Deprivation Index for Small Areas Based on Census Data in Argentina

The study aimed at establishing the factors affecting maternal mortality in Uganda. It was guided by the following objectives; to investigating whether the number of antenatal Care visits, maternal education, age, area and region of residence had any effect on maternal mortality in Uganda. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize characteristics of the respondents, and the results presented in frequencies and percentages. Cross tabulations on the number of antenatal care visits, maternal education, region where mother comes from, age and area of residence to maternal mortality were run to establish the association between them. The Binary Logistic model was used to analyze the relationship between maternal mortality on the number of antenatal care visits, maternal education, age, area and region of residence. All the variables apart from area of residence were found to be significant at bivariate level. The study found mothers who make fewer or no ANC visits had a higher likelihood of death, both for themselves and their babies, than those who had more visits. It was also found that, mothers living in rural areas, compared to those in urban areas, are more likely to die due to pregnancy or related conditions. Maternal education, especially at secondary and tertiary levels increases the likelihood of using and attending ANC hence reducing maternal mortality. The study recommends that the government of Uganda and other stakeholders should increase efforts to enhance female education to attain favorable maternal health outcomes in the future and also to sensitize families more on the effectiveness of attending at least 3 ANC so as to reduce the scourge of maternal mortality.

Depression has a growing trend in the population worldwide. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of depression among individuals residing in rural (Ban Luang district, Nan Province) and urban (Lak Si, Bangkok) areas of Thailand. Understanding the differences in depression between these two settings can provide insights for specific targeted interventions and mental health policies. The multistage stratified random sampling was applied to select the study participants. We recruited participants from rural and urban communities in Thailand using a structured survey questionnaire through either face-to-face interviews or in paper or electronic form. We collected data on depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) tool and sociodemographic characteristics and conducted descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Of 867 survey participants, 420 were from rural areas (Nan) and 447 were from urban areas (Bangkok). Participants' mean age was 55.9±9.5 years in rural areas and 56.0±12.0 years in urban areas. Most participants in urban areas were women, married, and had lower education levels (71.1%, 50.3%, 58.8%, respectively). The overall prevalence of depression across both settings was 18.6%. We found a higher prevalence of depression in the urban (31.8%) than the rural (4.5%) setting. In multiple logistic regression analysis, urban residence was significantly associated with higher rates of depression compared with rural residence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 9.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.08-17.52). Nuclear family and using social media were associated with lower levels of depression in urban areas (AOR 0.50 and 0.43, 95% CI 0.27-0.93 and 0.22-0.84, respectively). Higher education level was significantly associated with higher levels of depression in rural areas (AOR 3.84, 95% CI 1.19-12.42). This study emphasized the difference in depression and related factors between rural and urban areas of Thailand, highlighting a greater prevalence in urban areas. To help prevent depression, it is important to address specific challenges in each setting, such as those faced by highly educated individuals living in rural areas with high depression rates, exploring social media use patterns in urban populations, and understanding dynamics of the nuclear family. Our findings can inform the development of public health policies aimed at effectively mitigating the burden of depression and improving overall mental well-being in specific settings.

Hypertension is one of the health problems of major concern in the health sector, because of morbidity and high mortality as well as the impact in the long term. Hypertension was almost total in all areas, especially urban areas, and lately there is a tendency of increase in the incidence of hypertension in rural areas many factors that can cause hypertension. One of them smoke. The nicotine contained in tobacco smoke stream side 4-5 times larger than rorkok mainstream smoke, it is most impact on secondhand smoke, especially in housewives are more exposed to cigarette smoke while her husband. The incidence of hypertension has increased in every him. In 2011 the proportion of incident hypertension of 7.89%, increasing to 8.2 in 2012 and 12.4 in 2013. This study aims to determine the factors associated with hypertension in passive smokers in the village of Bukit Mulya District of Sambas district Subah , The design of this research study Cross Sectional.Sampel 117 people were taken by purposive sampling technique using chi-square test with a confidence level of 95%. The results showed that there is a significant number of cigarettes smoked husband (p value = 0.041, PR = 2.708, 95% CI = 1.128 to 6.509), the type of cigarettes smoked husband (p value = 0,027 PR = 3.947, 95% CI = 1.194 to 13.040), where smoking husband (p value = 0.041 PR = 2.860, 95% CI = 1.121 to 7.295), the number of smokers in the family (p value = 2,400 PR 0.47, 95% CI = 1.085 to 5.309) with hypertension in passive smokers (wife). Variables that are not related diseases namely long exposure (p value = 0.328). It is advised to always be warned not to smoke in the house and avoid exposure to cigarette smoke. Keywords: Hypertension, the number of stems, type, place, the number of smokers.

