Design and Development of IoT Based Aeroponics Growbox

The financial and economic mechanism of balanced use of natural resources includes a wide specification of environmental, organizational, economic and financial instruments. The author's vision of the multi-vector nature of the ecological and economic assessment of water resources is outlined, which is a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the use and management of water resources for making informed decisions with the determination of priorities for Ukraine. It is substantiated that formation of fundamental scientific bases for the evaluation of water resources of Ukraine should be based on the use of ecological and economic approaches, in particular: ecological dimension, economic analysis, social dimension, technical analysis, legal and regulatory context, risk analysis, climate change analysis, water infrastructure projects, water conflict management, environmental impact monitoring and assessment, alternative scenarios. A study of publicly available data on the assessment of the use of water resources of Ukraine was conducted. Based on the results of the study, we proposed the structure of a multi-vector model of the tools of the ecological and economic mechanism of water resources assessment, which is systematized according to interrelated instrumental blocks: ecological dimension — assessment of the impact of any water projects or activities on natural ecosystems, aquatic biological resources, and water quality; economic analysis — consideration of economic indicators; social dimension — assessment of the impact of projects on society; technical analysis — analysis of technical solutions, engineering aspects and technological parameters of water projects; legal and regulatory context — consideration of relevant legislative and regulatory requirements; analysis — risk assessment of possible risks and development of strategies for their management. The ecological and economic approach helps ensure balanced use of water resources, taking into account the needs of humanity and the requirements of the environment. On the basis of the multi-vector nature of the ecological and economic assessment of water resources, recommendations on environmental protection, optimal use of resources, social impact of projects, risk management strategies and other important aspects can be provided. The author's approach to theoretical-methodological approaches and methodological provisions regarding the formation of a model of tools for the ecological-economic mechanism of water resources assessment, the effective influence of which is aimed at balancing the ecological, economic and social components of the use of water resources of Ukraine, is proposed. It is substantiated that the functioning of multi-directional tools of the ecological and economic mechanism will ensure both greening and increasing the economic and social effectiveness of the use of water resources, the consolidation of management aspects around strategic tasks and priorities determined by the Basic principles of the state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030.

The importance of developing and optimizing the structure of a modern payment system, which will facilitate not only the accumulation of these funds in the budget, but also to make relevant management decisionson their allocation for conservation measures and restoration of lost aquatic ecosystem functions was demonstrated. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is the key concepts of modern economic theory, economics of environmental management and sustainable development, international ecosystem ecosystem accounting, institutional and neo-institutional theories related to the problem of scientific substantiation of payments for the use of resources and services of aquatic ecosystems. The key elements of the structure of payments for the use of water resources in Ukraine (rent for special water use, environmental tax for discharges of pollutants into water bodies, rent for water bodies, fines) are studied and analytical evaluation of these taxes were studied and performed their analytical evaluation. The main factors of low efficiency of payments for the use of aquatic ecosystem resources are identified. It is proposed scientific concepts to optimize the structure of payments for the use of resources and services of aquatic ecosystems taking into account the best models of international experience. Attention was focused on the necceserity of the creation in Ukraine a special extra-budgetary National Environmental Fund of Water Resources in the form of a legal entity, similar to the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland, with the aim of accumulating payments for water ecosystem services and introducing tools to stimulate and support water protection measures. Perspectives for further research on this issue, in particular, with regard to the formation of a comprehensive strategic ecosystem approach to the introduction of payments for the use of resources and services of aquatic ecosystems, development of modern methodological approaches to assessing the services of aquatic ecosystems and formation of an optimal structure of payments for the use of water resources, taking into account their functional characteristics were identified.

The impact of water rights trading on water resource use efficiency: Evidence from China's water rights trading pilots

Water scarcity has become a critical challenge for agricultural production worldwide. Efficient irrigation systems are essential to maximize water use, enhance crop yields, and sustain agricultural practices in regions facing water stress. This paper explores the role of water-efficient irrigation systems, focusing on their design, technological advancements, and the impact on water conservation. Water-efficient irrigation technologies, such as drip and sprinkler systems, offer significant benefits over traditional methods by delivering water directly to the plant roots, reducing evaporation, runoff, and the overall consumption of water. These systems are particularly vital in arid and semi-arid regions where water resources are limited. The paper also discusses the environmental, economic, and social implications of implementing these systems in various agricultural sectors. Furthermore, the research highlights case examples of successful adoption of water-efficient irrigation methods, emphasizing the long-term benefits for food security and sustainable agriculture. In addition, challenges related to the cost of installation, maintenance, and training of farmers are explored. The importance of government policies and subsidies to promote the widespread use of water-efficient technologies is also discussed. By integrating these systems, agricultural productivity can be improved while mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and ensuring the sustainable use of water resources. This paper concludes by suggesting further research on the optimization of these systems, particularly in developing countries, where water scarcity poses an even greater threat to agriculture.

