Design of Automatic Cruise Car Based on UWB Positioning

Motorized accidents on many motorways are caused by sudden braking. Sudden braking occurs because of the distance between the driver and the obstacles in front that are too short, and the driving speed is too high, there is a delay in braking and a surge of force. Supposedly, vehicle motion when braking occurs must comply with the physics principle of following the kinematics concept of non-uniform motion slowing down between the driver with obstacles in front, and the concept of non-uniform circular motion slowing down on the wheels of a motorized vehicle. For this reason, an automatic braking instrumentation system is created using the principle of non-uniform motion slowing down and nonuniform circular motion slowing down, with distance and speed variables obtained from the proximity sensor and the speed sensor mounted on a motorized vehicle. The study began by conducting the first is characterization of the braking system of a motorcycle engine as a whole. Next, conducting a literature study from information obtained in the field. Next, conducting an appropriate braking control system study. Next, braking control system manufacturing and modeling mathematical as well as applications on motorbike vehicles. Next, tests are carried out in open fields and on the road starting from the engine starting the engine and moving forward until it stops again after braking. The braking control system development approach that is being carried out is the application of digital technology by balancing the needs of motorcyclists. This is done so that there is no gap between the needs of motorcyclists and the technology applied. In general, the technology applied includes the main parts, the controller unit as microcontroller, distance measuring unit use ultrasonic sensor, and speed sensor use hall effect sensor, servo as mechanical drive automatic brakes, and battery as power source. The units were developed according to the real conditions, and from the results of measurements of the effect of distance to deceleration by 93 percent.

Shoes for blind man help or assist optically handicapped person to reach their respective terminus. It presents a working conceptual model a concept to provide a clever automated wearable device for blind people. The structure is proposed to offer overall solutions which include artificial vision and object detection. Ultrasonic sensors help in calculating distance of the hurdles lying in the path of blind person. This device help in providing best available track to the user in the form of audio. The sensors are integrated with the shoe so that the blind person can not only detect obstacles in front but also detect the presence of any major pits on the way. Also it contains a panic button which can send SMS alerts in the case of emergency. The hardware consists of Arduino Lilypad based embedded system, ultrasonic sensors, IR sensor, GSM modem, Audio playback board with speaker/headphone. The voice output is generated by an Audio Processor using APR9600 module which can store, record and playback 8 different messages. These messages can be modified according to the user’s convenience and language preference.

Design and implement an intelligent race car based on Renesas MCU. The system uses Renesas MCU as the core control unit, through 8 infrared sensors to detect race car position and direction of motion, and with an encoder uses servo to detect the speed of race car. The entire motion control system includes steering gear, DC motors, power circuit and other circuit blocks as well which make race car move forward rapidly and smoothly. After establishing and analyzing the geodynamic model of race car, the system uses PID control strategy to adjust race car direction and speed which realizes the closed-loop control of race car's motion speed and direction.

The visually impaired are at a considerable disadvantage because they often lack the information for avoiding obstacles and hazards in their path. They have very little information on self-velocity, objects, direction - which is essential for travel. Previously developed navigation systems use costly equipment which is often not affordable by the common blind community. The navigation systems available are heavy and very complicated to operate. This research has been aimed at design and development of a smart and intelligent cane which helps in navigation for the visually impaired people. The navigator system designed will detect an object or obstacle using ultrasonic sensors and gives audio instructions for guidance. The signals from the ultrasound sensor are processed by a microcontroller in order to identify sudden changes in the ground gradient and/or an obstacle in front. The algorithm developed gives a suitable audio instruction depending on the duration of ultrasound travel which in turn is made available by an mp3 module associated with the system. This work presents a new prototype of navigation system on a cane which can be used as a travel aid for blind people. The product developed is light in weight, hence, does not cause fatigue to the user. This project is developed by keeping in view the affordability and reliability. An obstacle as close as 4cm can be detected by this module. A resolution of 15cm of obstacle distance has been designed and achieved. This system can also detect potholes on the path.

