Detecting Phishing URLs With CNN - SVM Method

Brain tumors are formed due to the abnormal growth of the cells that get multiplied and become in uncontrollable perspective. Tumors can damage brain cells by pressing down the skull, which consociate begins in, which negatively affects human health. In advanced stages, a brain tumor is a more dangerous infection that cannot be relieved. Brain tumor detection and early prevention are necessary in today's world. An extreme learning machine (ELM) is a widely adopted algorithm in machine learning. It is proposed to use classification models in brain tumor imaging. This classification is based on the techniques implemented: Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) and Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN). CNN efficiently solves the convex optimization problem and is faster, requiring less human effort. The algorithmic architecture of GAN uses two neural networks, pocking one against the other. These networks are implemented in various fields to classify brain Tumor images. The present study mainly aims to introduce a new proposed classification system of preschool children brain imaging with Hybrid Convolutional Neural Networks and with the techniques of GAN. The proposed technique is compared with the existing hybrid-CNN and hybrid-GAN techniques. The outcomes are encouraging because the loss is deduced, and the accuracy facet increases. The proposed system achieved a training accuracy of 97.8% and a validation accuracy of 89%. The outcomes of the studies show that ELM in the platform of GAN for preschool children brain imaging classification has achieved higher predictive performance than the traditional classification mechanisms in increasingly complex scenarios. Time elapsed for training brain images samples finds inference value for training samples and time elapsed value increased by 28.9855%. Approximation ratio for cost based on probability, finding Approximation ratio for low probability range is increased by 88.1%. The combination of CNN, GAN and hybrid-CNN, hybrid-GAN, and hybrid CNN + GAN, compared with the proposed hybrid system, increased Detection latency for low range learning rate by 3.31%.

Flood susceptibility mapping using a novel ensemble weights-of-evidence and support vector machine models in GIS

A machine learning-based underwater noise classification method

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis. According to According to the World Health Assembly, one of the best preventative measures is to wear a face mask while out outdoors (WHO). This work presents a hybrid model for face mask identification that combines deep and traditional machine learning. I have trained the proposed system, which consists of convolutional neural networks (ConNN), support vector machines (SVM), and random forests (RF), in three stages, the first stage, used ConNN, the second stage, used the same ConNN with the SVM method, and in the third stage, used ConNN and RF. This paper suggests three different kinds of masked face recognition datasets: the Incorrectly Masked Face Dataset (IMFD), the Correctly Masked Face Dataset (CMFD), and the combination for MaskedFace-Net, a worldwide masked face detection system. Two objectives are presented for the realistic masked face datasets: i) to identify individuals whose faces are covered or not covered, ii) to identify faces whose masks are put on properly or improperly (for example, at airport entrances or among crowds). The suggested model is made up of two parts. The first part is designed for feature extraction using a convolutional neural networks. In contrast, the second section is made to classify face masks using SVM and RF methods. The ConNN achieved 99.92%. and achieved for ConNN and SVM 99.94%. ConNN and RF 98.79%. Moreover,The system has been tested in real world scenarios and can recognize and classify any image selected by Google with high accuracy. we a comparison and the results aim to evaluate the proposed model.

Since capsule endoscopy offers high-resolution, non-invasive imaging of the digestive tract, it has completely changed gastrointestinal diagnostics. However, the necessity for high diagnostic prediction precision, imbalanced datasets, and the variety of medical situations make automated classification of endoscopic images a considerable issue. In order to increase the precision and resilience of capsule endoscopy image classification, we provide a Hybrid CNN-SVM model in this work that combines the deep feature extraction capabilities of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with the higher classification margins of Support Vector Machines (SVMs). To ensure realistic variability free of structural distortions, the model uses MedAug-Net, a region-aware augmentation technique, to selectively improve non-ROI areas while retaining important diagnostic features. Furthermore, a Global Average Pooling (GAP) layer and depth wise separable convolutions are employed to improve computational efficiency without sacrificing robust feature representation. Better generalization and lower misclassification rates are ensured by replacing the traditional softmax layer with an SVM classifier with an RBF kernel. According to experimental results, the suggested model outperforms traditional Standard CNN architectures, which reach 98.30% accuracy under the identical experimental settings, with an accuracy of 99.47%. According to the findings, the Hybrid CNN- SVM model greatly increases classification accuracy when used in alongside MedAug-Net, making it an effective and clinically dependable method for analyzing capsule endoscopy images.

