Derivation of the slow mechanical system

Numerous papers were published during the last decade on the normal forms of nonlinear control systems with applications in bifurcation and its control. The approach is motivated by Poincare’s theory of normal forms for classical dynamical systems using homogeneous transformations. In this paper, we summarize a variety of control system normal forms published in the literature so that the normal forms are derived in a same framework with consistent notations. Before we get into technical details, the rest of the introduction is a review of existing results on some related topics. It is well known that there are several normal forms for a linear control system. If the system is controllable then the system can be transformed into controllable or controller normal form. If the system has a linear output map and is observable then it can be transformed into observable or observer form. The nonlinear generalization of the linear controller normal forms were extensively studied during 1980’s, for instance, Krener [23], Hunt-Su [11], JackubczykRespondek [10], and Brocket [3], etc. If a nonlinear control system admits a controller normal form, it can be transformed into a linear system by a change of coordinates and feedback. Therefore, the design of a locally stabilizing state feedback control law is a straightforward task. In such a case, we say the system is feedback linearizable. On the other hand, most nonlinear systems do

Many difficult open problems in theoretical computer science center around nondeterminism. We study the fundamental problem of converting a given deterministic finite automaton (DFA) to a minimal nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA). Despite extensive work on finite automata, this fundamental problem has remained open. Recently, in [Ji91] we studied this problem and showed that this (and related) problems are computationally hard. Here we study the restriction of this problem to the case when the input DFA is over a one-letter alphabet. Even in this restricted case the problem is computationally hard even though our evidence of hardness is different from (and is weaker than) the standard ones such as NP-hardness. Let A → B denote the problem of converting a finite automaton of type A to a minimal finite automaton of type B. Our main result is that DFA → NFA, when the input is a unary cyclic DFA (a DFA whose graph is a simple cycle), is in NP but not in P unless NP ⊑ DTIME(nO(log n)). Our work was also motivated by the problem of finding structurally simple ‘normal forms’ of NFA's over a unary alphabet. We present some normal forms for minimal NFA's over a unary alphabet and present an application to lower bounds on the size complexity of an NFA. In fact, the normal form result is used in a nontrivial manner to show the NP membership result stated above.

We consider a planar vector field $X$ near a saddle type $p:-q$ resonant singular point. Assuming that it has a normal form with a Gevrey-$d$ expansion (like $d=p+q$ which is in particular the case when starting from an analytic vector field) we show that $X$ can be linearized working with a change of coordinates that is of Gevrey order $d$ in certain $\log$-like variables, called compensators or also tags, multiplied by the first integral $u=x^qy^p$ of the linear part. Next we consider the unfolding of such a resonance, and provide (weaker) Gevrey-type linearization using compensators.

This chapter provides a new geometric algorithm to overcome some obstructions that cannot be handled by those results proposed in Chaps. 3 and 4. This result is based on those presented in Chaps. 3 and 4, by adding an auxiliary dynamics into the studied nonlinear systems. Necessary and sufficient geometric conditions are deduced to guarantee the existence of such an auxiliary dynamics and a change of coordinates to transform the nonlinear dynamical system together with that added auxiliary dynamics into an observer normal form [9]. Unlike the normal form (3.3) and (4.3), the desired observer normal form in this chapter will be a function of the output and the auxiliary variables which are used to define the auxiliary dynamics. Moreover, this algorithm enables us to compute the auxiliary dynamics as well as the change of coordinates. This chapter only deals with the case of scalar extended dynamic, and gives an example to illustrate the possibility to do as well high-dimensional extension.

On the local normalization of a vector field at a degenerate critical point

This paper discusses finite grammar forms. In particular, results concerning successor and nonsuccessor families, as well as normal form (with respect to minimality) results are obtained. Interconnections with recent work concerning graph families are also pointed out.

A Procedure towards Linearizing Dynamic Feedback

For charged black holes in Horava-Lifshitz gravity, a second order phase transition takes place in extended phase space where the cosmological constant is taken as thermodynamic pressure. We relate the second order nature of phase transition to the fact that the phase transition occurs at a sharp temperature and not over a temperature interval. Once we know the continuity of the first derivatives of the Gibbs free energy, we show that all the Ehrenfest equations are readily satisfied. We study the effect of the perturbation of the cosmological constant as well as the perturbation of the electric charge on thermodynamic stability of Horava-Lifshitz black hole. We also use thermodynamic geometry to study phase transition in extended phase space. We investigate the behavior of scalar curvature of Weinhold, Ruppeiner, and Quevedo metric in extended phase space of charged Horava-Lifshitz black holes. It is checked if these curvatures could reproduce the result of specific heat for the phase transition.

