa by industry, government, and academia. For details about AfricaArray, the reader is referred to Dirks (2006), Nyblade et al. (2008), and Durrheim (2008). You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

South Africa has introduced compulsory acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) screening for all black immigrant workers before they are given contracts. As a result of this policy over 1000 migrant workers from Malawi Uganda Zambia and Zimbabwe have been deported because they have been found to be carriers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The South African Government claims this policy is consistent with practices in China and the US where foreign immigrants must be screened for AIDS. However South Africa does not require AIDS testing for white immigrants or foreign students. The incidence of AIDS is low in South Africa (2.24 cases/million) and predominantly confined to white homosexual men. Of the 76 cases of AIDS reported from South Africa in 1987 65 involved homosexual or bisexual men 3 were hemophiliacs 3 were related to blood transfusions and 5 were contracted through heterosexual contact. Only 1 of these cases involved a black person--a woman who contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion. On the other hand at least 2500 AIDS cases are expected in South Africa by 1991 and the pattern of the disease is expected to more closely resemble that found in other parts of Africa rather than retaining its current Western characteristics. The potential for AIDS transmission is considered to be particularly high among migrant workers in South Africas mines most of whom stay in single-sex hostels. About 6.6% of migrant workers from Malawi have been found to be HIV-positive.

Anderson, H.M., Barbacka, M., Bamford, M.K., Holmes, W.B.K. & Anderson, J.M., 10 July 2019. Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood; Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed. Alcheringa 44, 64–92. ISSN 0311-5518 Dicroidium belonging to Umkomasiaceae (Corystospermaceae) in the polyphyletic pteridosperms (seed-ferns) is reassessed comprehensively worldwide and emended. All records are analysed and some attributed to the genus previously are reclassified. Dicroidium leaves are clearly affiliated with Umkomasia ‘megasporophylls’ and Pteruchus ‘microsporophylls’. The attachments of Dicroidium leaves to stems and associated wood genera are reviewed. Dicroidium is shown to be restricted to the Triassic of Gondwana, where it is by far the most prominent and diverse genus with 23 accepted species. It is well represented in collections from South America, Antarctica, India, Australia, New Zealand and southern Africa from where the Molteno Formation is the most comprehensively sampled stratigraphic unit, yielding numerous species from 75 assemblages. The problems of defining the limits of Dicroidium and its species are addressed. The records of leaf fragments from the Indian Nidpur Flora, Early Triassic, are questionably referable to Dicroidium, whereas the multiple forking leaves from the Cisuralian of India await description as a new peltasperm genus. The forked leaves from the (?)Lopingian of Jordan, previously classified as Dicroidium, are reassessed and placed in the new genus Jordaniopteris. Heidi M. Anderson [hmsholmes@googlemail.com], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa; Maria Barbacka [maria.barbacka@gmail.com], W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, Kraków 31-512, Poland, Botanical Department, Hungarian Natural History Museumartmem H-1431, Budapest, Pf. 137, Hungary; Marion K. Bamford [marion.bamford@wits.ac.za], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa; W. B. Keith Holmes [wbkholmes@hotmail.com], 46 Kurrajong Street, Dorrigo, NSW 2453, Australia, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; John M. Anderson [jmanderson.gondwana@googlemail.com], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa.

Racist theories have been the preserve of neither one era, nor one community of people, and they have certainly crossed academic disciplines. In research examining the relations between medicine, science and racism, much has been written about the constructions of Africa as a ‘sick continent’ and of black bodies as not only ‘diseased’ but also ‘hypersexual’. In the 1980s a new syndrome – eventually called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – would draw on old images and stereotypes to apportion blame to ‘high-risk groups’, including ‘Haitians’ and ‘Africans’.Between 1980 and 1995, hegemonic AIDS narratives evident in the USA and UK influenced medico-scientific engagements with AIDS in South Africa. These early AIDS narratives constructed AIDS avatars in the form of ‘high-risk groups’ that included (white) homosexual men, (marginalised) intravenous drug users, (female) sex workers, (black) Haitian people and eventually (black) people from Africa.This article focuses on the interplay between AIDS narratives, ‘race’ and science by analysing articles from the South African Medical Journal (SAMJ). It examines how ‘race’ featured as a research category in the SAMJ, and tracks the similarities and differences in the use of racial markers in the AIDS narrative constructed in the journal compared with the international AIDS narrative. It shows too that the political context of 1980s South Africa is reflected not only in the focus on racial markers but also in concerns about ‘infected others’ from beyond the country's borders.

