Design of the next generation cognitive mobile ad hoc networks

Now a day's use of wireless communication is very common and growing faster. There are different types of wireless networks which are designed as per the requirement of data rate and coverage. In this paper scope is limited to widely study and used network called Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). MANET is collection of wireless devices which communicate among each other without need of any physical infrastructure as well as centralize administrations. Each mobile node in MANET acts as peer node. The communication is MANET is based on routing methods and hence since from last 2 decade there are number of routing methods designed with objective of improving the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of MANET. As the mobile nodes in MANET are moving randomly with varying mobility speed, this can leads the challenging tasks to achieve the guaranteed QoS performance. Therefore it is required to have efficient routing protocol with load balancing and dynamic behaviour of mobile nodes handling in MANET. In this paper, our goal first is to present the study on different QoS aware routing methods and non-routing methods designed by various research groups for MANET. Second objective is to design novel QoS Aware routing protocol for improving the QoS performance in MANET. Additionally, we are presenting the current research gap based on analysis of all recent methods of QoS improvement. The outcome of this paper is the current research problems and efficient QAODV routing method.

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a popular technology because of their wide application and independent mobility. Nevertheless, communication through MANETs can be effective because of their inherent nature of high mobility, which in turn results in a higher rate of data loss and delay. Therefore, for effective communication to be achieved, the MANETs’ routing performance must be enhanced. Some extant routing protocols like AOMDV can yield moderate Routing Overhead (RO) during communication. The review of previous studies shows that there is a need for improvement in the following areas: Computational E2E delay: the proposed Genetic Algorithm- Ant Colony Optimization (GA-ACO) was unable to reduce the computational E2E delay that occurs during communication. RO: The schemes that were proposed failed to minimize the RO in the network. Energy consumption: the reduction energy consumed by the network was reduced, however, high throughput and PDR could not be achieved by the method. On the contrary, the EHO-based AOMDV routing protocol achieved low E2E delay and RO but was unable to decrease the energy consumed by the network. Throughput and PDR: The protocol proposed failed to achieve high Quality of Services (QoS). Consequently, this paper aims to provide a solution to this communication problem by proposing a Hybrid Optimization-based Effective Path Selection and Multipath routing (HOEPSM) approach for MANETs. The proposed approach, which is HOEPSM is made up of two parts: Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO)-based AOMDV routing protocol, which makes use of EHO for the identification of the shortest path from the source to the destination. The second part which is the Hybrid optimization using Genetic Ant Optimization (GAO) algorithm, involves finding the best solution through the use of a GAO-based hybrid optimization algorithm. The results of the study revealed that the use of the HOEPSM causes a significant decrease in routing RO while enhancing the network’s Quality of Forwarding (QoF) of the network. Also, the simulation of the proposed approach was carried out in NS2, and afterward, compared with earlier proposed methods like DRARP and MDRARP. Based on the simulation results, the HOEPSM outperformed the other methods, with high Energy Efficiency (EE) (91%), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) (95%), RO (155), and End to End (E2E delay) (102ms). These results can be attributed to the HOEPSM’s choice of the best and steady route from the source nodes and destination nodes.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collection of distributed nodes which communicate using multi-hop wireless links. In order to manage the frequent topology change and ineffective communication, Distributed Spanning Tree (DST) interconnection technique can be used. DST technique guarantee network connectivity, efficient routing and maintain network performance in MANET. In MANET, nodes work for tasks of similar goal (common interest). So, most of the nodes try to access the similar data at different period. By using Data cache system (DCS), we can improve the efficiency of MANET to some extent [1]. In this paper, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is used to enhance the efficiency of data cache system in MANET at higher level. ACO technique improves the data transfer speed by finding optimal path between nodes of MANET in dynamic fashion. Analysis from simulation of our proposed work shows that data cache system efficiency can be improved using DST technique.

This dissertation focuses on clustering and hybrid routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). Specifically, we study two different network-layer virtual infrastructures proposed for MANET: the explicit cluster infrastructure and the implicit zone infrastructure. In the first part of the dissertation, we propose a novel clustering scheme based on a number of properties of diameter-2 graphs to provide a general-purpose virtual infrastructure for MANET. Compared to virtual infrastructures with central nodes, our virtual infrastructure is more symmetric and stable, but still light-weight. In our clustering scheme, cluster initialization naturally blends into cluster maintenance, showing the unity between these two operations. We call our algorithm tree-based since cluster merge and split operations are performed based on a spanning tree maintained at some specific nodes. Extensive simulation results have shown the effectiveness of our clustering scheme when compared to other schemes proposed in the literature. In the second part of the dissertation, we propose TZRP (Two-Zone Routing Protocol) as a hybrid routing framework that can balance the tradeoffs between pure proactive, fuzzy proactive, and reactive routing approaches more effectively in a wide range of network conditions. In TZRP, each node maintains two zones: a Crisp Zone for proactive routing and efficient bordercasting, and a Fuzzy Zone for heuristic routing using imprecise locality information. The perimeter of the Crisp Zone is the boundary between pure proactive routing and fuzzy proactive routing, and the perimeter of the Fuzzy Zone is the boundary between proactive routing and reactive routing. By adjusting the sizes of these two zones, a reduced total routing control overhead can be achieved.

