Design of Cloud-Based Green IoT Architecture for Smart Cities

Tremendous technological developments in the field of internet of things (IoT) have changed the way we live and work. Although the numerous advantages of IoT are enriching our society, it should be reminded that the IoT also contributes to toxic pollution, consumes energy and generates e-waste. These persistent issues place new stress on the smart world and environments. To enhance the benefits and reduce the harmful effects of IoT, there is an increasingly desired to move towards green IoT. Green IoT is seen as the environmentally friendly future of IoT. Therefore, it is necessary to put different desired measures to conserve environmental resources, reduce carbon footprints and promote efficient techniques for energy usage. It is the reason for moving towards green IoT, where the machines, sensors, communications, clouds, and internet operate in synergy towards the common goal of increased energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions. This work presents a thorough survey of the current ongoing research and potential technologies of green IoT with an intention to provide some directions for future green IoT research.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept, which aims to connect billions of devices with each other. The IoT devices sense, collect, and transmit important information from their surroundings. This exchange of very large amount of information amongst billions of devices creates a massive energy need. Green IoT envisions the concept of reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices and making the environment safe. Inspired by achieving a sustainable environment for IoT, we first give the overview of green IoT and the challenges that are faced due to excessive usage of energy hungry IoT devices. We then discuss and evaluate the strategies that can be used to minimize the energy consumption in IoT, such as designing energy efficient datacenters, energy efficient transmission of data from sensors, and design of energy efficient policies. Moreover, we critically analyze the green IoT strategies and propose five principles that can be adopted to achieve green IoT. Finally, we consider a case study of very important aspect of IoT, i.e., smart phones and we provide an easy and concise view for improving the current practices to make the IoT greener for the world in 2020 and beyond.

This research paper explores "Green IoT for Smart Cities," the integration of green technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) applications to foster environmentally sustainable urban environments. The study reviews the state-of-the-art developments in energy-efficient sensor networks, smart waste management, intelligent transportation systems, and optimized energy consumption in buildings. Real-world implementations of Green IoT initiatives in smart city projects worldwide are analyzed, highlighting successes and challenges in achieving sustainability objectives. The paper outlines potential benefits, including reduced carbon footprint, optimized resource allocation, improved air quality, and enhanced quality of life for citizens, as well as economic implications for cities and businesses. Limitations such as data security, privacy concerns, scalability, and interoperability among IoT systems are identified, along with future research directions. Overall, this paper emphasizes the significance of integrating Green IoT technologies into smart city frameworks to address environmental challenges in urbanization, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners.

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyone in the smart world, so the energy consumption of IoT technology is a challenging and attractive research area. The development of technology in the field of IoT has changed the way of life and enriched society with its benefits, but we must not ignore the fact that IoT consumes energy, contributes to toxic pollution, and generates electrical waste. To increase the benefits and reduce the harmfulness of IoT, there are increasing tendencies to move towards green IoT (G-IoT). The G-IoT is considered the future environmentally friendly IoT. Greening ICT technology plays a key role in G-IoT and promises many benefits to society such as efficient production, and reducing the energy used to design and distribute ICT devices and equipment. This paper will present a comprehensive overview of G-IoT technologies and strategies that demonstrate work and efforts to build a green and smart world, contributing to a safe and healthy environment, smart and high quality of life based on enabling technologies, reducing pollution, and reducing energy consumption. ICT technologies that enable G-IoT include Green RFID, Green Wireless Sensor Network (GWSN), Green Cloud Computing (GCC), Green M2M (G-M2M), and Green Data Center (GDC). The paper will also present an analysis of the importance of environmental technology processes in sustainable development, exploring the principles and roles of G-IoT in the progress of society through examining its potential for improving quality of life, environment, economic growth, and green global modernization.