This article is devoted to the issues of sustainable development in the Central Asia region. The authors have performed an analysis of the state of rational use of water resources. Ensuring climate resilience in water management in Central Asia is a critical challenge in today's world. This problem is of interest in connection with its possible impact on the sustainable development of the region. The purpose of this work is to analyze the current state of the rational use of water resources in Central Asia to identify ways to optimize their management. The study used a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data on water use collected from various sources, as well as a comparison method to assess the effectiveness of existing water management practices in the region. The authors revealed that the unbalanced distribution and inefficient use of water resources in Central Asia led to environmental and socio-economic problems. It has also been found that the existing mechanisms for managing water resources are not effective enough.

Comparison of WSN and IoT approaches for a real-time monitoring system of meal distribution trolleys: A case study

Resource use efficiency is a critical issue for a competitive and sustainable economic activity. Indeed, resource use efficiency implies both economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, a sustainable rural development policy is required to promote resource use efficiency. In order to identify the prospective directions for strategic management of the resource in Lithuanian agricultural sector, the trends of the resource use therein are to be identified. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the trends of the resource use in Lithuanian agricultural sector and thus identify the most problematic areas. The concept of decoupling is used to describe the underlying changes in the resource use. The World Input-Output Database (WIOD) is applied for the analysis. The research focuses on energy use, land use, material extraction and carbon emission from the agricultural sector. The results show that the period of 1995–2009 was specific with weak (relative) decoupling of the material extraction from the economic activity and expansive negative decoupling of the use of water resources from the economic activity.

Today, due to global climate change, the demand for irrigation water is growing in every part of the world, so the rational use of available water resources requires the management of water resources through water-saving technologies. It is necessary to analyze data on the rational management and efficient use of limited water resources in the country, to continuously increase the efficiency of water resources in the field, to expand the use of water-saving irrigation technologies and their application in production, and to eliminate excess water loss.

Rational use of water resources is of current importance in the integrated use and regulation of flow. Therefore, a water management calculation is needed that will allow water resources to be distributed efficiently and unacceptably, without allowing them to be overused. The article discusses issues of assessing the water resources of the Aral-Syrdarya water basin. To analyze the hydrological characteristics of the basin under study, series of annual water runoff were reconstructed and chronological graphs of annual runoff were constructed. At calculating the parameters of the annual runoff, total and difference integral curves were constructed, the values of the annual runoff were determined using all sets of data from hydrological posts of the studied Syrdarya River basin. The main statistical parameters of the annual river runoff, random errors in the mathematical expectation and the coefficient of variation were assessed.
 For water management calculations, data from the report of the Aral-Syr Darya Basin Inspectorate on regulation of the use and protection of water resources for 2016, as well as the Scheme for the integrated use and protection of water resources in the river basin, were used. Syrdarya for 2018.
 Analysis of the water balance for the periods 2010-2018. takes into account that the incoming part of the water balance of the Aral-Syrdarya river basin was 81,690.69 million m3, the outgoing part was 82,446.35 million m3. Based on the data, a water balance was compiled and an analysis was made that the flow decreased by 755.66 million m3, which naturally affected the decrease in the level of the Aral Sea. Also, according to the water balance of the Shardara, Badamskoye, Bugunskoye and Kapshagai reservoirs, accumulation was positive. But in the Koshkurgan reservoir, accumulation was negative.