Two enabling technologies for envisioned tactical network systems are mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing and collaborative multiagent systems (MAS). Despite their respective technical value in enabling more distributed, autonomous networking, open research and engineering questions remain regarding robust interoperation, standardization, and design of these two technologies. Little work has been done to date to examine the interaction and performance of distributed agent designs within MANET environments. This paper examines the interactions and effects of running a team of belief-desire-intention (BDI) agents within a wireless network using emerging MANET protocol frameworks. The focus of the interagent communication model applied in this study is a form of MANET multicast routing and is aimed at improving group-based agent collaboration. The developed simulation testing environment is specified and results from various experiments are discussed. We present recent results examining overall MAS task performance vs. related knowledge loss induced by the underlying MANET network disruptions. We conclude by outlining several open issues and areas of further work.

Packet traceback in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a technique for identifying the source and intermediaries of a packet forwarding path. While many IP traceback techniques have been introduced for packet attribution in the Internet, they are not directly applicable in MANETs due to unique challenges of MANET environments. In this work, we make the first effort to quantitatively analyze the impacts of node mobility, attack packet rate, and path length on the traceability of two types of well-known IP traceback schemes: probabilistic packet marking (PPM) and hash-based logging. We then present the design of an authenticated K-sized Probabilistic Packet Marking (AK-PPM) scheme, which not only improves the effectiveness of source traceback in the MANET environment, but also provides authentication for forwarding paths. We prove that AK-PPM can achieve asymptotically one-hop precise, and present the performance measurement of AK-PPM in MANETs with both analytical models and simulations.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

The Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are normally deployed in the disaster affected areas where there is a big damage to infrastructural resources or in the military operations in the remote areas, where the infrastructural resources are virtually nonexistent. The performance of these networks is known to be dependent upon various parameters such as transmission range, mobility, bandwidth and residual power of the nodes, and the network size. Literature provides the study of the impact of these parameters on the MANET performance. This paper provides the impact of a new parameter, the shape of the area where the ad hoc network is to be deployed, on the performance of ad hoc networks through simulation in MATLAB.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by their dynamic topology. Data transmission starts when data channel is allocated; however, conflicts can occur if many sender-receiver pairs are given same data channel simultaneously. Therefore, this work aims to address these issues by offering a robust routing and channel assignment approach in MANETs for improving network efficiency. First, Cluster Head (CH) is chosen based on constraints, including trust, risk, distance, and energy for best routing. For this routing, the Self-Improved Jellyfish Search Optimizer (SI-JSO) is proposed. In contrast to conventional JSO algorithm, the proposed SI-JSO method incorporating opposition-based learning combined with a chaotic circle map, which increases the chance of approaching global optimum. Furthermore, the use of an inertia weight strategy for refining position, contributing to a more effective balance between global exploration and local exploitation. These modifications significantly improve the algorithm’s ability to select optimal nodes and deliver improved routing efficiency. Then, an improved Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) system is used to assign channel under constraints like distance, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), throughput, link quality, and overhead. Furthermore, SI-JSO model achieves higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by reducing packet loss and higher residual energy by optimizing energy usage.

For the past decade, the field of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) [1] has been accepted as a legitimate area of research. It avoids the need for base station infrastructure by being able to self-organized and self-configuring. Hence it provides a spontaneous and yet robust wireless communication systems. Initially, MANETs researchers were focused mainly on designing distributed and dynamic communications protocols for shared channel and for route discovery. It offers best-effort protocols to ensure optimum network operation in an unpredictable wireless environment. Additionally it maintained a network topology view and routes in the face of disruption of links, failure mobile devices and short residual connectivity time. Nonetheless one could not actually experienced any successful practical implementation of MANETs in the real world. Entertainment and some other multimedia services usually made an impact on any technological breakthrough but the potential of MANETs are not truly realized. They must be able to deliver such services, for which besteffort protocols are not adequate. This is because multimedia applications often have stringent delay and reliability sensitive service requirements. Subsequently, the research focus has shifted from best-effort services to the provision of better defined QoS in MANET. QoS routing protocols then play an essential role in a QoS mechanism, since it is their task to find which nodes, if any, can serve an application's requirements. It plays a major part in session admission control (SAC), due to its dependence on the route discovery that support the requested QoS. Alternatively, some QoS routing solutions may not attempt to serve applications' requirements directly, rather to improve QoS under a particular metrics. Most of the solutions proposed in the literature, until now have focused on providing QoS based on throughput and delay. Throughput is the most common metric used. This is due to its character as the lowest common denominator requirement. It is noted that, most voice or video applications require some level of guaranteed throughput in addition to their other constraints. However, many other useful metrics are also used to quantify QoS. In this work we cover most of them and provide examples of their use. The remainder of this article is structured as follows. In Section 2 we discuss related work in terms of QoS routing surveys and summarize their main points. Section 3 describes the problem statement of QoS routing. Section 4 explains in detail the existing heuristics of QoS routing protocol. Section 5 describes a brief review of the challenges posed by the provision of QoS on the MANET environment. Section 6 presents the factors that need to be considered in designing a viable QoS routing protocol, QoS routing protocol performance, the network resources consumable