The Internet of Things (IoT) based Smart city applications are the latest technology-driven solutions designed to collect and analyze data to enhance the quality of life for urban residents by creating more sustainable, efficient, and connected communities. Communication nodes are networked independently to monitor the circumstances, where they require being more energy-efficient and securing, to improve the performance of sustainable cities. Because, the enormous number of networked devices makes the smart cities application vulnerable to many security breaches, all of which have serious ramifications for a city and its residents’ safety, well-being, and economic development. Low-powered sensors have limitations in terms of battery life, short transmission range, and security considerations, despite the fact that the combination of edge computing and Green IoT considerably enhances network performance in terms of processing and data storage. Consequently, it is necessary to implement an advanced approach to provide energy resources with secure data transmission for sustainable cities. Therefore, this research proposes an Intelligent Buffalo-based Secure Edge-enabled Computing (IB-SEC) framework for smart cities by IoT platform, which aims to enhance communication efficiency, and reliability, with minimizing latency in terms of energy consumption and data security for data transmission. The developed IB-SEC platform utilizes a combination of the African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) algorithm and a Distributed Hash function-based security algorithm to enhance the efficiency, security, and reliability of data transmission in IoT-based smart city networks. This platform leverages the capabilities of secure edge computing and MAC protocols to achieve its goals, by implementing encryption, authentication, and access control mechanisms that ensure the wireless communication is secure, and the data is protected against unauthorized access. Overall, the IB-SEC framework provides an advanced approach to secure IoT networks and enable smart city applications. Moreover, the developed platform enables the integration of heterogeneous edge devices, sensors, and systems which is effectively managed and adapted by Median Access Control (MAC) protocols. The IB-SEC is implemented in MATLAB and validated through cutting-edge security algorithms in terms of improved security, reliability, throughput, and reduced latency and energy consumption.

The introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) has benefitted smart cities, healthcare, and transportation applications for enabling smart connections and analyzing the performance. As the number of IoT devices and potential connectivity increases, the distance between smart hubs, smartphone software complexity, and people behaviors changes rapidly resulting in a power utilization challenge. Energy efficiency and power dissipation are two of the most significant challenges in green IoT-enabled technologies. Based on a systematic literature review, this study presents the power management possibilities in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. The main purpose of this study is to develop energy-efficient approaches for WSNs that enable IoT. The “Green IoT” concept aims to reduce the energy consumption of IoT devices while maintaining sustainability conditions. In this study, which is driven by establishing a viable IoT environment for the future phase and moving the globe toward the formation of Green IoT, a review of Green IoT (GIoT) is first provided, and then the challenges and potential possibilities for GIoT are studied.

In Smart City (SC), things can connect with humans intelligently through the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT and ecological sensors will enable the detection of pollutants, contributing to developing environmentally friendly SC. Green Internet Architecture (GIA) in SC ensures the long-term viability of friendly spaces by enabling autonomous and intelligent sustainability practices through collaboration. Governments and organizations worldwide are promoting the significance of reducing energy usage and carbon emissions while highlighting the relevance of using GIA in SC. Several SC layouts connected to the IoT have previously been proposed in the literature. However, this study introduces the "Green Internet" notion of providing a friendly setting that focuses on conserving energy in SC. This research presents a suggested design for a GIA in SC. The main objective is to minimize energy usage at every level and ensure the implementation of IoT in a friendly manner. The suggested GIA is founded on a cloud-based system that diminishes hardware usage with Blockchain technology.

In line of the huge scope of the digital context, the number of subscribers of digital services, and the number of digital devices, levels of energy intake have reached alarming levels during the last decade. By 2020, the number of linked devices will have augmented almost to forty nine billion, and in the coming years almost by 2030, it will have increased to 100 billion. As a result, experts anticipate a massive increase in content size and data usage rate (hundreds of thousand times larger in coming decade than it was in past two decades) at the cost of extreme carbon emissions into the atmosphere. As the Internet of Things (IoT) connects everything in the smart world, energy usage is an issue and a promising study field. A green IoT is proposed in order to achieve a low power consumption IoT. The purpose of this article is to offer an overview of green IoT. It also goes through the green IoT life cycle, which includes green design, green manufacture, green use, and green recycling. Green IoT technologies are also explored, such as green tags, green sensor networks, and green internet technologies. In addition, there are studies on IoT using fifth gen technologies and IoT for smart metropolises. Finally, future research topics as well as outstanding issues in the field of green IoT are discussed.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the combination of a network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and healthcare & agriculture equipments. It is also used to connect other gadgets, which are embedded with sensors, actuators and Bluetooth. The all connected devices are allowed to exchange data and perform automated tasks without human intervention. Another aspect of technology is, Green IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the application of IoT technology to promote sustainability and eco-friendliness in various industries. The latest development in Green IoT is the growing concentrate on using Internet of Things devices and systems to reduce carbon emissions, minimize waste and promote energy efficiency. This paper discusses Internet of Things and Green IoT structural design & current emerging utility domains such as Healthcare & Agriculture. Certainly, it would help the research scholar to understand the latest trends of technology in healthcare and agriculture and its utility to the 21st century.