Participation in physical activity (PA) is essential for the promotion of physical and mental health outcomes, but children in the UK are not meeting the recommended amounts of PA. Existing literature has linked children’s levels of physical activity to the development of motor competence. Two important components of motor competence are motor proficiency and motor creativity, however limited research has examined their prevalence and relationship in deprived young children. The aim of this study was to examine associations between motor proficiency and motor creativity, as well as to explore gender and age effects on these variables in children aged 5 to 6 years old from areas of high deprivation. This cross-sectional study was realised from the baseline data obtained from a larger project called SAMPLE-PE. A total of 360 children aged 5 to 6 years were recruited, however many children had some missing data and had to be removed from the study. The final sample included 221 children from deprived areas (low SES). The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) was used to qualitatively assesses gross motor proficiency in locomotor and ball skills; the test of Stability Skills, was used to measure the stability skill component of motor proficiency. To assess motor creativity the Divergent Movement Ability test (DMA) was used. Associations between motor proficiency and motor creativity were explored using the Pearson’s correlation (bivariate correlations) and the multilevel mixed linear regression. Children’s motor proficiency and motor creativity scores demonstrated a positive but weak relationship. Age was positively related to motor proficiency, indicating that older children demonstrated higher levels of motor proficiency; conversely, age was not associated with total motor creativity. Gender was not associated with total motor proficiency nor total motor creativity. However, gender was associated with all motor proficiency subtests, girls outperformed boys in locomotor and stability skills whereas boys demonstrated higher performance at ball skills. Gender was also associated to motor creativity object control subtest, where boys performed better than girls. The main finding revealed positive but weak associations between motor creativity and motor proficiency. This suggests that these two constructs develop by different means and strategies and are influenced by different biological, psychological and environmental factors. These results suggest that longitudinal research is needed to better understand the nature of the associations between motor creativity and motor proficiency, as well as to understand how motor creativity develops over time and between genders. Future research is needed on the influence of socioeconomic status on the relationship between motor creativity and motor proficiency.

본 연구의 목적은 임신 여성을 대상으로 산전우울의 발생 정도와 이와 관련된 영향요인을 파악하기 위함이다. D광역시 소재 종합병원 및 산부인과 병원 외래를 방문하거나 원내 특강을 받는 160명의 임부를 연구대상으로 하였으며, 우울을 측정하기 위한 도구로 한국형 EPDS(Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale)를 사용하였다. 자료분석은 서술적 통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients와 stepwise multiple regression을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 임신 여성의 우울점수는 평균 $7.80{\pm}4.86$ 점(0-30점)이었으며, 대상자의 56.3%가 정상(0-8점), 23.1%가 경계선(9-12점), 20.6%는 심각한 수준(13점 이상)인 것으로 나타났다. 임신 여성의 산전우울 영향요인으로는 주관적 건강상태, 임부스트레스, 자아존중감 순이었으며, 이 변수들은 산전우울을 36.7% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 산전우울을 예방하기 위해 이러한 변수들이 충분히 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 【The purpose of this study was to identify the rate and influencing factors on antepartum depression in pregnant women. A self-administered questionnaire-based study was performed in 160 pregnant women who visited outpatient clinics or attended special lectures of the general hospital in D metropolitan city. All participants were interviewed using the Korean version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. On the results, the mean score of antepartum depression was $7.80{\pm}4.86$ scores(0-30 scores). The percentage of all participants for EPDS scale were 56.3% with normal level, 20.6% with a boundary line and 23.1% with serious level. Influencing factors on antepartum depression were accounted for 36.7% of the total variance which consisted of perceived health status, pregnancy stress and self esteem. The results indicate that these variables should be considered in preventing depression of pregnant women.】