Personal responsibility for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infection led to the aim of this study by investigating the belief that those who live with HIV/AIDS have only themselves to blame for their calamity. Participants were drawn from high school and university students in America, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. The method used in the analysis of data was quantitative and qualitative in the form of descriptive statistics, comprising frequency, percentage, Chi-square and probability. The results showed that majority of participants rejected the statement that HIV/AIDS persons have only themselves to blame. This was in contrast with what most researchers have reported in the recent past. It was concluded that taking the position that HIV/AIDS infected persons are not to blame is dangerous, irresponsible and flawed, given its implications. Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), infection, blame, accountability, defence mechanism, personal responsibility.

What are the connections between social and political conditions and economic growth? This paper explores the uses and misuses of statistical analysis of cross-national data in addressing this question. It shows that social, political and economic indicators are linked by “webs of association”. Such webs of association suggest the possibility of distinct groupings of social indicators with differentiated impacts on economic growth. But such correlations also make it difficult to disentangle causal relationships, especially when theorizing is weak, data are badly behaved, and the number of observations is small. Although under such conditions statistical techniques can help preclude premature generalizations, they are easily overinterpreted. Nonetheless, data analysis can help identify countries that seem exceptions to the general patterns, where careful case studies may be especially valuable.

The human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still a ‘family crises’ which marks the beginning of the deterioration of the family unit and the trauma in the emotional, psychological and material lives of both the mother and child. In South African context where the majority of HIV-positive mothers are young single women who live in extended families, disclosure to the sexual partner alone is not an adequate condition for the success of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). In South Africa, close to one in three women who attend antenatal clinics are HIV positive. KwaZulu-Natal is one of the worst affected provinces, where as many as 40–60% of pregnant women attending antenatal services are living with HIV infection. The study sought to investigate the link between the home environment and its contribution to the success of the programme on PMTCT of HIV/AIDS. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual study was used in this study to explore whether the home environment for the support system is available for the HIV-positive women on the PMTCT programme. The population of this study included all women who have undergone counselling and tested HIV positive and who have joined the programme on PMTCT of HIV/AIDS in a specific hospital in KwaZulu-Natal Province. Although 14 women agreed to participate in the study, only 10 women were interviewed as saturation was attained. Data were collected using semi-structured interview schedule. Interviews were audio-taped and field notes were taken. Content analysis was used and it was done manually. This study revealed that one of the major issues still surrounding HIV/AIDS and PMTCT is that of non-disclosure, selective disclosure and the stigma and discrimination that surrounds this disease.

Research Article| June 01, 2002 U-Pb zircon age of Cape Granite Suite ignimbrites: characteristics of the last phases of the Saldanian magmatism. R. Scheepers; R. Scheepers Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, e-mail: rsc@land.sun.ac.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Poujol M. Poujol Economic Geology Research Institute-Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information R. Scheepers Department of Geology, University of Stellenbosch, Private BagX1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, e-mail: rsc@land.sun.ac.za M. Poujol Economic Geology Research Institute-Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa. Publisher: Geological Society of South Africa First Online: 07 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1996-8590 Print ISSN: 1012-0750 © 2002 Geological Society of South Africa South African Journal of Geology (2002) 105 (2): 163–178. https://doi.org/10.2113/105.2.163 Article history First Online: 07 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation R. Scheepers, M. Poujol; U-Pb zircon age of Cape Granite Suite ignimbrites: characteristics of the last phases of the Saldanian magmatism.. South African Journal of Geology 2002;; 105 (2): 163–178. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/105.2.163 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySouth African Journal of Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract The end of the Saldanian magmatic event is marked by a short period of peraluminous silicic magmatism, evident as a series of ignimbrite flows, quartz porphyry and tuffisite intrusions. There is a close relationship between high-level granitic intrusions present as granite porphyries in the Langebaan area and the volcanic event. The subvolcanic-volcanic rocks under discussion ended the fourth and final phase of the Cape Granite Suite magmatism, thus starting and ending with a peraluminous phase. U-Pb ID-TIMS zircon age determinations on the second of three mappable ignimbrite flows yielded an age of 515.5 ± 3.1Ma. Two single zircon grains with 207Pb/ 206Pb ages of ~1875Ma and ~1575 Ma respectively are interpreted to represent xenocrysts extracted from older crust or from sedimentary contaminants. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

