Desalination process in microgrid based management platform

An artificial neural network (ANN) was created to predict the operation of a reverse osmosis desalination process, and then it was utilized to supply water temperature modeling. The techniques used for producing the new water by utilizing the water treatment process and desalination of seawater process are growing rapidly. Desalination produces water for residential use, the processing industry, water supply, and other reasons. Membrane procedures (Reverse Osmosis RO) or thermal desalination are always the most common desalination techniques. The optimization process consists of some units such as coagulation, sedimentation, disinfection, settling, and filtration. The process of desalination has various parameters such as vacuum pressure, feed salt concentration, temperature feed into the inlet, and rate of feed flow. For the desalination process, reverse osmosis is the most helpful process for desalination that can be coupled with more variable renewable energy sources are wind and solar. Using a couple of renewable energy to produce freshwater from saltwater can able to reduce the impact on the environment that desalination can create due to the power consumption of energy. The optimization of water treatment and desalination experimental results was developed by the model of an artificial neural network (ANN).

Low energy desalination and wind energy — sustainable solutions for drinking water production

Although current water desalination technologies are mature enough and advanced, the shortage of freshwater is still considered as one of the most pressing global issues. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to explore and investigate new potential methods with low energy consumption. It is well-known that polymer hydrogel network has the ability to absorb water via swelling. In the case of polyelectrolyte hydrogels, the charges localized on the polymer chains, which mainly drive the swelling pressure inside the hydrogel, can also separate added salt via charge-based selectivity (Donnan exclusion). When combining this material with a temperature-sensitive polymer, the heat generated by solar energy can trigger the desorption process via conformational change of polymer chains. Hence, hydrogels designed from both materials, polyelectrolyte and thermo-responsive polymer can reduce the salinity of water, such as brackish water by means of reversible thermally-induced absorption and desorption desalination processes. In addition, the desorption process can also be achieved based solely on a polyelectrolyte hydrogel system by altering the ionization of charges within the hydrogel via pH. In this thesis, hydrogel-based water desalination process were developed using acrylic acid (AAc)/sodium acrylate (SA)-based polyelectrolytes as the charge-based separation function, alone or with a combination of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) as thermo-responsive comonomer. In the latter case, a series of chemically cross-linked polymeric hydrogels were synthesized via either free radical-initiated copolymerization or reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, thus realizing different macromolecular architecture. According to the nature of hydrogels, the reversible sorption/desorption state were triggered by either chemical stimulus (pH), or physical stimulus (heat) as the thermo-responsive polymer introduced into the hydrogels. In detail, the effect of hydrogel composition as well as the influence of the macromolecular architecture on the swelling/deswelling behavior for the synthesized hydrogels were studied. For this, their properties including their responses to external stimuli were investigated, and their ability to desalinate brackish water as well as the effciency of such desalination process were evaluated. Generally, the results demonstrated correlations between macromolecular architecture of the network structure and their performance in the proposed desalination process, such as salt rejection and desalination capacity. Moreover, the potential of the best performance materials for applications was also discussed.

Optimal design of a hybrid solar-wind power to drive a small-size reverse osmosis desalination plant

Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analyses of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant with energy recovery

Impact of desalination plants fluid effluents on the integrity of seawater, with the Arabian Gulf in perspective

ERD for small SWRO plants

Feasibility and optimal sizing analysis of hybrid PV/Wind powered seawater desalination system: A case study of four ports, Egypt

This paper aims to develop a Smart Energy Management System based on an artificial intelligence technique of a brackish water reverse osmosis desalination plant powered by stand-alone hybrid (PV/Wind) renewable sources. This system aims to meet the freshwater demand of an isolated community in a specific site of Tunisia’s south. This study is characterized by a hydraulic storage in water tanks instead of electrochemical storage. For this purpose, a power management based on an Artificial Neural Network was developed to share power between three motor-pumps (High pressure pump, Low pressure pumps). The different components of the system (the motor-pumps, reverse osmosis, tanks, photovoltaic system and wind system) are defined with their energy models in order to size the system. This smart management is integrated in a dynamic simulator of the proposed system. The proposed strategy deals to maximize freshwater production taking interest in the available renewable energy.