This chapter illustrates that there are many challenging problems in the modern society such as environment pollution, radiation pollution, high demand, and low supply of energy. Such issues need modern solutions to tackle them. In this context, green internet of things (IoT) solutions have come up with flying colors. As there is a constant need of the energy by the interconnected IoT devices to perceive, fetch, and transmit the real-time information, the energy demands remain high. Green IoT is an emerging concept to meet this problem by framing the energy-efficient policies so as to provide a simpler yet better solution to enhance the quality of the current practices. In this chapter, different practical aspects of green IoT and narrowband IoT (NBIoT) deployment have been presented. NBIoT narrowband signals are used in low data rates are transmitted and have a widerange of reception because narrow filters cancel out unwanted wideband noise. NBIoT has several advantages over LTE-M due to lower device cost, longer battery life and extended coverage. Finally, some future research directions have been addressed.

The concept of "smart cities" The Internet of Things (IoT) is a multi-layered framework that allows cities to employ urban networks to enhance economic performance, generate innovative technological solutions, and more. Smart Cities are the result of a new age in information technology and smart economy growth, based on Internet mesh networks, communication networks, transmission networks, wireless networks, and other end-to-end sensor networks. The Internet of Things (IoT) is at the heart of it. The Internet of Things incorporates sensors into common things and links them through particular protocols for sharing data and communications over the Internet. Smart detection leads, location, monitoring, and administration are all provided by this modular architecture. A smart city of excellence must overcome three main factors: instrumented, linked, and intelligent, with the help of IoT technology. At this point of IoT development, smart cities can only arise through the interconnectedness of all of these smart elements. The goal of this essay is to learn how the Internet and sensors may assist in the development of smart cities.
 The study's main goal is to figure out how the Internet of Things, or IoT, is being used in smart cities. We also want to establish the necessity for IoT systems in these smart cities, as well as the issues that they may pose to individuals and society, via the research.
 Review secondary research papers, reviews, dissertations, and online documents from the EBSCO, Scopus, and Emerald databases to analyse and comprehend the usage of IoT in smart cities and the possible problems that its implementation may provide in order to accomplish the following goals.
 Municipal requirements are getting more complicated, necessitating the adoption of new technology like the Internet of Things to ensure that all of these cities' duties are completed. Although more cities are becoming smart via the usage of IoT in a number of businesses, the study shows that this IoT system is also creating worries about the security of citizens' data.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and deep learning techniques have been investigated to enhance smart city applications. This investigation addresses a critical challenge: the absence of standardized methods for data collection, processing, and analysis that optimize the interplay between these technologies. Materials and Methods: The research design employed in this study is a qualitative approach. Using extensive data acquisition from IoT sensors, urban infrastructure metrics, and evaluations of deep sustainability outcomes. This data is processed using deep learning algorithms to provide actionable insights. This study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the advancement of smart city solutions, as it facilitates more responsive and adaptive healthcare services in smart cities. Findings: The findings of this research reveal that the synergistic application of IoT and deep learning streamlines data-driven decision-making processes and increases operational efficiencies within urban healthcare systems. The study identified that the deep-learning models utilized large datasets, which holds promise for real-time analytics in urban environments. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Moreover, it contributes to theoretical frameworks that elucidate the integration pathways for IoT and deep learning in smart cities, thus filling key gaps. Key findings revealed that by leveraging IoT for data acquisition and utilizing deep learning for data analysis, cities can improve urban management functions, such as traffic control, public safety, and resource allocation.