The South African National Department of Health have successfully completed the implementation of a new decentralized patient-centred pilot pharmacovigilance programme in Mpumalanga province. The objective was to integrate the programme into the daily activities of healthcare providers at treatment level. Firstly, we carried out a one-day pre-training site visit to ascertain the training needs and readiness for the programme. Thereafter, we facilitated four one-day interactive pharmacovigilance training sessions for 69 healthcare providers. Further, we provided them with resource materials for successful program initiation at facility level. We then evaluated the effectiveness of the training and program through a before-after study. At baseline, 80 % of the workers reported no previous PV training while 7% reported an initial training when joining the facility, 4% received training at least once a year and 9% gave no response. Further, 67 % of the participants reported that they had no active pharmacovigilance programme at their institutions and only 16 % reported an active programme. The proportion of healthcare workers indicating an increased understanding of pharmacovigilance and awareness of the importance of reporting ADRs increased significantly after the training. A marked improvement in individualized patient management was also observed. We have successfully piloted a decentralized pharmacovigilance program in Mpumalanga province which has resulted in improved pharmacovigilance activities in ARV therapy. Stakeholders in South African pharmacovigilance have endorsed our model to be rolled out to the rest of the country. Key words: Pharmacovigilance, decentralized, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).

We investigated whether or not differences existed between black and white patients in Johannesburg with regard to the demographic and histological features of lung cancer. This was a retrospective case record review of patients with lung cancer, seen over seven years in the pulmonology units of three hospitals attached to the University of the Witwatersrand. Seven hundred and seventy-eight black and white patients were enrolled. Six hundred and thirty-two (77.4%) of these patients were known to have smoked. The white patients were older than the black patients [median age of 66 years (range of 32-92) vs. 57 years (range of 26-86), p-value < 0.001], and had significantly greater mean pack years of smoking (52.7 ± 21.7 vs. 21.7 ± 14.3, p-value < 0.001). [Pack years is the numerical value of lifetime exposure to cigarettes, calculated as follows: the number of cigarette smoked x years of exposure/20 (a pack of cigarettes usually has 20 cigarettes)]. Histological cell types of lung cancer were squamous cell carcinoma in 341 (43.8%), adenocarcinoma in 167 (21.5%), small cell carcinoma in 129 (16.6%) and large cell carcinoma in 68 (8.7%) of the cases. More white than black patients had small cell carcinoma (p-value 0.01). More black than white patients had large cell carcinoma (p-value 0.04). There were also differences between the genders within the two racial groups. There were significant differences in the demographics and histological features when lung cancer in black versus white patients was compared. Black patients were younger and smoked fewer cigarettes. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common cancer in all patients, except black females, in whom small cell carcinoma was more common.