<abstract><p>We present an approach to Lyapunov theorems about a center for germs of analytic vector fields based on the Poincaré–Dulac and Birkhoff normal forms. Besides new proofs of three Lyapunov theorems, we prove their generalization: if the Poincaré–Dulac normal form indicates the existence of a family of periodic solutions, then such a family really exists. We also present new proofs of Weinstein and Moser theorems about lower bounds for the number of families of periodic solutions; here, besides the normal forms, some topological tools are used, i.e., the Poincaré–Hopf formula and the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category on weighted projective spaces.</p></abstract>

The phase transitions of charged Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes are characterized by studying null geodesics in the vicinity of the critical curve of photon trajectories around black holes as well as their optical appearance as the black hole images. In the present work, the critical parameters including the orbital half-period $$\tau ,$$ τ , the angular Lyapunov exponent $$\lambda _L,$$ λ L , and the temporal Lyapunov exponent $$\gamma _L$$ γ L are employed to characterize black hole phase transitions within both the extended phase space and holographic thermodynamics frameworks. Under certain conditions, we observe multi-valued function behaviors of these parameters as functions of bulk pressure and temperature in the respective approaches. We propose that $$\tau ,$$ τ , $$\lambda _L,$$ λ L , and $$\gamma _L$$ γ L can serve as order parameters due to their discontinuous changes at first-order phase transitions. To validate this, we provide detailed analytical calculations demonstrating that these optical critical parameters follow scaling behavior near the critical phase transition point. Notably, the critical exponents for these parameters are found to be 1/2, consistent with those of the van der Waals fluid. Our findings suggest that static and distant observers can study black hole thermodynamics by analyzing the images of regions around the black holes.

We consider the gauged model of Siegel type chiral boson with a Lorentz non-covariant mass-like term for the gauge fields which is found to be equivalent to a model of boson where the kinetic term is like the kinetic term of Floreanini-Jackiw type chiral boson. We carry out the quantization of gauge non-invariant version this model in both the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation. The quantization of the gauge-invariant version of this model in the extended phase space also has been carried out in the Lagrangian formulation. The gauge-invariant version of this model in the extended phase space is found to map onto the physical phase space with the appropriate gauge fixing condition. BRST symmetry associated with this model has been studied with different gauge fixing terms. It has been shown that the same model shows off-shell as well as on-shell BRST invariance depending on the choice of gauge fixing term.

Geometrical thermodynamics and P-V criticality of charged accelerating AdS black holes

We develop a general compactification framework to facilitate analysis of nonautonomous ODEs where nonautonomous terms decay asymptotically. The strategy is to compactify the problem: the phase space is augmented with a bounded but open dimension and then extended at one or both ends by gluing in flow-invariant subspaces that carry autonomous dynamics of the limit systems from infinity. We derive the weakest decay conditions possible for the compactified system to be continuously differentiable on the extended phase space. This enables us to use equilibria and other compact invariant sets of the limit systems from infinity to analyze the original nonautonomous problem in the spirit of dynamical systems theory. Specifically, we prove that solutions of interest are contained in unique invariant manifolds of saddles for the limit systems when embedded in the extended phase space. The uniqueness holds in the general case, that is even if the compactification gives rise to a centre direction and the manifolds become centre or centre-stable manifolds. A wide range of problems including pullback attractors, rate-induced critical transitions (R-tipping) and nonlinear wave solutions fit naturally into our framework, and their analysis can be greatly simplified by the compactification.

This paper generalizes the Huet and Lévy theory of normalization by neededness to an abstract setting. We define Stable Deterministic Residual Structures (SDRS) and Deterministic Family Structures (DFS) by axiomatizing some properties of the residual relation and the family relation on redexes in an Abstract Rewriting System. We present two proofs of the Relative Normalization Theorem, one for SDRSs for regular stable sets, and another for DFSs for all stable sets of desirable ‘normal forms’. We further prove the Relative Optimality Theorem for DFSs. We extend this result to deterministic Computation Structures which are deterministic Event Structures with an extra relation expressing self-essentiality.

Torsion angles are the natural degrees of freedom of protein structures. The ability to determine torsional variations corresponding to observed changes in Cartesian coordinates is highly valuable, notably to investigate the mechanisms of functional conformational changes or to develop computational models of protein dynamics. This issue is far from trivial in practice since the impact of modifying one torsion angle strongly depends on all other angles, and the compounding effects of small variations in bond lengths and valence angles can completely disrupt a protein fold. We demonstrate that naive strategies, such as directly comparing torsion angles between structures without correcting for variations in bond lengths and valence angles or fitting torsional variations without a proper regularization scheme, fail at producing an adequate representation of conformational changes in internal coordinates. In contrast, rescaled ridge regression, a method recently introduced to regularize multidimensional regressions with correlated explanatory variables, is shown to consistently identify a minimal set of torsion angles variations that closely reproduce changes in Cartesian coordinates. This torsional representation of conformational changes is shown to be robust to the choice of experimental structures. It also provides a better agreement with theoretical models of protein dynamics than the Cartesian representation, regarding notably the predominance of low-frequency normal modes in functional motions and the presence, in predicted equilibrium dynamics, of hints of natural selection for specific functional motions. The software is available at https://github.com/ugobas/tnm .