Produced sand in oil pipelines poses a serious problem in many production situations, since a small amount of sand in the produced fluid can result in significant erosion in a very short time stage. Reliable sand detection is an important component of oil production systems; it would be valuable for assisting with optimizing well productivity and detecting sand as early as possible. In this work, a new reliable distributed sand-monitoring framework using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is proposed. The framework combines three modules: Data Acquisition (DA) module, Wireless Receiving and Transmission (WRT) module, and Distributed Data Fusion module (DDF). The WRT module implementation is based on TinyOS and Crossbow MICAz mote. The DDF module is based on a resource-aware Distributed Kalman Filter (DKF). The data is collected from pipeline using acoustic sensor (SENACO AS100) and Flow Analyzer (MC-II) in real time. The experimental results validate the proposed framework. Sand production is considered as one of the major problems facing the petroleum industry. In the oil and gas industry, the sand production causes considerable erosion damage in the well tubing, piping, fittings, separators, valves, and other equipment. It can cause poor performance in injection wells, and can lead to lost production. It arises in the case of failure of sand control measures. Sand screening is also a critical part of the mining process (1). Every year, cleaning and repairing operations related to sand production and restricted production rates cost the industry millions of dollars. However, a reliable sand monitor system is essential to decide whether sand control measures need to be installed during well operations or not. Sand monitoring allows timely actions to be taken to handle sand production such as: (a) Increasing inspection to detect erosion; (b) Reducing the flow rate or stopping the production in some of the extreme cases; (c) Installation of sand handling systems (2). The sand problem is not new and affects the entire oil industry. In some cases several tones of sand can come from a reservoir in one day. Deciding when it is necessary to deal with sand is a difficult decision. Several fields have installed a sand detection system. Installation of a system to monitor and measure sand production would be helpful to detect sand as early as possible. Early sand detection would then lead to possible remedial action that could avoid the erosion and improve the system production. However, to be able to do this, we need repeatability, sensitivity, and also real time measurements (3). Oil and gas companies started to integrate their legacy sensors with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology to help them to increase production, streamline operations, and reduce expenses. We introduced some solutions toward this direction. In (4), a reliable prototype of a remote measuring of flow rate using a MC-II Flow Analyzer was introduced. In (5), we developed a Wireless Sensor Data Acquisition (WSDA) prototyping. It composed of both legacy and modern sensors. Some other solutions introduced centralized and distributed fusion algorithms for sand detection using WSN (6-9). These fusion algorithms include Fuzzy Art (FA), Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), Moving Average Filter (MAF), and Distributed Kalman Filter (DKF). The DKF showed promising results over the other algorithms. Unlike the other algorithms, Kalman filter does not lend itself for easy implementation in WSN; this is because WSN has limited computation capability, small memory, and limited energy. DKF involves seventeen matrix operations: ten matrix multiplications, two matrix inversions, four matrix additions, and one matrix subtraction. These operations are computationally intensive and could strain the energy resources of any single computational node in WSN. In order to share the information gathered by all the sensors, we encounter fundamental problems: communication congestion and scalability. The scalability issue and communication congestion are closely related in DKF algorithm. The more sensors we add to our system, the more communication we will require. Moreover, the scalability problem is not only related to communication issues, but also to computation problems. Higher dimensional measurement vectors mean higher computational demands. In this paper, a new distributed sand-monitoring framework using WSN is proposed. In order to meet with constraints of WSN, a resource-aware DKF is proposed. The proposed DKF is based on fast polynomial to increase the convergence rate. Fast convergence contributes to energy saving because it saves time. In addition, we reduce the communication traffic by exchanging the estimates between the nodes instead of exchanging the estimates and its variance. Each node uses its measurement, its associated variance, and its neighbors' estimates. This leads not only to significant energy saving, but also reduces the memory usage and avoids congestion. Moreover, we redesigned the DKF to reduce the number of arithmetic operations. Thus, the proposed optimizations make the DKF applicable to be implemented in WSN. The experimental results validate the proposed framework.

Economic development of the territories of small river basins, high anthropogenic load, and flow regulation is correlated with the number of ponds and reservoirs on the river or in its basin. In order to optimize use of natural resources and rational use of water resources in the basin of small rivers, regulation of economic activities on ponds and reservoirs is a relevant task. Since there are 3 reservoirs and more than 80 ponds in the Nichlava river basin, the problem of regulating their economic use is important and urgent from the point of view of revitalizing the water flow and ensuring balanced environmental management in the river basin. Purpose. To assess the geoecological condition of ponds and reservoirs in the Nichlava River basin, to justify optimization measures for the regulation of their economic use and exploitation. Methods. Expeditionary, generalization and systematization, statistical, evaluation, geoecological analysis, system-structural, geo-informational, descriptive, landscape-ecological Results.The peculiarities of the use of artificial water bodies (ponds and reservoirs) in the Nichlava River basin have been considered. Attention to the lack of complex use of resources of water bodies and coastal areas, their pollution and contamination has been drawn. The main sources of pollution and the risks associated with their activities have been indicated. The influence of communal enterprises of the city of Borshchiv on the ecological state of the Borshchiv reservoir during 2010-2020 has been analyzed. The results tend to decrease compared to previous years, although the level of pollution is still significant. The cut-off of part of the Tsyhanka river valley by the Mushkativ reservoir is the result of a malfunction of the locks. Plowing of the coastal areas and contamination of part of the catchment with poisonous chemicals from the fields is observed around the Kotiv reservoir. Ways to restore resources in the basins of small rivers and their effective use by local communities have been substantiated. Conclusions.The processes of economic activity on ponds and reservoirs are becoming more active. Interrelationships between human activity and the geoecological state of ponds and reservoirs in the Nichlava River basin have been revealed. Among the key recommendations substantiated in the work, first of all, there is keeping to the rules of the operation of ponds and reservoirs, defined by the current legislation; restoration of coastal protective strips and water protection zones around reservoirs; reducing of the amounts of dumping of contaminated and insufficiently cleared wastewater into surface water bodies of the Nichlava River basin.

