Design and Analysis Considerations

Summary This paper provides an overview of design and life-cycle considerations for certain unconventional-reservoir wells. An overview of unconventional-reservoir definitions is provided. Well design and life-cycle considerations are addressed from three aspects: upfront reservoir development, initial well completion, and welllife and long-term considerations. Upfront-reservoir-development issues discussed include well spacing, well orientation, reservoir stress orientations, and tubular metallurgy. Initial-well-completion issues include maximum treatment pressures and rates, treatment diversion, treatment staging, flowback and cleanup, and dewatering needs. Well-life and longterm discussions include liquid loading, corrosion, refracturing and associated fracture reorientation, and the cost of abandonment. These design considerations are evaluated with case studies for five unconventional-reservoir types: shale gas (Barnett shale), tight gas (Jonah feld), tight oil (Bakken play), coalbed methane (CBM) (San Juan basin), and tight heavy oil (Lost Hills field). In evaluating the life cycle and design of unconventional-reservoir wells, "one size" does not fit all and valuable knowledge and a shortening of the learning curve can be achieved for new developments by studying similar, more-mature fields.

The first part of this paper deals with the basic photodiode unit, its principle of operation, and the factors that affect the photodiode and array sensitivity. Experimental results of the planar Si p/sup +/-n photodiode are presented. Design and layout considerations including the integration time are also given. The second part of this paper deals with scanning of photodiode arrays. Detail design considerations are given for a static MOST ring counter. A dynamic shift register with clocked loads for integral scanning is also considered. Design considerations of a realized photosensing matrix with integral scanning are given. Finally, scanning problems of large arrays are briefly considered.

Review of anthropometric considerations for tractor seat design

Considerations for sociotechnical design: experiences with an electronic patient record in a clinical context

This dissertation explores the potential of a virtual reality serious game to help people understand the complexity of a nature-based attraction, and leverage this to cultivate a connectedness to the ecosystem, working towards increasing pro-environmental behaviour. Specifically, this research examines what design considerations are necessary in working towards these goals. To this end, the opportunities in the tourism space for serious games and virtual reality were investigated through a site visit and subsequent pilot application. The opportunities were used to create a set of objectives for a virtual reality serious game artefact. Through several iterations the artefact was developed and modified, and was used to analyse the design considerations relevant to building a videogame around a nature-based tourism attraction. Further to this, design considerations around influencing a player’s connectedness to the attraction were investigated. Iterations One and Two were developed as part of Associate Professor Alexandra Coghlan’s project on VR games and reef conservation through tourism. The final iteration formed part of this dissertation. Utilising a Design Science methodology, the artefact was developed through a series of iterative activities. The Design, Play, Experience (DPE) Framework, a serious game specific extension of the Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) Framework, is used to guide the development and evaluation process. While design considerations for creating serious games exists in literature, theory has neglected those specific to nature-based attractions and those around creating a connection between real-world attractions and players. Through the iterative process, a virtual reality serious game is created around the Great Barrier Reef, the chosen nature-based tourism attraction context for the work. Involvement in the project during the Pilot, Iteration One and Iteration Two was as a paid employee for Associate Professor Alexandra Coghlan. Through the first two iterations of design science, the work identifies a series of design considerations for creating virtual reality serious games about nature-based tourism attractions for visitors. From a gameplay perspective, designers can look to engage players with non-typical elements of the attraction, while using both completely player-controlled and completely simulated events and actions from the attraction to show the attraction’s complexity. Towards teaching visitors about the attraction, designers shouldn’t focus on accuracy but interpretation when representing the environment and allow the player to conduct detrimental activities so they can see the consequences of those actions. Designers can utilize virtual reality to showcase unique perspectives, both from a literal vantage point in the attraction, and to help embody the player as the attraction. Finally, designers can create a visual language that separates the videogame components and the simulated real-world components to ensure visitors know how to interpret various elements. Through the final iteration of design science, the work identifies several more design considerations pertaining specifically to creating a sense of connectedness between the visitor and the tourism attraction. Designers should highlight knowledge about the attraction that pertains to its struggles or threats not necessarily to for visitors to remember, but to create emotional moments. Designers should find ways to evoke different emotions from a typical visit to the attraction or find ways to evoke similar emotions towards different elements of the attraction. Designers can consider the emotional journey the visitor goes on while playing the videogame and make clear connections to the real-world attraction through various stages of their journey. Designers can highlight actions that mimic pro-environmental behaviour in the videogame to help visitors continue those actions in the real-world. The findings seek to better enable videogame creators and designers to create systems around complex ecosystems, towards encouraging pro-environmental behaviour in players. The significance of this dissertation is that it gives videogame designers new lenses to look at their designs through, to better capture the complexity of an ecosystem into a simplified, interactive and educational videogame, while ensuring their videogame brings people closer emotionally to the attraction.