The intelligent devices have taken us to a convenient and fashionable era, however while we use a pedometer to calculate the number of steps, the blind even do not have the ability to walk independently. There is no doubt that they are eager for convenience and freedom, based on this, this article proposes an intelligent system that assists the blind in walking. The system consists of a crutch and a bracelet. The crutch can detect the obstacles in front with ultrasonic sensors which working direction is controlled by stepper motors and angle sensor. The bracelet would vibrate when the obstacles are detected to prompt the user. Furthermore, the Sensors on the bracelet can detect a blind man's fall, if the blind can't stand up in time, the bracelet would automatically make a voice to passers-by for help. The bracelet is equipped with GPS and 4G terminals, so position and need of the blind can be both sent to his family. By testing, the system can recognize obstacles such as pedestrians, trees, bricks and so on. The proper environment to use are also identified.

In order to study the situation that some unmanned vehicles need to drive repeatedly on fixed lines, this article introduces an autonomous smart car based on the STM32 platform. Infrared detectors are used to determine whether the vehicle is driving on a prescribed route. Ultrasonic detectors can prevent the vehicle from colliding with other people or vehicles. Inexpensive cars can help express companies to transport packages and letters to reduce labor costs. Large vehicles can be used to carry large cargo such as containers in docks and other places.

The authors present empirical evidence on the determinants of industry-level multifactor productivity growth. They focus ontraditional factors,including the process of technological catch up, human capital, and research and development (R&D), as well as institutional factors affecting labor adjustment costs. Their analysis is based on harmonized data for 17 manufacturing industries in 18 industrial economies over the past two decades. The disaggregated analysis reveals that the process of technological convergence takes place mainly in low-tech industries, while in high-tech industries, country leaders tend to pull ahead of the others. The link between R&D activity and productivity also depends on technological characteristics of the industries: while there is no evidence of R&D boosting productivity in low-tech industries, the effect is strong in high-tech industries, but the technology leaders tend to enjoy higher returns on R&D expenditure compared with followers. There is also evidence in the data that high labor adjustment costs (proxied by the strictness of employment protection legislation) can have a strong negative impact on productivity. In particular, when institutional settings do not allow wages or internal training to offset high hiring and firing costs, the latter reduce incentives for innovation and adoption of new technologies, and lead to lower productivity performance. Albeit drawn from the experience of industrial countries, this result may have relevant implications for many developing economies characterized by low relative wage flexibility and high labor adjustment costs.

In the medical field, 3D ultrasound reconstruction can visualize the internal structure of patients, which is very important for doctors to carry out correct analyses and diagnoses. Furthermore, medical 3D ultrasound images have been widely used in clinical disease diagnosis because they can more intuitively display the characteristics and spatial location information of the target. The traditional way to obtain 3D ultrasonic images is to use a 3D ultrasonic probe directly. Although freehand 3D ultrasound reconstruction is still in the research stage, a lot of research has recently been conducted on the freehand ultrasound reconstruction method based on wireless ultrasonic probe. In this paper, a wireless linear array probe is used to build a freehand acousto-optic positioning 3D ultrasonic imaging system. B-scan is considered the brightness scan. It is used for producing a 2D cross-section of the eye and its orbit. This system is used to collect and construct multiple 2D B-scans datasets for experiments. According to the experimental results, a freehand 3D ultrasonic reconstruction method based on depth learning is proposed, which is called sequence prediction reconstruction based on acoustic optical localization (SPRAO). SPRAO is an ultrasound reconstruction system which cannot be put into medical clinical use now. Compared with 3D reconstruction using a 3D ultrasound probe, SPRAO not only has a controllable scanning area, but also has a low cost. SPRAO solves some of the problems in the existing algorithms. Firstly, a 60 frames per second (FPS) B-scan sequence can be synthesized using a 12 FPS wireless ultrasonic probe through 2–3 acquisitions. It not only effectively reduces the requirement for the output frame rate of the ultrasonic probe, but also increases the moving speed of the wireless probe. Secondly, SPRAO analyzes the B-scans through speckle decorrelation to calibrate the acousto-optic auxiliary positioning information, while other algorithms have no solution to the cumulative error of the external auxiliary positioning device. Finally, long short-term memory (LSTM) is used to predict the spatial position and attitude of B-scans, and the calculation of pose deviation and speckle decorrelation is integrated into a 3D convolutional neural network (3DCNN). Prepare for real-time 3D reconstruction under the premise of accurate spatial pose of B-scans. At the end of this paper, SPRAO is compared with linear motion, IMU, speckle decorrelation, CNN and other methods. From the experimental results, it can be observed that the spatial pose deviation of B-scans output using SPRAO is the best of these methods.

