Design of Shark-Fin Superstrate Antenna for 5G and GPS Applications

In this paper, a design concept of modified rectangular shape slotted patch antenna with microstrip feed is proposed for GPS and WLAN applications. The proposed simple planar design of the planar antenna is composed of partially extended radiating surface which is loaded with L-shape slot and two wide square slots. The optimized design of the antenna has overall dimension of $$40 \times 40\; \mathrm{mm}^{2}$$40?40mm2 and is fabricated on 1.905 mm thick high dielectric substrate $$(\varepsilon _{r} = 10.2)$$(?r=10.2) of high frequency copper laminated ceramic composite substrate. The antenna design, simulation and parametric analysis have been performed on finite element method based full-wave 3D electromagnetic field simulation software. The experimental results show that the fabricated antenna has achieved impedance bandwidths (S11 $$\le -10$$≤-10 dB) of around 780 MHz (1.13---1.91?GHz) at resonant frequency of 1.48?GHz and 1220?MHz (4.83---6.05?GHz) at resonant frequency of 5.61?GHz respectively. The gain of the fabricated antenna gives maximum value of 3.42 and 4.37?dBi for lower and upper frequency band of operations respectively. The proposed antenna shows almost consistent radiation patterns with adequate radiation efficiency over the frequency bands which make the antenna appropriate for providing services in both L1/L2 GPS and 5.2/5.8?GHz WLAN bands.

In this paper, design of ground radiation antenna using EBG technology for GPS applications. The compact electromagnetic band gap single cell is introduced in the middle of ground radiation and battery to reduce performance of ground radiation antenna due to huge battery. A minute loop-type circuit with 2.41-GHz Bluetooth, GPS applications is designed and it is comprised in the ground radiation antenna. By using meandering-line technology, a square split-ring resonator is constructed by changing compact EBG single cell. Efficiency of the proposed antenna is obtained as 90%at resonant frequency.

In this paper, the design of a triple band rectangular microstrip antenna with triple slots for WLAN and 5G applications has been presented. Support Vector Regression (SVR) model has been used in the design procedure. Simulation results of High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) are given and compared with a traditional rectangular antenna without slots as well as with the results of some triple band antennas given in the literature.

A quad-band circularly-polarized antenna, for applications of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), 5G, and WIFI-6E, is designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed antenna is formed by an L-shaped radiator, a rectangular frame ground with an L-shaped stub, and a rectangular strip at the opposite corner. The microstrip antenna can generate four frequency bands, covering WIFI-6E (5925–7125 MHz), 5G n77 (3300–4200 MHz), n78 (3300–3800 MHz), and the GNSS bands. This antenna generates right hand circular polarization (RHCP) waves in the low frequency band (0.95–2.11 GHz), covering GPS, BDS, GLONASS, and GALILEO applications. Moreover, an L-shaped aperture and three rectangular slits are cut on the ground to broaden the axial-ratio bandwidth at the upper band. A prototype is fabricated and measured to verify the performance of this design. It is shown that the agreement between the simulation and measurement is satisfactorily good. The measured −10 dB bandwidths for each band are 75.8% (0.95–2.11 GHz), 55.8% (3.05–5.39 GHz), 39.9% (5.84–8.19 GHz) and 10.3% (9.14–10.68 GHz), respectively. While the measured 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidths are 59.4% (1.16–2.14 GHz), 35.8% (3.23–4.64 GHz), 8.4% (5.70–6.20 GHz), and 2.6% (7.51–7.71 GHz), the measured gains are 4.56, 2.28, 4.26, and 4.30 dBi at 1.5 GHz, 3.8 GHz, 6 GHz, and 7.6 GHz, respectively.

The objective of this paper is to design and analyze the cylindrical EBG structure with patch for gain enhancement. The proposed design is evaluated using the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Simulated results are presented for an EBG antenna operating at 2.45GHz which is suitable for mobile and GPS applications.

In this paper, the design of a monopole slot antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) for Wireless power transmission and GPS Applications is presented. The proposed antenna embedded a pair of inverted-L grounded strips around two opposite corners of the ground and L-shaped slit features in the upper face of ground plane and a monopole patch with two opposite corners slots protruded into the slot from the signal strip of the CPW. The wideband can be obtained by setting the corresponding parameters of the L-shaped slit whereas the matching input impedance bandwidth can be greatly improved through the tuning stub. The designed antenna has a small size of 60×60×0.74mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The features of the antennas, for instance, return losses and radiation patterns are validated. Finally, the full system is analyzed and optimized, and the properties of the antennas, for instance, return losses and radiation patterns are validated into simulation by using CST Microwave Studio electromagnetic solver and HFSS solver.

In radio communication system, antenna is becoming more and more important. A circularly polarized GPS terminal receiving antenna is proposed in this paper. It is formed by a radiant patch, a feed probe and a substrate. The center frequency of the proposed antenna is 1.575+/-10 (GHz), the return loss is less than -20dB, and the axial ratio is less than 2.5. Simulation results demonstrate that the designed antenna can meet the requirements of GPS applications.

