Design and optimization of a high-definition transcranial electrical stimulation device with envelope wave.

In order to improve the performance of Lithium ion secondary battery (LiB), it is very important to understanding the internal transport phenomena under high rate condition to increase power density. In my previous study, I focused on the actual porous electrode structure, and the Li ion and electron conductivity was evaluated by the effective conductive path with the actual reconstruction electrode structure [1], [2]. However, the effect of volume expansion of charge-discharge state is not been understood enough. In this study, I examined the new model with structure change based on the actual porous electrode structure, and the relationship between structural change and battery performance was considered. Actual Graphite anode and LiCoO2 cathode electrode structure were reconstructed by FIB-SEM, and the reaction and mass transfer in these reconstructed electrode structure and simulated separator structure were simulated by multi-block method [3] which is the method of coarse graining to keep the information of heterogeneous structure. Li concentration and potential distribution in active material (AM) and electrolyte (EL) were calculated with Butler-Volmer equation as the boundary condition of the interface between AM and EL. it was assumed that temperature is constant, the formation of SEI is ignored, binder phase inhibit ionic transfer. The discharge performance was calculated with 1M LiPF6－EC/DEC (1:1) and the condition reported previous research[4]. Figure 1 shows the cell structure, current density distribution and Li concentration distribution in AM. The current density near LCO collector became lower because of the lack of Li ion caused by binder migration. In addition, the simulation results were compared with experimental results which were obtained by coin cell with same electrode structure. These results were almost equal to each other. Furthermore, the effect of volume expansion was included in this previous model. Especially, the effect of electrolyte convection caused by the change of porosity was examined. Figure 2 shows the simulation results of the discharge-distribution with volume expansion. From this result, it was found that the effect of convention cannot be ignored in the case of high expansion volume ratio (more than e=2) References [1] G. Inoue et al., Proc. PRiME 2012, B6 #803 (2012) [2] G. Inoue et al., J. Power Source 175, 145-158 (2008) [3] G. Inoue et al., ECS Trans., 25 (1) 1519-1527 (2009) [4] G. Inoue et al., ECS 226th meeting, A5 #374 (2014) Figure 1

Neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of brain function and has become an essential tool for researchers studying neurological disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are two widely used neuroimaging techniques to review changes in brain activity. fMRI is a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed brain images. An EEG is a noninvasive technique that records the brain's electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. This review overviews recent developments in noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods, including fMRI and EEG. Recent advances in fMRI technology, its application to studying brain function, and the impact of neuroimaging techniques on neuroscience research are discussed. Advances in EEG technology and its applications to analyzing brain function and neural oscillations are also highlighted. In addition, advanced courses in neuroimaging, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), are described, along with their role in studying brain connectivity, white matter tracts, and potential treatments for schizophrenia and chronic pain. Application. The review concludes by examining neuroimaging studies of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). We also described the role of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in ASD, ADHD, AD, and PD. Neuroimaging techniques have significantly advanced our understanding of brain function and provided essential insights into neurological disorders. However, further research into noninvasive treatments such as EEG, MRI, and TES is necessary to continue to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.

The field of medicine has witnessed revolutionary changes in recent years due to rapid advancements in science and technology. Among these transformations, nanotechnology has emerged as a highly promising tool with significant potential for revolutionizing various aspects of healthcare. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of nanotechnology in the field of regenerative medicine, with particular emphasis on its impact on bone and skin remodeling. By leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as their high surface area-to-volume ratio and ability to interact with biological systems at the molecular level, researchers have been able to enhance the effectiveness of regenerative treatments. In bone remodeling, nanotechnology facilitates better integration of implants and promotes the differentiation of stem cells into osteoblasts, leading to improved bone regeneration. Similarly, in skin remodeling, nanomaterials contribute to accelerated wound healing, enhanced collagen deposition, and reduced scarring. These advancements not only improve the outcomes of traditional regenerative therapies but also open new avenues for developing more efficient and targeted approaches to tissue engineering.