The ability to effectively enhance production through hydraulic fracturing is dependent on an accurate description of the reservoir production mechanism(s). Fracture designs may differ greatly depending on the production mechanism(s). The complex nature of hydraulically fractured reservoirs in which the predominant production mechanism is a set of interconnected, naturally occurring fractures is investigated in this paper. The paper integrates general reservoir simulation results with actual field data from a naturally fractured reservoir in the Piceance Basin, Colorado. The study investigates a variety of natural fracture/matrix properties and compares the productivity of these naturally fractured reservoirs to homogeneous reservoirs with the same average flow capacity. The paper also investigates the influence of natural fracture anisotropy on hydraulic fracture design. The effect of damage to the natural fracture system is illustrated and compared to analogous homogeneous reservoirs. The economic considerations associated with many of the reservoir production mechanisms are presented. The results of the reservoir simulations indicate that optimum fracture lengths for isotropic, naturally fractured reservoirs are identical to those estimated for homogeneous reservoirs having the same average flow capacity. Therefore, accepted fracture design considerations to determine optimal fracture length and conductivity can be used in isotropic, naturally fractured reservoirs based on the average flow capacity of the reservoir. However, fracture design considerations are more complex when the effects of natural fracture damage and anisotropy are encountered.

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a complex process and often requires more control relative to conventional applications during production operations. Flow Control Devices (FCDs) have been identified as a technology that offers improved efficiency of the process while simplifying the operations. The first FCD completions were installed in SAGD wells in Canada over a decade ago with the intention of improving the steam chamber conformance and reducing the steam-oil ratio (SOR). While it is widely understood that FCD completions, for the most part, have helped achieve the desired uplift for SAGD producers, further optimization could be made on future completion designs and operation strategy by looking at actual performance data from previous installations. The objective of the study was to obtain key design parameters and considerations for future FCD completion designs. The majority of FCD completions in MacKay River were tubing deployed, installed in previously producing wellbores (retrofit). This study looks at 11 wells that were completed with a Baker Hughes FCDs. The analysis was broken down into 2 segments: production analysis and modelling. Production strategy implemented for each well was taken into account to eliminate variances. The modelling used a combination of steady state simulation (presented in this paper) and numerical simulation (to be presented in part II). The study showed that TD FCDs improve the performance of SAGD well pairs when implemented in the appropriate candidate wells. An important outcome was the development of a candidate wells’ selection criteria, to ensure the retrofit completion improved performance and did not exacerbate other problems. Furthermore, design consideration were identified to improve the performances of future TD FCD installations.

Individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) and mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety have complex health needs and experience significant challenges with care coordination. Approaches to enhance care for patients with MCCs typically focus on eliciting patients' values to identify and align treatment priorities across patients and providers. However, these efforts are often hindered by both systems- and patient-level barriers, which are exacerbated for patients with co-occurring mental health symptoms. Technology-enabled services (TES) offer a promising avenue to facilitate values elicitation and promote patient-centered care for these patients, though TES have not yet been tailored to their unique needs. This study aimed to identify design and implementation considerations for TES that facilitate values elicitation among patients with MCCs and depression or anxiety. We sought to understand the preferences of both clinicians and patients for TES that could bridge the gap between mental and physical health care. Using human-centered design methods, we conducted 7 co-design workshops with 18 participants, including primary care clinicians, mental health clinicians, and patients with MCCs and depression or anxiety. Participants were introduced to TES prototypes that used various formats (eg, worksheets and artificial intelligence chatbots) to elicit and communicate patients' values. Prototypes were iteratively refined based on participant feedback. Data from these sessions were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to uncover themes related to service, technology, and implementation considerations. Three primary themes were identified. (1) Service considerations: TES should help patients translate elicited values into actionable treatment plans and include low-burden, flexible activities to accommodate fluctuations in their mental health symptoms. Both patients and clinicians indicated that TES could be valuable for improving appointment preparation and patient-provider communication through interpersonal skill-building. (2) Technology considerations: Patients expressed openness to TES prototypes that used artificial intelligence, particularly those that provided concise summaries of appointment priorities. Visual aids and simplified language were highlighted as essential features to support accessibility for neurodiverse patients. (3) Implementation considerations: Clinicians and patients favored situating values elicitation in mental health care settings over primary care and preferred self-guided TES that patients could complete independently before appointments. Findings indicate that TES can address the unique needs of patients with MCCs and mental health challenges by facilitating values-based care. Key design considerations include ensuring TES flexibility to account for fluctuating mental health symptoms, facilitating skill-building for effective communication, and creating user-friendly technology interfaces. Future research should explore how TES can be integrated into health care settings to enhance care coordination and support patient-centered treatment planning. By aligning TES design with patient and clinician preferences, there is potential to bridge gaps in care for this complex patient population.

Experiences in using composite skin material on an aeroelastic research wing used in flight flutter testing are described. Significant variations in skin shear modulus due to stress and temperature were encountered with the original fiberglass laminate skin designed to minimize wing torsional stiffness. These variations along with the sensitivity of wing torsional stiffness to the skin-to-frame attachment method complicated the structural model vibration mode predictions. A wing skin redesign with different fiber orientation and a reduction in the amount of skin-to-frame bonding resulted in more predictable modal characteristics without sacrificing design objectives. Design and modeling considerations for future applications are discussed.