MGR: Multi-parameter Green Reliable communication for Internet of Things in 5G network

Internet of Things (IoT) "The smart city concept has become a dream that big cities in Indonesia want to achieve, basically the smart city concept focuses on developing the human element using technology. IoT opens up many opportunities for new services by connecting the physical world and the virtual world to various electronic devices. IoT aims to leverage cutting-edge technology to support sustainable services for governments and their citizens. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is one method in conducting an overview of previous interrelated researchers. The purpose of the literature study in this research is to understand trending research topics, methods, and architecture in the development of smart cities with IoT. In this study, various interesting information was found in various research journals regarding the role of IoT in building a smart city that has a role to serve smart city infrastructure, identify and analyze trends, develop smart cities and become innovations for IoT. Based on the research, there are things that need to be done to improve the study to focus more on the role of IoT that can be more utilized. IoT is also one of the technologies that are widely used in several countries in the development of IoT in the future. IoT in smart cities will become an inseparable technology because humans will increasingly depend on IoT in their daily lives

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative technology that connects the physical and digital worlds, revolutionizing how devices, objects, and systems interact. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, IoT paves the way for the development of smart cities, homes, industries, and healthcare systems. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Internet of Things and its role in shaping the smart world.The first section of this paper delves into the foundational concepts of IoT, outlining its history, principles, and key components. The discussion highlights the rapid growth of IoT devices, sensors, and communication protocols, which have enabled seamless data exchange and connectivity on a global scale. The potential benefits and challenges of IoT adoption are addressed, emphasizing the need for robust security and privacy measures to protect against potential threats. The second section explores the pivotal role of IoT in shaping smart cities. With urbanization on the rise, the need for efficient resource management, sustainable infrastructure, and enhanced citizen services becomes more pressing. IoT-driven solutions empower cities to optimize traffic flow, manage energy consumption, improve waste management, and enhance public safety through real-time data analytics and predictive modeling.In the context of smart homes, the third section investigates how IoT applications have revolutionized the way people interact with their living spaces. Smart home devices, such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, and voice-activated assistants, provide users with increased convenience and energy efficiency. However, concerns surrounding data privacy and potential vulnerabilities necessitate a discussion on the best practices for securing smart home ecosystems. The fourth section examines the impact of IoT on industries, from manufacturing to agriculture. IoT-enabled industrial processes streamline production, enhance supply chain management, and facilitate predictive maintenance, leading to increased productivity and reduced operational costs. Additionally, precision agriculture applications of IoT offer farmers real-time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop health, leading to improved crop yield and resource utilization.The fifth section addresses the transformation of healthcare systems through IoT integration. From remote patient monitoring to wearable health devices, IoT has opened new avenues for personalized and proactive healthcare. This section emphasizes the potential of IoT to revolutionize healthcare delivery by facilitating timely interventions, reducing hospital readmissions, and empowering patients to take an active role in their health management.The sixth section discusses the challenges and barriers hindering the widespread adoption of IoT and the smart world. Interoperability issues, standardization, and the complexity of integrating diverse systems pose significant challenges for stakeholders. Moreover, concerns regarding data ownership, privacy, and cyber-security remain key obstacles that need to be addressed to build public trust in IoT technologies. The final section explores future trends and possibilities for IoT and the smart world. With the proliferation of 5G networks, edge computing, and artificial intelligence, the potential for IoT applications is boundless. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaboration among governments, industries, and researchers to shape a sustainable and inclusive smart world powered by IoT technologies.In summary, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Internet of Things and its role in shaping the smart world. From its foundational principles to its diverse applications across various sectors, IoT has the potential to transform societies and redefine how we interact with technology. However, addressing challenges related to security, privacy, and standardization is crucial to unlock the full potential of IoT and pave the way for a truly interconnected and intelligent future.