Cooperative caching is a very important technique for efficient data dissemination and sharing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Many applications have requirements on the consistency of the content cached on different nodes. However, this issue has not been adequately addressed and few of the existing solutions are really adaptive in a dynamic MANET environment. In this paper, we propose a predictive algorithm called PCC (Predictive Caching Consistency) that can make on-line tradeoff between the level of consistency of cached data and the overhead associated with achieving it. Simulation results show that PCC works adaptively and efficiently in a MANET environment, even with dynamic changes in the size of the network, mobility model of nodes, number of queries, and frequency of data updates.

SUMMARYA mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an open wireless network that comprises a set of mobile, decentralized, and self‐organized nodes. Its properties render its environment susceptible to different types of attacks, which can paralyze the mobile nodes in MANET. A particularly dangerous type of attack is run primarily under flooding bogus packet mechanisms, such as hello floods, routing table overflows, exploitation of node penalizing schemes, and resource consumption attack (RCA). Flooding‐based attacks impose severe effects because they are intended to consume MANET resources, such as bandwidth, node memory, and battery power. Therefore, identifying such effects facilitates the development of countermeasures against the intrusions. In this paper, we introduce a simulation‐based study on the effects of RCA on MANET. QualNet v5.0.2 is used to examine the severity of the effects on MANET performance metrics in terms of throughput, end‐to‐end delay, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The effects of RCA are also monitored under two combinations of four factors: we first vary the number of attackers and attackers' positions, and then modify the attackers' radio range and flooding rate. We also examine the effect of flooding mechanism on the energy consumed by resource consumption attackers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Many privacy improving techniques have been proposed based on packet encryption to protect the communication privacy of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, we show that MANETs are still vulnerable under passive statistical traffic analysis attacks. To demonstrate how to discover the communication patterns without decrypting the captured packets, we present Region based statistical traffic pattern discovery system for MANETs. Region based statistical traffic pattern discovery system for MANETs works passively to perform traffic analysis based on statistical characteristics of captured raw traffic. Region based statistical traffic pattern discovery system for MANETs are capable of discovering the sources, the destinations, and the end-to-end communication relations. Region based statistical traffic pattern discovery system for MANETs perform the traffic analysis as divide the entire network into multiple regions geographically. Empirical studies demonstrate that Region based statistical traffic pattern discovery system for MANETs achieves good accuracy in disclosing the hidden traffic patterns.

Mobile ad hoc network(MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that are free to move in any direction. It is an infrastructureless network means it has no fixed or predefined network. MANET is a self configuring network with no central authority. Security is one of important and desired feature and the major aspect to be concerned in MANET. The performance and security of MANET is affected by various security attacks. MANET is not only affected by the attacks that are faced in wired or wireless medium but it also has its own security threats. This paper outlines various network layer security attacks and their preventive measures in Mobile Ad-hoc Network.

Infrastructure and ad hoc network architectures are the two major architectures that can use wireless networks. Unlike infrastructure architecture using the centralized base station, mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less architecture which can be connected without any centralized control. In MANET, a mobile device can be connected with another device within the appropriate radio range that is typically 30 MHz to 5 GHz. Therefore, MANET is considered as a self-organizing network where each node acts as a participant and a router. Sector-based routing is a method in MANET which can be used to separate the positions of every node in a network topology. In addition, a specific node called server node can be assigned among the nodes in each sector. The server node is responsible to reserve the path resources and to maintain the information for its associated nodes and links. The performance of sector-based routing depends on the number of nodes available in the sector. Further, the routing approach in sector-based MANET can be considered in various scenarios using server nodes. Our research in this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of the sector-based routing in MANET considering several scenarios. Further, we address the variation of the performance while the number of nodes changes with several routing methods in sector-based MANET. In this paper, we investigate the detailed simulation experiments on a different number of nodes and various scenarios of sector-based routing in MANET. Our findings are as follows. (1) The average collision rate is significantly lower in sector-based routing when compared to MANET. (2) The resource efficiency in sector-based routing is considerably higher. (3) Unlike in a small number of nodes, the higher number of connections can be allowed in a high number of nodes distributed in a sector.KeywordsMANETSector-based routingServer nodeResource efficiency