Differences of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption by sex and region in China: a population-based, multi-stage, cluster sampling survey

Background: Breast cancer (BC) disparities across race, socioeconomic status, and location, stress the need for equitable access to screening. In Virginia (VA), BC is a major concern, with Petersburg City having the highest mortality rate nationwide. Understanding social and structural factors’ impact on mammography accessibility may provide insights on effectively serving screening-eligible women in VA, particularly those facing greater BC burden. Also, analyzing data at the census tract level is vital for accurate accessibility assessment, mitigating county-level data skewing and disparity concealment. Objective: Examine how social and structural factors (e.g., demographics, transportation, area deprivation) influence mammography facility and unit distribution in VA. Methods: We utilized a comprehensive approach to compile and analyze data at the census tract level. We employed Poisson regression models to predict the number of mammography facilities and units within each tract. The predictor variables included the number of bus stops (VA Transit Routes & Stops GTFS), percentage of Black residents (American Community Survey), area deprivation index (ADI) scores (Neighborhood Atlas®), and vehicle ownership rates (American Community Survey), with the logarithm of the population of females aged 40-74 used as an offset to account for population size. Separate models were built for VA, our catchment area, urban areas within our catchment, and rural areas within our catchment. We exponentiated the model coefficients to obtain relative risks, indicating the multiplicative effect of each predictor on the outcome variable. Results: Study findings highlighted statistically significant disparities in the distribution of mammography facilities and units within VA. Higher ADI scores, indicating greater socioeconomic deprivation, were linked to fewer mammography units. This association was notable in our rural catchment areas (RR = 0.5492), indicating a 45.08% reduction in mammography units, in our catchment area overall (RR = 0.8653), a 13.47% decrease, and in urban catchment areas (RR = 0.8800), a 12.00% decline. Similarly, an increase in the percentage of Black residents was consistently associated with a decrease in the number of mammography units, with a relative risk of 0.8828 within our catchment area, indicating a 11.72% decrease, 0.8793 in urban areas within our catchment, signifying a 12.07% decrease, and 0.9391 statewide, showing a 6.09% decrease. Conclusions: These findings stress the need for targeted resource allocation to enhance mammography access. For instance, findings suggest a specific need for increased mammography units in rural areas and areas with higher percentages of Black women, like Petersburg (67.5% to 94.9% Black population depending on the tract), specifically within our catchment. Implications from these findings provide a unique opportunity to leverage the expertise of residents, community leaders and local representatives to identify where additional resources can be allocated. Citation Format: Bianca D. Owens, Jinlei Zhao, Katherine Y. Tossas. Toward breast health equity: Insights into mammography access across Virginia’s social and structural landscape [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C181.

The attachment can be considered as a specific behavioral pattern that is critical to healthy growth in most communities. Medical students are exposed to high levels of psychological stress while being equipped with lower levels of resilience. This study aims to determine the relationship between attachment style and the quality of life of medical students. In this cross-sectional correlational study, 150 students of Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences in 2018 were selected based on convenience sampling with consideration of inclusion criteria. Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and Quality of life questionnaire (SF- 36) were used as data gathering scale. The data were analyzed with SPSS ver.19 using the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The participants' mean quality of life score was 74.2 ± 16.7. In attachment style, 48.7% of the participants had secure attachment, 26.0% avoidant attachment, and 25.0% ambivalent attachment. The results of this study indicated a significant direct correlation between the quality of life scores and secure attachment style (p value <0.000). Also, there was a significant inverse correlation between the quality of life score and ambivalent attachment style (p value <0.000). Attachment style predicted students' quality of life. Moreover, the role of Attachment style highlighted potential areas for intervention to improve medical student well-being and provide a foundation for longitudinal follow-up.