The use of flexible antennas has garnered significant interest in light of their wide-ranging applications inside contemporary wireless communication systems. The need for these antennas stems from the necessity for small, conformal, and versatile systems that can effectively function across many frequency ranges. The present study investigates designing and optimizing a universal triband antenna, focusing on meeting the distinct demands of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and 5G applications. The current methodologies often need help attaining maximum efficiency over a wide range of frequency bands, resulting in concerns such as subpar radiation patterns and restricted bandwidth. To address the obstacles, this research proposes a novel approach known as the Triband Antenna Design using the Artificial Neural Network (3AD-ANN) method. This method utilizes machine learning techniques to devise and enhance the attributes of the antenna effectively. The 3AD-ANN approach presents several notable characteristics, such as heightened adaptability, increased radiation patterns, and a condensed physical structure. The mean values for far-field radiation gain are around -37.4 dB in simulated scenarios and -39.9 dB in actual observations. The average return loss is roughly -23.8 dB in simulations and -25.8 dB in experimental measurements. The numerical findings illustrate the effectiveness of this methodology, exhibiting exceptional return loss and gain sizes over a range of frequencies, including WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G.

The fast growth of wireless technology for mobile communication devices requires broad bandwidth, high data rate facilities and compact device size. The solution to the next generation user equipment is high data rate 4G/5G technologies. In this research, wideband antenna design was analyzed and evaluated for 4G, 5G and NB-IoT applications. CST microwave studio was used for simulations and investigations of the performance parameters. The antenna was designed as a folded dipole with a tunable bandwidth and resonates for 5G NR n78, NR-IoT bands B1, B2, and B25, and eleven TDD LTE frequency bands with a bandwidth percentage and minimum scattering loss of 69.02% and −42 dB respectively. Additionally, the designed antenna is small (35 × 48 × 1.62 mm3) and planar in structure and can be easily integrated with radio equipment. The antenna design was also investigated for SAR minimization and gain enhancement using metamaterial integration. For all operating frequency bands, the antenna design results in a considerable gain improvement. The metamaterial was shown to be an excellent absorber of radiation, particularly in high frequency regions. This research also included a SAR examination with and without metamaterial integration. SAR values were found to be significantly reduced throughout all operating bands. The results were validated by fabricating the design prototype on FR-4 substrate for 4G, 5G and IoT bands. The antenna will be possibly used for communication in high data rate applications.

5G is the advanced high-speed and reliable fifth generation wireless communication better than 4G. In this paper, using FEKO software we have designed and analyzed circular microstrip patch antenna for 5G communication and its applications. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the design of a circular microstrip patch antenna at 28.5 GHz resonant frequency with microstrip feed line so that it becomes useful for 5G applications. Therefore, we have used Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate material having dielectric constant $\varepsilon_{r}=2.2$ and loss tangent of 0.0010 with substrate height =0.6 mm. After analyzing the design, we have found this method is highly efficient and reliable with respect 5G applications and thus we have obtained good return loss of −32.86 dB, increased bandwidth of 1.6369 GHz, high gain of 10 dB, excellent antenna radiation efficiency of almost 100%.

In this study, a radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna operating at 38 GHz and 55 GHz is designed and analyzed for high-frequency applications in 5G, 6G, and radar systems. The proposed antenna utilizes an RF switch (BAR64-02V) to achieve pattern reconfigurability, offering a compact and efficient solution compared to more complex feed networks or multiple antenna components. The antenna successfully shifts its main lobe direction between OFF and ON states at both 38 GHz and 55 GHz. At 38 GHz, significant beam direction shifts are observed, particularly in Phi = 90° (180° to 50°) and Theta = 90° (-50° to -131°). At 55 GHz, the most prominent beam shift occurred at Phi = 0° (-120° to -108°), indicating strong directional adaptability. The ON-state enables a triple-band operation, while the OFF-state exhibits a dual-band response, providing enhanced operational flexibility. The proposed antenna offers acceptable radiation efficiencies, with values reaching 93% at 38 GHz and 90.6% at 55 GHz. The simulated VSWR and S11 characteristics confirm the robustness of the design in different operational states. The antenna’s reconfigurability makes it ideal for mm-Wave communications, supporting beamforming, interference reduction, and enhanced signal quality. The proposed antenna design has also shown acceptable performance for high-speed 5G and 6G networks, and partial V-band applications. The results confirm that the proposed triangular monopole antenna with a single RF switch effectively achieves pattern and frequency reconfigurability while maintaining high performance at 38 GHz and 55 GHz. This study demonstrates the feasibility of reconfigurable antennas for next-generation wireless communication and radar systems, paving the way for further advancements in beamforming and adaptive antenna design.