Fast-heating electronic systems are becoming increasingly important in military applications. Operational requirements in the range of 10 to 12 seconds must be accomplished with a combination of tube and circuit design. Definitions of tube and system operational time are numerous and interrelated so that selection of an appropriate test depends on the circuit application, ease of measurement, and test equipment capabilities. Circuit designs which minimize differences among tubes will also minimize drift during warm-up so that a stable operating point is reached more quickly. Properties of the vacuum tube classed as detrimental, such as interelectrode leakages, are more critical in fast operational tubes. Gains in operational time are achieved by: (1) reduction of the heated mass, (2) high cathode activation, and (3) reduction of conduction losses. General design considerations of the heater, cathode, and tube assembly are discussed. Six tube types encompassing subminiatures, miniature, hydrogen thyratron, and power triodes were developed and produced which function at 10 seconds in a fast operational system, tube characteristics are given. (auth)

High performance stabilized EO/IR surveillance and targeting systems are in demand for a wide variety of military, law enforcement, and commercial assets for land, sea, air, and space. Operating ranges, wavelengths, and angular resolution capabilities define the requirements for EO/IR optics and sensors, and line of sight stabilization. Many materials and design configurations are available for EO/IR pointing gimbals depending on trade-offs of size, weight, power (SWaP), performance, and cost. Space and high performance military aircraft applications are often driven toward expensive but exceptionally performing beryllium and aluminum beryllium components. Commercial applications often rely on aluminum and composite materials. Gimbal design considerations include achieving minimized mass and inertia simultaneous with demanding structural, thermal, optical, and scene stabilization requirements when operating in dynamic operational environments. Manufacturing considerations include precision lapping and honing of ball bearing interfaces, brazing, welding, and casting of complex aluminum and beryllium alloy structures, and molding of composite structures. Several notional and previously developed EO/IR gimbal platforms are profiled that exemplify applicable design and manufacturing technologies.

Design considerations of a choice experiment to estimate likely participation by north Australian pastoralists in contractual biodiversity conservation.

Applications of pedagogical agent (PA) systems incorporating animated characters in school settings have mainly addressed students at an individual level. However, how these systems could be used and designed for supporting teachers while taking advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is an open question. Therefore, we carried out a focus group to understand what teachers would expect and need from such a system at a classroom level. Our focus group protocol sought to discover design and practical considerations in four dimensions. 1) System design considerations, where teachers expect the system to incorporate speech recognition and to “learn” from them while doing their practice. 2) System collaboration, teachers wanted support in their pedagogy by considering students’ achievement profiles, and by finding and sorting learning material as needed. 3) PA role in the classroom, we identified the following roles: annotator, scaffolder, peacekeeper, and substitute. 4) PA ethical considerations, teachers perceive PA as a possible replacement threat and controversial opinions on the use and meaning making of this technology. We discuss our findings and present future research directions to develop a PA that could empower teachers with AI pedagogy in the classroom, hence, indirectly supporting learning.KeywordsPedagogical agentClassroom level technologyArtificial intelligence pedagogyFocus groupEducational technology

The Population Studies Research Network of Cancer Care Ontario hosted a strategic planning workshop to establish an agenda for a prevention intervention research program in Ontario, including priority topics for investigation and design considerations. The two-day workshop included: presentations on background papers developed to facilitate participants' preparation for and discussions in the workshop; keynote presentations on intervention research concerning primary prevention of chronic diseases, design and study implementation considerations; a dedicated session on critical and creative thinking to stimulate participation and discussion topics; break out groups to identify, discuss and present study ideas, designs, implementation considerations; and a consensus process to discuss and identify recommendations for research priorities and next steps. The retreat yielded the following recommendations: 1) develop an intervention research agenda that includes working with existing large-scale cohorts; 2) develop an intervention research agenda that includes novel research designs that could target individuals or groups; and 3) develop an intervention research agenda in which studies collect data on costs, define stakeholders, and ensure clear strategies for stakeholder engagement and knowledge transfer. The Population Studies Research Network will develop options from these recommendations and release a call for proposals in 2014 for intervention research pilot projects that reflect these recommendations. Pilot projects will be evaluated based on their fit with the retreat's recommendations, and their potential to scale up to full studies and application in practice.

This article examines the design and implementation considerations for training programs for language buddy mentors supporting students with migration backgrounds. Drawing on ongoing experiences and preliminary observations from the AMIF Language Buddy project, it discusses theoretical and practical training modules designed to prepare peer mentors for communicative support roles. Key challenges include addressing trauma-informed communication in training, balancing theoretical frameworks with practical skills, and ensuring mentor readiness for complex linguistic-cultural situations. Potential benefits explored include developing mentors' intercultural competencies, creating structured preparation for inclusive practice, and establishing quality standards for peer support. The article offers conceptual insights and design considerations for educators planning mentor training programs.