As a cell biologist, one experiences some ambivalence with an enigmatic sensation on the occasion of the silver jubilee of Clinical Cytometry. This significant milestone is celebrated with ominous feelings because of the remarkable symbiosis that was forged between the birth of a new clinical diagnostic tool and the emergence of one of the most devastating infectious diseases of the 20th century. It is less then 25 years ago that the first reports surfaced about clusters of aggressive opportunistic infections appearing mysteriously in young gay men in some metropolitan areas in the United States (1, 2). The causative agent of the epidemic was unknown, yet the disease was well characterized within a very short time span as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The initial CDC definition of AIDS incorporated leukocyte subset numbers from peripheral blood. AIDS' defining condition included CD4 T-cell counts of 200 or less (3, 4). Initially, in most immunology laboratories, immunophenotyping was performed with fluorescent microcopy. But quickly, the choice of assay method shifted to flow cytometry. As the world-wide apocalyptic devastation began, cellular immunologists engaged in research had at their disposal an arsenal of reagents and instruments just waiting for an opportunity for qualitative assessment of immunodeficiency. Therefore, in a very short time, instruments that could count T-helper cells were in great demand. The epidemic had profound impact throughout the Western world, but those initial human losses paled in comparison with the carnage AIDS delivered and still is delivering in resource-poor regions of the globe. It is estimated that in 2003, over 40 million individuals live with AIDS; about 10% of this population lives in South Africa. Most of the time, significant scientific progress occurs in dull obscurity, but occasionally human curiosity prevails and the odd science story proceeds with significant fanfare. The discoverers of the structure of DNA did receive immediate accolades. However, in most instances of technical breakthroughs in diagnostics, the assessment of the day falls short of appropriate recognition. Invariably the press selects trivia to report as newsworthy science. For example, the postmortem analysis of the space shuttle disaster received phenomenal coverage. Polemical reports were bombarding us about how scientists were able to demonstrate that a piece of the foam debris at a certain velocity could have or could not have damaged critical ceramic tiles attached to the wing on that doomed and most unfortunate space vehicle. At the same time, this past July, a subcommittee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists identified the 110th element. The new chart recognizes darmstadtium (Ds) as a unique element. It was formally added to the Periodic Chart. This latter event received virtually no publicity, while the significance of the finding is relatively easy to convey to the public, as we all learned about the elements while taking high school chemistry. The low profile coverage that is often associated with our discipline was altered forever 25 years ago. Events in cytology during the early 1980s were going to unfold in a most uneventful fashion. However, with a newly discovered incredibly devastating lethal disease on the horizon, the role of the underrated flow cytometer changed forever. Because reliable diagnosing of immunodeficiency was an essential requirement, clinical cytometry was born. With flow, rapid diagnosis of AIDS was possible as early as 1981 (1). Clinical immunophenotyping was possible just a few years after the discovery of the hybridoma technology. It opened the possibility for the production of mAbs with high affinity and avidity. Between 1978 and 1981, Milstein, Reinhertz, Schlossman, Goldstein, Janossy, and many others were diligently cranking out antibody-producing murine clones and were defining and assigning function-specific roles to markers on human T- and B-cells. Flow cytometry, a laser-based technology, was photogenic and there were no serological tests available to feature. Therefore, flow cytometry profited from seemingly spontaneous and persistent press coverage. The virtuosity and veracity of the investigators' productivity a quarter-century ago expedited research capacity in immunology beyond any expectations. Unfortunately, to date the regulatory role of various T-cell subsets has not been fully resolved. The scholarly struggle to gain more knowledge in this area, including oncology, has advanced, but it is far from over. There is always a silver lining to any human catastrophe. The story of the AIDS pandemic is no exception. In this case, 25 years ago we had instrumentation to analyze peripheral blood cells, but there was no apparent wide-scale clinical application beyond differentiating various leukemia or lymphomas. We had an awesome new technology bundle that used laser power to recognize mAbs labeled with a variety of fluorochromes. The analysis included both intracellular and surface markers on leukocytes, but without relevant clinical utility. In medical diagnostics, progress is usually comparable to the work of the flow and ebb of the sea on shards of broken glass. Eventually, the sea will wash ashore a smooth mermaid's tear, a smooth-edged glass gem. Twenty-five years ago there was no time for mermaids' tears to be shed. Thanks to AIDS, practically overnight, the utility of flow cytometers became a clinical reality. A diagnostic technology was developed that harnesses simultaneously both intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of leukocytes (5). The rapid diagnosis of AIDS became possible years before the etiological agent for the disease was discovered (6). The most extensive and incredible global public health project ever undertaken that involves the use of flow cytometry is just beginning to unfold. Unprecedented large-scale administration of antiretrovirals is on its way. All this dramatic activity is occurring in resource-poor regions, on three different continents. For example, in Brazil alone there are 85 flow cytometers in the field, supported by external quality assessment programs to monitor antiretroviral drug administration. Effective triple therapy is available at $150 per year, when it is over $10,000 per year in most of Europe and North America. It is anticipated that the cost of CD4 T-cell enumeration will drop from the average $50 to under $5 in many resource-poor regions within the next 12 months. A greater than one log cost reduction of a diagnostic test will have profound effect on infectious disease control in a global context. The ultimate aim is to take advantage of this momentum and develop more advanced flow cytometers as the heart of a new universal multiplexed and multitasking diagnostic platform (7, 8). The next generation of flow-based modular platforms will open an era of affordable and comprehensive diagnostics by telemetry in the global village. Cytomics will take us to uncharted dimensions of integrated diagnostic medicine of the 21st century in a Jules Vernean vision. Stay tuned for the next 25 years.

The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is a transboundary protected area that straddles the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The park's development was partly motivated by the ecological objective of re-establishing traditional migratory wildlife routes once fences between the three countries are dismantled. Besides biodiversity conservation benefits, the park may also provide a basis to generate revenue for conservation and local economic development through tourism. This paper describes current state and private sector tourism within the GLTP and planning initiatives that may promote responsible tourism, and describes the achievements by community-based tourism enterprises and public–private partnerships in generating economic, social and environmental benefits. The livelihoods of people living in the park are outlined in relation to government policies on land redistribution, resettlement and options for the future, and progress in biodiversity conservation and responsible nature-based tourism development within the GLTP over the past five years is evaluated. 1Research Fellow, Transboundary Protected Areas Research Initiative, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. This research was supported by the BMW Chair for Sustainability, University of the Witwatersrand and the Transboundary Protected Areas Research Initiative (TPARI), an IUCN-SA programme funded through the Centre for the Integrated Study of the Human Dimensions of Global Change, Carnegie Mellon University, by way of a co-operative agreement with the National Science Foundation (SBR-9521914). Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendation expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or Carnegie Mellon. The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who commented on a draft of this paper. This paper is largely drawn from Spenceley (2005); the full paper is available at http://www.anna.spenceley.co.uk/files/Tourism%20InvestmentGLTFCAMar05.pdf