Head injuries in adolescents in Taiwan: a comparison between urban and rural groups

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to measure food security among Syrian refugees residing in urban and rural areas in Florida. Women's education, English proficiency, and nutrition knowledge were assessed to indicate their effects on food security in this population.MethodsOne-on-one interview questionnaires were administered to Syrian refugee households residing in Florida (n=80: n=43 in rural areas and n=37 in urban areas). The main outcomes were food insecurity, nutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education.ResultsThe main outcome of this study was the food security status among Syrian refugees residing in Florida. Among the total households, 80% were food insecure, and food insecurity was greater in rural areas (60.9%) than in urban areas (39.1%). The majority (57.5%) of participants scored fair nutrition knowledge. One-way frequency analysis showed that 75% of households had inadequate English. Around 23.7% of Syrian refugee women had a high school diploma or higher. Among these women, 68.4% were residing in urban areas. The chi-squared test showed significant differences in women's education in rural and urban areas (p=0.03). Nutrition knowledge was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. The chi-squared test showed a significant difference in nutrition knowledge in urban and rural areas (p=0.04). The result of the multivariate logistic regression model indicated that the type of residence, rural vs urban areas, had an inverse significant effect on food security after controlling for our variables. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 79.9 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas (odds ratio: 0.201, 95% CI: 0.053-0.758, p=0.01).ConclusionsNutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education may be less important than types of residence. The type of residence is a contributing factor to food insecurity in Syrian refugees residing in Florida. A larger sample size would allow a clearer understanding of the relation of our variables with food insecurity.

The Clean Air Act of 1990 listed 187 air toxics that USEPA is required to control to protect public health. To uncover the spatial and temporal trends in air toxic emissions and identify higher contributing emission sources and chemicals to the total inhalation cancer risk in Illinois, we assessed USEPA’s National Emissions Inventory (NEI) data. We also analyzed the data of USEPA’s National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), which estimates inhalation cancer risk and non-cancer risks across the U.S. on census tract level. In addition, due to the prominence of diesel PM as agent that is “likely to be human carcinogen” and lack of diesel PM cancer and non-cancer risk estimates under NATA, we calculated diesel PM cancer and non-cancer risks using California EPA-developed toxicity values. We assessed spatial distribution of diesel PM and select air toxics (those which contribute most to cancer and non-cancer risks) in Cook County, IL, to support inhalation exposure and health risk mitigation efforts and guide environmental justice and health disparities research and policy. Based on our findings, Cook County, IL, is consistently the county that contributes the most to the total air emissions in Illinois in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2011 and 2014 followed by counties near it like DuPage County, Lake County, and Will County, which are more urbanized counties in Illinois. In terms of spatial and temporal distribution of NATA datasets, all the total inhalation cancer risk areas in Cook County, IL, which excludes the contribution from diesel PM, were in the acceptable range (10^-6 - 10^-4) but the inhalation cancer risk of those higher areas were close to the edge of being above the acceptable range. “On-road” emission was the greatest contributor to total inhalation cancer risk in Cook County, IL, among all studied years. Top three chemicals contributing to 2014 total inhalation cancer risk estimates in Cook County are ethylene oxide, benzene, and formaldehyde in the descending order. The spatial distribution of ethylene oxide inhalation cancer risk estimates in Cook County census tracts aligns well with that for the total inhalation excess cancer risk estimates for Cook County in 2014. This provides the evidence for the critical role that the facilities emitting ethylene oxide into the atmosphere play in cancer risk estimates locally. Most diesel PM excess cancer risk estimates in Cook County were above USEPA’s acceptable range (10^-6 to 10^-4), which is a significant public health concern. The mobile sources in urban areas in Cook County contributed the most to the diesel PM inhalation excess cancer risks. This is visually depicted with higher diesel PM cancer risks along major highways in the region in GIS maps of diesel PM cancer risks from 1999-2011. In terms of respiratory non-cancer risk analysis, acrolein, diesel PM, and formaldehyde are the highest contributing air toxics to the total respiratory non-cancer risk in Cook County, 2014, however, the respiratory non-cancer risks were all within the acceptable range per USEPA guidelines (i.e., hazard quotient less than unity).