The article is devoted to the study of the cyclical economy on the example of the sphere of water supply and wastewater in European countries. The relevance of the study is due to environmental problems caused by the war in Ukraine, water and soil pollution, climate change, drought, inefficient use of water resources, which quickly exhaust drinking water supplies. The purpose of the study is to consider the European experience in implementing a circular economy using the example of technological and organizational solutions from different EU countries in order to obtain a model for building a closed-cycle technology for domestic water supply and wastewater enterprises. The study used general scientific methods of knowledge, which include induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, methods of statistical analysis, in particular, trend analysis to predict water consumption in the future. The results of the study show the importance of the cyclical economy in solving a number of environmental problems, determining the essence of the cyclical economy, the features of its implementation in the field of water supply and wastewater. It has been established that in the field of water supply and wastewater, the implementation of the concept of a circular economy takes place not only with the help of state regulatory decisions, under the influence of technological solutions, through innovative technologies, the use of other alternative energy sources, but also in close cooperation with the public, active information policy. European experience shows that the implementation of the concept of a circular economy is not available to everyone, and six barriers have been identified that prevent the introduction of water reuse. In order to be able to use such technology within the city, it is necessary to build an appropriate infrastructure. Treated wastewater can be a valuable source of water for agriculture, industrial use, and even drinking water. At the same time, such technologies can be implemented within individual enterprises, however, additional investments should be made for this, which will be occupied by reducing the use of natural resources. For the introduction of circular water and the development of innovative technologies, water supply and wastewater enterprises of Ukraine need: state regulatory support (normative acts and standards); financial support (tariff policy, incentives, direct and indirect assistance); information and innovation policy; risk management system, etc. At the same time, all interested parties should be involved from the very beginning: water supply and wastewater companies, state regulatory bodies, local authorities, agricultural enterprises, farmers, technology companies, scientific research institutes, consumer associations, etc.

The limited availability of water in the Cesar department (Colombia), along with the high-water consumption associated with the lack of knowledge of water requirements and the low efficiency of irrigation systems in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) crop, has led to an inefficient use of water resources and affected the crop productivity. The main objective of this research was to determine the water demand of oil palm cultivated in areas with homogeneous agroclimatic conditions in the Cesar department. For this purpose, climatic information of the department was obtained from meteorological stations and climatic satellite data. The water demand was also determined by obtaining the crop coefficient (Kc) for plants aged 10 and 15 years, using the water balance methodology. The Kc obtained was 0.91 and 0.84, respectively. As a result of the zoning, 10 agroclimatic zones were identified in the department, of which 8 were found to be suitable for oil palm cultivation. In these zones, water requirements are expected to be homogeneous due to similar soil and climate characteristics. This information was used to estimate the regional water balance, allowing farmers to plan water management and optimize the use of available resources.

Today, the problem of water resources and their effective use is an urgent problem in many countries of the world. Due to the georegional features of the country, this problem largely affects the country's economy. The article discusses integrated methods for the optimal use of water resources, depending on performance indicators in the agricultural sector. Alternative irrigation methods in the process of optimal use of water resources and their impact on the agricultural economy are highlighted on the basis of mathematical (quantitative) analysis. The analyzes considered that economical irrigation methods not only save water resources and determine their effectiveness, but also that such irrigation methods should be applied in agriculture in accordance with the applicable characteristics of market mechanisms.

The use of ERP systems is becoming an integral part of business information support and allows enterprises to rationalize the use of resources. The purpose of the article is an in-depth analysis of the use of ERP systems in the activities of enterprises, identification of the advantages and limitations of their practical application, which allow the development of ERP systems on the basis of technological, organizational and cognitive convergence to meet the changing needs of modern business. The study used the methods of case analysis, synthesis, and graphical visualization of information. The paper develops the applied aspect of certain areas of modern institutional economic theory, in particular the theory of evolutionary economics. Attention is focused on how the factor of technological progress affects the transformation of company management due to the principle of bounded rationality. The study summarizes the practice of using ERP systems and analyzes the relationship with the processes of convergence of information, communication, management, and cognitive technologies. The factors of rational use of resources based on ERP system data for four types of operating models of companies are identified. They are identified depending on the level of standardization and integration of business processes. Integration contributes to the rational use of resources through the automation of routine processes but requires several business units to use common practices for working with information in terms of its receipt, registration, storage, confidentiality, and distributed access. Standardization brings cost savings and efficiency by unifying and speeding up business processes but limits the ability to transform individual processes to adapt to rapid changes in the environment. The results of the study will help enterprises when implementing or transforming ERP systems to determine their desired configuration, in accordance with business needs, while maintaining the required level of adaptability of business processes. The results will also be useful for researchers conducting comprehensive studies of the impact of information technology on business operations. Technological advances mean that ERP systems continue to evolve and integrate with other technologies, such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and machine learning, to provide businesses with valuable context that transforms information into unique knowledge, which outlines the prospect for further research.