The advent of 5G technology requires significant advances in the design of antennas, particularly in the Microstrip patch antennas, which are crucial to meet the strict demands of modern telecommunications. Recent developments have emphasized the improvements in bandwidth, gain, and efficiency, particularly through the integration of dual antenna matrices into a single substrate. The proposed array antenna effectively addresses these limitations, improving performance through improved radiation characteristics and a broader bandwidth, thus facilitating the deployment of more efficient and reliable 5G communication systems. This antenna consists of two 1×9 arrays positioned at the opposing edges of the substrate, optimized for operation in the broadside direction, which operates in the range of 26 – 29 GHz with achieving a wide bandwidth of 3 GHz. CST microwave studio software is utilized to design, simulate, and optimize the antenna structure. Initially, a single-element antenna design is designed, and sequentially, 1×4 array and 1×9 array structures are designed. Finally, the present design of a 2×9 array is developed and optimized to achieve an operating frequency of 28.73 GHz with gain and efficiency of 5.54 dB and 82.7%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed microstrip patch antenna not only meets the immediate bandwidth and obtains 5G application requirements but also search the way for future innovations in wireless communication technologies.

In this work, a versatile, low mutual coupling, circularly polarized Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented on a flexible polyimide substrate, specifically designed for multiband on-body wireless communication applications. The antenna is implemented on a compact 30 × 50 mm2 polyimide substrate, making it lightweight, conformal, and highly suitable for wearable and body-centric systems. The patch and ground planes are modified with several structural enhancements to improve the performance and to achieve circular polarization. The ring-shaped patch elements were developed for proper impedance matching, and the T shaped rectangular stub on the ground plane, along with a rectangular slot at the centre, are incorporated for enhanced isolation and mutual coupling suppression. The propounded antenna structure results in an efficient multiband performance at 1.4, 3.1, and 4.7 GHz operating at bands of On-Body Wireless Medical Telemetry, Fifth-Generation (5G), and Military Communication Applications. The presented MIMO has high radiation efficiency, good Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) and very low Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and a Diversity Gain (DG) near 10 dB, which verifies the excellent MIMO performance. Furthermore, the low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the antenna makes it safe for wearable body-centric applications. The mechanical flexibility of the proposed antenna enables its steady performance even under bending and deforming conditions, which suggests its reliability in practice. With the compact size, multiband, reduced mutual coupling, and reliable operation, the proposed antenna provides an efficient and technologically advanced solution for next-generation 5G systems, Internet of Things (IoT)-based biomedical sensing, military communications, and smart wearable devices.

The unlicensed National Information Infrastructure radio band (n77, n78, and n46) is taken into consideration for this research work's "Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)" antenna with dual band features. Gradually, the form design of simple single-patch MIMO antennas gives way to four-element MIMO antennas. Four microstrip antennas are integrated using button-like circular caps on the main patches. Reduced ground is also used in the construction of many band characteristics. Excellent isolation can be achieved by using Rectangular Metallic Strip (RMS). The suggested MIMO antenna has the advantage of covering two significant frequency bands. At 3.07 GHz and 6.31 GHz, the antenna system resonates with a total bandwidth of 2.43 GHz. The antenna design uses a FR4 substrate measuring 35 mm by 49 mm by 1.6 mm in thickness. For simulation purposes, Teflon and a specially made SMA connector with a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) are used to enhance impedance matching. An 8.2 mm feed line with an inset feed is also utilized. Research and investigation are conducted on radiation properties, including mean effective gain, envelope correction coefficient, reflection coefficient, and more. Both the reflection and isolation coefficients have values of less than -10 dB, with the former being less than -15 dB. It is a 16.30 dB increase overall. 5G applications will greatly benefit from having this smaller, four-element MIMO antenna.

The unlicensed National Information Infrastructure radio band (n77, n78, and n46) is taken into consideration for this research work's "Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)" antenna with dual band features. Gradually, the form design of simple single-patch MIMO antennas gives way to four-element MIMO antennas. Four microstrip antennas are integrated using button-like circular caps on the main patches. Reduced ground is also used in the construction of many band characteristics. Excellent isolation can be achieved by using Rectangular Metallic Strip (RMS). The suggested MIMO antenna has the advantage of covering two significant frequency bands. At 3.07 GHz and 6.31 GHz, the antenna system resonates with a total bandwidth of 2.43 GHz. The antenna design uses a FR4 substrate measuring 35 mm by 49 mm by 1.6 mm in thickness. For simulation purposes, Teflon and a specially made SMA connector with a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) are used to enhance impedance matching. An 8.2 mm feed line with an inset feed is also utilized. Research and investigation are conducted on radiation properties, including mean effective gain, envelope correction coefficient, reflection coefficient, and more. Both the reflection and isolation coefficients have values of less than -10 dB, with the former being less than -15 dB. It is a 16.30 dB increase overall. 5G applications will greatly benefit from having this smaller, four-element MIMO antenna.