Objectives: To investigate how impedance values and sensory thresholds at various human upper limb sites affect the parameter settings of electrical stimulation equipment in low and medium frequency envelope electrical stimulation therapy. Methods: The study involved testing different upper limb sites on 22 healthy subjects (ages 21-25, 11 males and 11 females) by adjusting the modulation wave frequency, carrier frequency, and current intensity of the output. Five types of electrodes of various sizes were used in the tests. Results: The impedance test results for the human upper limb showed a wide range of impedance values across electrodes of different sizes. A new impedance model of the human upper limb was proposed, which accurately fits the relationship between frequency and impedance values. In electrical stimulus sensory experiments, the voltage perception threshold (VPT) introduced in this study was identified as a novel metric for electrical stimulus sensation. Unlike the current perception threshold, VPT does not consider the effects of current magnitude and output frequency. The range of sensory thresholds was 6-8 V, while the suprathreshold was 9-11 V. Neither experiment showed gender differences. Conclusions: Determining the value of the power supply and the output intensity of device power amplification circuitry based on the VPT can provide a more precise therapeutic dose for electrical stimulation therapy.

A 3-D coupled broadband parabolic equation model is used to study shallow-water propagation for a direction of transmission parallel to a sloping inshore bottom bathymetry. Three sets of arrivals result: (1) direct paths—the typical 2-D model results; (2) curved inshore paths that make several bounces first up and then down the sloping bottom; and (3) micropaths that result from reflection off random facets of the bottom around the direct paths. Archival sound speed data from the Florida Straits at the site of a propagation experiment are used as input to investigate the observed anomalously low transmission loss for some of the long-range inshore paths. It is shown that both temporal and spatial focusing effects are at play to reduce transmission loss by as much as 15 dB for the inshore paths as compared with the corresponding direct paths having nearly the same mode characteristics. Also, the models help explain a peculiar observation for some of the longer inshore paths where the travel time actually decreases with increasing range of transmission.

Next-generation wireless networks are expected to support an exponentially increasing number of users and demands of data, which all rely on the essential media: spectrum. Spectrum sharing among heterogeneous networks is a fundamental issue that determines network performance. Previous works have focused on a “dynamic spectrum access” mode associated with the cognitive radio technology. These works all focused on the discovery of available spectrum resource either in the time domain or in the frequency domain, i.e., by separating different users' transmission. To initiate a new paradigm of spectrum sharing, the unique characteristics of the technologies should be utilized in the next-generation networks. The 5G networks are featured either by wide bandwidth like mm-wave systems, or by large-scale antennas like massive MIMO. Those two trends can lead to a common phenomenon: the spatial focusing effect. Based on this focusing effect, we propose a general spatial spectrum sharing framework that enables concurrent multi-users spectrum sharing without the requirement of orthogonal resource allocation. Moreover, we design two general network association protocols either in a centralized manner or in a distributed manner. Simulation results show that both the time reversal wideband and the massive MIMO system can achieve high throughput performance with the spatial spectrum sharing scheme.

Self-regulation enables individuals to guide their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a purposeful manner. Self-regulation is thus crucial for goal-directed behavior and contributes to many consequential outcomes in life including physical health, psychological well-being, ethical decision making, and strong interpersonal relationships. Neuroscientific research has revealed that the prefrontal cortex plays a central role in self-regulation, specifically by exerting top-down control over subcortical regions involved in reward (e.g., striatum) and emotion (e.g., amygdala). To orient readers, we first offer a methodological overview of tDCS and then review experiments using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (especially transcranial direct current stimulation) to target prefrontal brain regions implicated in self-regulation. We focus on brain stimulation studies of self-regulatory behavior across three broad domains of response: persistence, delay behavior, and impulse control. We suggest that stimulating the prefrontal cortex promotes successful self-regulation by altering the balance in activity between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical regions involved in emotion and reward processing.

Neuromodulation stands as a cutting-edge approach in the fields of neuroscience and therapeutic intervention typically involving the regulation of neural activity through physical and chemical stimuli. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of different neuromodulation techniques, anticipating a clearer understanding of the future developmental trajectories and the challenges faced within the domain of neuromodulation that can be achieved. This review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic neuromodulation methods (including optogenetics, chemogenetics, sonogenetics, and magnetogenetics) and non-genetic neuromodulation methods (including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound stimulation, photobiomodulation therapy, infrared neuromodulation, electromagnetic stimulation, sensory stimulation therapy, and multi-physical-factor stimulation techniques). By systematically evaluating the principles, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and efficacy in modulating neuronal activity and the potential applications in interventions of neurological disorders of these neuromodulation techniques, a comprehensive picture is gradually emerging regarding the advantages and challenges of neuromodulation techniques, their developmental trajectory, and their potential clinical applications. This review highlights significant advancements in applying these techniques to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations, while non-genetic methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and photobiomodulation therapy, offer noninvasive and versatile clinical intervention options. The transformative potential of these neuromodulation techniques in neuroscience research and clinical practice is underscored, emphasizing the need for integration and innovation in technologies, the optimization of delivery methods, the improvement of mediums, and the evaluation of toxicity to fully harness their therapeutic potential.