Climate change and water scarcity has pushed more countries with direct ocean access to seek desalination solutions to face part of their need for domestic water networks or industrial usage, while conserving coastal ecosystems. Seawater monitoring is crucial in implementing a desalination plant as it ensures the efficiency and sustainability of the desalination process, especially in the case of a plant powered by renewable energy sources. Seawater is the main input of desalination processes and coastal areas are the locations of the release of the salty waste. An autonomous buoy can be used to monitor the seawater parameters which are essential to sizing a desalination plant.There have been recent developments of autonomous buoy systems for monitoring different water parameters, however lacking in certain aspects. Some of the elements of these buoys include limited range of data transmission, high-cost designs, immobility and limited number and types of sensors. Also, there has been lacking implementation of autonomous buoys used in development of desalination plants. The proposed low-cost autonomous buoy is designed and constructed using cost effective materials. It increases the possibility of multiplying the sensor count to have a more accurate data mapping system. The low cost provides the opportunity of having more devices where there is a higher probability of equipment loss due to possible theft or remoteness of travel. The power supply is an oversized solar array with a backup battery and solar charger. An Arduino microcontroller is connected to two probes and a GPS sensor. The data is logged on a SD memory card with data transmitted via the Iridium satellite constellation, consisting of 75 satellites. There are two parts of construction involved in the project: the construction of the outer shell of the buoy and the design of the inner circuitry and components. The project involves multiple steps of experimentation: first in a laboratory/controlled area then deployed in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The various steps ensure the data collected by the sensors is reliable, valid, and suitable for scientific research. After this successful implementation, the buoy will be adapted and deployed in the Caribbean Sea surrounding Jamaica.Initial results show a promising possibility of measuring seawater parameters such as GPS location, salinity, and sea surface temperature for any body of water. Utilizing the span of the Iridium satellite communication system, this ensures that virtually all regions of the Earth can be measured. The sizing of the solar powering components allows for at least 1 year of monitoring in the worst-case scenario and 4-5 years in the best-case scenario. The integration of autonomous buoys in the desalination process enhances efficiency in the plant design stages and reduces potential costs which contributes to the optimization of the desalination system. The environmental integration and the operation of the plant will be improved as a result of the enhanced assessment of the input and waste release conditions. Keywords: Seawater Monitoring, Remote Sensing, Desalination, Autonomous buoy, Autonomous measurements 

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the presented object, namely mineral waters in the modern world have a huge potential and play an important role in farming, the coal industry, and in many other fields of life. Mineral water desalination technologies also affect the environment, so there are requirements for improving the methods of recycling brines and regenerative solutions in the desalination of water, due to which it is possible to make a substantial contribution to meeting the requirements of a number of consumers. The purpose of the study is to conduct an experiment, as a result of which recommendations will be made to eliminate errors and improve the quality of various methods of desalination of mineral waters and prevent the problem of disposal of brine, which, when discharged into reservoirs or evaporative sites, substantially worsen the ecological situation. Among the methods used are analytical, experimental, functional, statistical, classification, synthesis. In the course of the study, the features of mineral waters were noted, errors that were made during treatment, and the causes of their occurrence were analysed, and difficulties in the field of coal industry enterprises were analysed: the formation of water, its composition, properties, and degree of impact on the environment. It is important to understand the possibilities of various methods that allow choosing the best technological modes of operation of water treatment processes and successfully solving environmental problems with minimal consumption of reagents, water, and its discharge to the external environment. The practical value lies in the fact that the results obtained can be useful for the industry where mineral resources are extracted and processed, for researchers engaged in the development of new desalination methods, and can substantially reduce production costs and ensure the ecology of the process.

Utilization of plasma in water desalination and purification

Arid zones with less than a thousand inhabitants, remotely situated from large scale sources of power and potable water, are candidates for implementation of small scale Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Electrodialysis (ED) desalination processes using power supplied by Photovoltaic generation (PV). An ED/PV combination may only compete with an RO/PV combination for the desalination of unpolluted brackish water with low salinity. Energy and cost efficiencies depend on raw water quality, climate, accessible energy sources, number of consumers and demand per head, potentials for cogeneration (water and power) and hybridisation, industrial and educational environments. A selection of 10 plant configurations, including different processes and a wide range of capacities, is presented with typical design information and exemplary analysis of life cycle performance for specific sites. Results show that plant capacity should not be too small, power recovery should be provided wherever feasible, and any opportunity for cogeneration should be exploited. Hybridisation reduces levelised costs of electricity and water and increases the reliability of a minimum water supply under emergency conditions.

Nowadays, shortage of the water resources is a global issue. Water desalination is a solution that can be used to solve the water shortage problem. Several methods have been proposed for water desalination and are categorized to membrane and non-membrane procedures. The most popular membrane processes are electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO); in contrast, the most popular non- membrane processes are capacitive deionization (CDI) and distillation. All water desalination procedures need energy supplies. The solar and Photovoltaic (PV) energy is potentially a desirable green energy supply for water desalination especially for non-residential areas where the grid is not available. In areas such as deserts and offshore stations, the PV solar energy is a practical and cost effective solution for water desalination systems. Where the grid connection is available, the PV and solar desalination systems produce fewer emissions. The PV energy needs to be processed through power electronic power conditioning systems. This paper proposes the application of PV power and solar energy to supply the water desalination systems.

Towards sustainability in water-energy nexus: Ocean energy for seawater desalination