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural...

Dengue Haemorhargic Fever was still one of the serious health problem, especially in urban area. Semarang is one of the endemic district area in central of Java with the highest incidence rate. In 1994, It had 15,24 per 10.000 population in incidence rate and 27,5 % of the house index. Three years after (1997), 124 among 177 villages ( 70,1 % ) in Semarang to be endemic. These situations may be correlated to environmental factors i.e. water supply system and the housing condition. The objectives of this study was to know the relationship between the environmental health factor with the house index in free and endemic village of dengue haemorhargic fever ( DHF ). Cross-sectional design was used in this study. Samples were taken with stratified random sampling from two villages ( 75 from free area of DHF and 75 from endemic area. The study took place in Bendan Duwur ( as endemic area ) and Ngijo ( as free area ) of DHF. The collected data would be analyzed using Chi-Square techniques at 0,05 level of significance. The results of this study, there was no relationship between environmental health factor and the house index. On the other hand, trere was relationship between the cleaning of breeding places of mosquitoes and the house index ( p = 0,013 ). Keywords: Environmental Health Factor, House Index, Semarang,1999

At present, a new rural cooperative medical system (NRCMS) is a basic system in China to guarantee medical and health conditions in rural areas, which is the achievement of continuous attempts made by government at all levels to improve medical and health services in rural areas. Against the background of constructing social security system in urban and rural areas, township governments as performers of the system should shoulder important responsibilities of guaranteeing sustainable development of NRCMS. Against background of building social security in urban and rural areas, through introduction of NRCMS, this paper fixed the role of township governments as interpersonal communicators, information senders and decision makers in implementing NRCMS, further analyzed responsibilities should be taken by township governments from four aspects, explored unperformed responsibilities by township governments in implementing NRCMS, revealed reasons for unperformed responsibilities by township governments, and strengthened responsibilities should be taken by township governments before, during and after implementing NRCMS.

This thesis investigates intermarriages between ethnic Khmer and Kinh people in a province of southern Vietnam. Khmer-Kinh interethnic marriage raises paradoxes, for the very possibility of such unions is sometimes questioned owing to the socio-economic gaps and assumed differences in cultural practices between these groups, their historical tension, and mutually unfavourable stereotypes. Nevertheless, this type of marriage is real and has been increasing in recent years. This thesis aims to explore the facilitating factors behind this type of marriage; how Khmer-Kinh couples experience their relationship with eachother and with their families; and how ethnic identity is transmitted to the children of such unions. It demonstrates that Khmer and Kinh couples engage in a dynamic process of negotiating multiple constraints and adapting to differences to make their marriages viable. This thesis draws upon in-depth interviews and observations from a field study undertaken by the author in 2012 in An Giang Province. Thirty-five Khmer-Kinh interethnic couples took part in the study that examined marriages in rural and urban areas as well as ethnically segregated and ethnically mixed settings. The participants were drawn from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and included couples made up of individuals of similar and dissimilar socio-economic standing. The findings highlight that geographical and socioeconomic disparities are significant barriers to Khmer-Kinh interethnic marriage. Historical tensions also have led to the development of pejorative stereotypes between the ethnic groups, which significantly impede the formation of such intimate unions. The findings unpack the complex factors and conditions facilitating the incidence of Khmer-Kinh interethnic marriage, highlighting the significance of modernization and development factors in bridging the geographical, social, cultural and psychological gaps between groups, and the role of new marriage markets and personal experiences in facilitating such conjugal unions. By examining couples’ relationship with each-other and with their families, I found two core factors—class disparity and cultural differences—account for many of the tensions