Since the introduction of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) almost four decades ago, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have emerged as promising tools to study brain-behaviour relationships in healthy and impaired states with unprecedented precision. Various NIBS techniques, including TMS, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and emerging methods such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) are employed in both research and clinical settings. TMS has gained regulatory approval for treating conditions like major depressive disorder and migraine, while tDCS is showing efficacy in enhancing cognitive functions in various populations. This collection of articles examines key studies, including the modulation of cognitive-motor functions, optimization of light stimulation for Alzheimer’s therapy, and effects on risk-taking behaviour in violent offenders. Notably, the findings suggest that NIBS can effectively influence executive functions and decision-making processes. They highlight the integration of NIBS with neuroimaging techniques, the importance of personalized targeting, and the potential for combined therapeutic approaches. Future directions include addressing methodological challenges and leveraging artificial intelligence to refine treatment protocols. Collectively, these advancements position NIBS as a transformative tool in both neuroscience research and clinical practice, offering new avenues for understanding and treating complex neuropsychiatric conditions.

Editorial: Introduction to Special Section on Evidence-Based Practices for Persons With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are already transforming our vision of regenerative medicine and cell replacement therapies because of their unique ability to maintain themselves indefinitely and to form all cell types in the body. hES cell lines with genomes that are predisposed to disease can be used to develop cellular models of human pathologies. The generation of disease‐specific and/or genotypically diverse human stem cell lines that can differentiate into many cell types will have great value for understanding the biology of the cell types affected in disease and analysing disease mechanisms, screening for drug candidates that can slow or prevent disease‐related degeneration as well as toxicological testing and understanding the variation between patients in their responses to therapeutics. In addition, to prepare for cell‐based therapies, new technologies for the generation of stem cell lines that are histocompatible with or specific to individual patients will provide a strategy to overcome the challenges of immune rejection. Several different methods have been developed to make hES cells; to date, these all require the use of human female egg cells as a starting point. Recently, several laboratories have reported that adult cells from human skin and other sources can be induced to revert back to earlier stages of development and exhibit stem cell‐like properties. The methods for ‘reprogramming’ have been developing rapidly but generally involve putting multiple genes into skin cells and then exposing them to specific chemical environments tailored to hES cell growth. While these cells appear to have a developmental potential that is similar to that of hES cells, they are not derived from human embryos. To distinguish these reprogrammed cells from the embryo‐sourced hES cells, they are termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The iPS technology is the source of much optimism; »The iPS technology is the source of much …

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) in the modulation of hypnotic experience and hypnotizability.

Background:Individuals after a stroke have an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system, which increases the risk of death or recurrent episodes of stroke. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) combined with aerobic exercise has shown an effect on the modulation of this system.Objective:The Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and the distance traveled on the exercise bike will be assessed to verify the additional impact of tDCS combined with aerobic exercise on individuals with chronic stroke sequelae.Methods:The 34 adult individuals with diagnoses of chronic stroke will be randomized into two aerobic exercise intervention groups: G1 (with active tDCS) and G2 (with sham tDCS), three times a week, for 12 weeks.Procedures:tDCS will be implemented during the aerobic exercise with the anodal electrode positioned over the lateral dorsal prefrontal left cortex, and the cathodal electrode over the contralateral supraorbital region, with 2mA, for 20 minutes. Assessments will be carried out pre, immediately after the intervention, and on the 12th, 24th, 36th interventions, and 30 days later.The HRV data that are pulse interval (PI), square root of the mean of the squares of the differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (rMSSD), absolute high frequency (HF), absolute low frequency (LF), high and low frequency ratio (LF / HF) will be collected using a cardio frequency meter. The analysis of the distance traveled on the exercise bike before and after interventions will be analyzed in meters.Discussion:The autonomic control via brain networks after a stroke can be altered and can promote an increase in sympathetic tone, and a higher risk of sudden death or relapse of stroke. It is crucial to demonstrate the effectiveness of available treatments to improve the autonomic function.Trial registration:The study is registered as aBRAZILIAN CLINICAL TEST RECORD(ReBEC): U1111-1222-4588 on the 2018/10/16

Exploring the future of neurologic physical therapy: the emergence of technological and scientific contributions.

From lab coats to clinical trials: Evolution and application of electromagnetic fields for ischemic stroke rehabilitation and monitoring.