In breast cancer screening, x-ray mammography is the standard imaging modality. For clarification of suspicious findings, handheld ultrasound (US) is used as an adjunct modality. It is so far not included in screening due to the lack of standardization, high costs and the risk of increased false positives within screening population. First attempts to standardize US with automated breast US are still not completely fulfilling clinical needs, e.g. workflow and reading are claimed not to be fast enough. Therefore, various groups introduced new concepts of fast US screening, providing standardized images in the same orientation as the mammography images, leading to a speed-up of reading and reporting.To acquire US images in an x-ray mammography environment, an automated breast US transducer was inserted into a modified compression paddle. After mammography or tomosynthesis, an automated breast US scan was performed. We investigated new concepts to optimize workflow speed and approaches to achieve nearly full US coverage of the breast in a clinical study.We successfully integrated automated US scanning in a clinical workflow with less than one minute for the additional scan. Compared to the workflows of automated breast US and handheld US, the proposed scanning concept provides a high time and cost saving potential. Preliminary results indicate a high breast area coverage of the US scan. The first clinical results of our method demonstrated a proof of concept for a technical solution to include US screening into the standard breast cancer screening workflow. The standard workflow is changed minimally and the additional time investment is low since no patient repositioning or system adjustments are needed between both scanning modalities.

In Malaysia, there are several areas that frequently occur flash flood and mostly it happens more than twice a year. Flash flood causes damage to the valuable properties including crops, livestock, and possession including vehicles. Some part of the engine vehicle is sensitive to water as it consists of few electrical and mechanical components inside it. Hence, a high cost is needed to repair the vehicles. The primary focus of this project is to develop a prototype of an early flood detector system specifically for the vehicle by utilizing a GSM to alert the owner when the flash flood starts to happen. This system has two input sources, namely an ultrasonic sensor and car supply 12 volts. As the primary goal of this project is to actualize the water sensor in a vehicle, therefore it must be associated with the supply of the vehicle which is the car battery. The sensor will work when the vehicle was parked and not working when the vehicle begins running. Relay has been utilized in order to make sure the supply work naturally. The ultrasonic sensor is working as a water sensor to detect the rising of water level. The input signal then will be sent to the PIC controller. All process was controlled by PIC 16F877A that acts as a brain for the system. When the water reaches the level that has been set in the programmed, the signal, then will be transmitted to the GSM module through RS 232 driver. The message then will be sent to the owner's mobile phone to give a warning about the flood as the water level increasing near their vehicle. The development of the prototype basically can be divided into two sections which are the simulation part by using Proteus Software and the coding has been implemented by using Kiel Software. Eagle Software has been used for PCB Design. In conclusion, the early flood detector system for a vehicle which can alert the vehicle owner was successfully developed. These could be one of an alternative method in helping the vehicle owner to avoid their vehicle from being drowned in the flash flood.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy (Lap-H) is increasingly being performed in Japan, but the high cost and handling complexity of laparoscopic ultrasonographic (US) probes remain a barrier to its wider adoption. Intraoperative ultrasonography is essential for safe liver resection; however, specialized laparoscopic probes are expensive, have a limited field of view, and are difficult to manipulate. To overcome these limitations, we developed a practical technique using an open-surgery-type microconvex US probe in Lap-H. The probe is inserted via an umbilical incision using a Lap Protector mini™ and EZ Access™, and probe manipulation is achieved through a cord-based control system. We applied this method in over 150 Lap-H cases before the introduction of a dedicated laparoscopic US system. This technique enabled the acquisition of axial and sagittal images with a wide and deep field of view, enhancing anatomical orientation and lesion visualization. There were no complications such as air leaks or equipment failure. The method allowed for the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and minimized interference with the operative field. The use of open-surgery-type US probes in Lap-H offers a cost-effective, safe, and practical alternative to expensive laparoscopic US systems. This innovation may lower the barrier for institutions initiating Lap-H programs and promote the broader adoption of high-quality intraoperative ultrasonography in minimally invasive liver surgery.

BackgroundOptogenetics allows the experimental manipulation of excitable cells by a light stimulus without the need for technically challenging and invasive procedures. The high degree of spatial, temporal, and intensity control that can be achieved with a light stimulus, combined with cell type-specific expression of light-sensitive ion channels, enables highly specific and precise stimulation of excitable cells. Optogenetic tools have therefore revolutionized the study of neuronal circuits in a number of models, including Caenorhabditis elegans. Despite the existence of several optogenetic systems that allow spatial and temporal photoactivation of light-sensitive actuators in C. elegans, their high costs and low flexibility have limited wide access to optogenetics. Here, we developed an inexpensive, easy-to-build, modular, and adjustable optogenetics device for use on different microscopes and worm trackers, which we called the OptoArm.ResultsThe OptoArm allows for single- and multiple-worm illumination and is adaptable in terms of light intensity, lighting profiles, and light color. We demonstrate OptoArm’s power in a population-based multi-parameter study on the contributions of motor circuit cells to age-related motility decline. We found that individual components of the neuromuscular system display different rates of age-dependent deterioration. The functional decline of cholinergic neurons mirrors motor decline, while GABAergic neurons and muscle cells are relatively age-resilient, suggesting that rate-limiting cells exist and determine neuronal circuit ageing.ConclusionWe have assembled an economical, reliable, and highly adaptable optogenetics system which can be deployed to address diverse biological questions. We provide a detailed description of the construction as well as technical and biological validation of our set-up. Importantly, use of the OptoArm is not limited to C. elegans and may benefit studies in multiple model organisms, making optogenetics more accessible to the broader research community.

In this article, researchers have investigated the design and capability optimisation of SMPS with a particular emphasis on increasing the efficiency of power transfer and developing new manufacturing techniques. Nowadays, the PV industry mostly depends on silicon base technique, but it has many advantages such as high cost, low flexibility and great environment impact. By comparison, the structure of small molecular materials is easily duplicated and has a promising future in the field of PV devices. In this paper, this paper present a discussion on how to increase energy conversion efficiency by using SMPS, as well as the high efficiency of all SMPS systems. In addition, this paper also proposes methods and theoretical frameworks for optimizing material structures using experimental design and machine learning. Not only do they contribute to the improvement of material properties, but they also provide significant theory and practice support for developing highly efficient PV devices.

Multi sensor data fusion plays a significant role in addressing the research problems for mobile robot navigation. In this paper, a fusion procedure was developed, based on an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), which fuses the data from ultrasonic and LiDAR sensors for a better range estimation as well as environment perception. The root mean square error analysis between the measured and actual distance across different experiment trials indicates that, ultrasonic sensor could provide the data with a root mean square error (RMSE) which varies between 0.3118 cm and 4.9953 cm, whereas the LiDAR sensor could provide the same between 5.1503 cm and 10.4773 cm over 0–4 m range. The RMSE of the proposed fusion algorithm varies between 3.4831 cm and 6.1471 cm. It can be observed that, the fusion process could reduce the mean square error present with the high cost LiDAR sensing system by one-half, while fusing it with the low cost ultrasonic sensing system. The fusion algorithm discussed in this paper provides a guidance to define various operating/safety zones for initiating necessary control action during the navigation of the mobile robots.

Acoustical waveguides have valuable applications in nondestructive measurements. Magnetostrictive materials, such as Remendur, have received significant attention as waveguide materials because of their ultrasonic wave generation and reception properties. However, it may not be practical to use a magnetostrictive material in certain cases because of high material costs or insufficient material properties. It has therefore been conceived to join a small length of Remendur to steel or Molybdenum. Both finite element analyses and experimental verifications have been performed to evaluate joining two thin rods with a reinforcement sleeve. Results show than a properly designed sleeve improves wave transmission at the interface. Additional finite element modes have been used to consider joining a thin rod with a plate.