The use of machine learning for the image classification process is growing all the time. Many methods can be used to classify an image with good accuracy. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are popular methods for this case. The two approaches have differences in the data training process to achieve classification objectives. Although there are some differences between these approaches, there are some advantages to both of them. This research explores the comparison of the two CNN and SVM methods by comparing the training process carried out and the accuracy results of the classification. The process stages are divided into pre-processing, training, and testing. The objects used are ten waste plastic bottles with different brands of medium size with a total data of 1100 images. Based on the observations, both methods have advantages and disadvantages in the data training and classification process. However, from the results, CNN's accuracy is better than SVM. The accuracy of both networks is 99% for CNN and 74% for SVM, respectively. So, from the results of experiments that have been carried out in the study, it was found that CNN was still better than SVM. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-05-011 Full Text: PDF

A hybrid convolutional neural network for intelligent wear particle classification

Image segmentation of brain low-grade glioma (LGG) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contributes tremendously to diagnosis, classification and treatment of the disease. A tangible, accurate, reliable and fast image segmentation technique is demanded in clinical diagnosis and research. The emerging machine learning technique has been demonstrated its unique capability in the field of medical image processing, including medical image segmentation. Support vector machine (SVM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) are two widely used machine learning methods. In this work, image segmentation tools based on SVM and CNN are developed and evaluated for brain LGG MR image segmentation studies. The segmentation performance in terms of accuracy and cost is quantitatively analyzed and compared between the SVM and CNN techniques developed. Computed on the Google CoLab, each of the 109 SVM models represents an individual patient, is trained using a single image of that patient and takes a few seconds to complete. The CNN model is trained on a drastically larger dataset of 19,760 data augmented images and takes approximately 2 hours to obtain the most optimal result. The SVM models achieved an average and median accuracy of 0.937 and 0.976 respectively, precision of 0.456 and 0.535 respectively, recall of 0.878 and 0.906 respectively, and F1 score of 0.546 and 0.662 respectively. Although the CNN model required a significantly longer calculation time, it surpassed the SVM models in performance in LGG MR image segmentation, achieving an accuracy of 0.998, a precision of 0.999, a recall of 0.999 and an F1 score of 0.999. This study shows that SVM with appropriate filtering techniques is capable of obtaining reliable and fast segmentation of brain LGG MR images with sufficient accuracy and limited image data. CNN technique outperforms SVM in the accuracy of segmentation with requirements of significantly enlarged data set, long computation time and high-performance computer.

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a deep learning algorithm that is widely used to identify and classify a digital image object. In this study the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used as an algorithm that functions to identify leaf types (certain plants) based on images obtained from a public dataset provider named Daun Jamu Indonesia. The existence of image characteristics causes the assistance process to require a more detailed feature selection process. Therefore the CNN method is used in order to solve the problem. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method is capable of performing image recognition by minimizing feature extraction. CNN is also reliable in processing unstructured data because it uses a multi-layered structure of artificial reasoning networks. The image recognition process is carried out by looking for the shape of the model that matches the processed data in order to get the best results. In this study, the augmentation process was carried out on the training data and validation data so that overfitting does not occur in the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The results obtained in this study indicate that the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method can identify leaf types with a measured accuracy rate of 92% using the Confusion Matrix evaluation method. It is hoped that this research can be used as a reference for the use of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method for image data, especially plant leaf types.

One of the most powerful ideas in deep learning is the transfer learning technique. Transfer learning can be utilized to take a knowledge from what a deep neural network has learned from a particular task and apply that knowledge to a different task. Transfer learning is very useful when the size of the training samples of interest is small to train a neural network from scratch. This research focuses on the concept of transfer learning where the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) power can be utilized as a features extractor to help with classifying benign from malignant breast cancer images. In addition, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier based on Radial Basis Function (RBF) was adapted for its flexibility in fitting the data dimension space adequately by tuning the kernel width. The hybridization between CNN and RBF-Based SVM showed robust results for both the dataset and the application task of this research. The contribution of this paper can be summarized in three major parts. First, a CNN was implemented from scratch on a large number of available spine images to classify images of two different spine views (sagittal and axial) in order to transfer the learning process to the CNN of breast images. Second, retrain the spine CNN on the images of breast cancer to classify between benign and malignant cases by fine-tuning. Finally, the features were extracted from the retrained CNN and fed to RBF-Based SVM to classify benign from malignant breast mammogram images.

<p>Land use and landcover change (LU/LC) are important in global change studies because they can transform the local and global environment by developing the biochemical, biochemical and biogeographic properties of the Earth's structure. This paper is intended to develop Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (HCNN) for land use and land cover changes prediction in Tiruppur Tamilnadu. Initially, the databases are collected from the open-source system. And the image dataset has been pre-processed using the image augmentation technique. Through which the image has been resized and processed for training it with the proposed mode. The resized images are sent to the HCNN for prediction of land cover and land use changes in Tiruppur Tamilnadu. The proposed classifier is a combination of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Remora Optimization Algorithm (ROA). In the CNN, the ROA is utilized to select the hyper parameters to enable efficient prediction in land use and land cover changes. The proposed classifier is implemented in MATLAB and performances is evaluated by performance metrices such as accuracy, precision, recall, sensitivity, F_Measure and Kappa. The proposed methodology is compared with the conventional techniques such as CNN, Markov chain model and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) respectively.</p>

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a type of neural network that can generate synthetic images that are often indistinguishable from real ones. The article explores GAN to augment existing datasets or generate new ones for training classifiers. The competitive training process of GANs results in a generator network that can produce increasingly realistic images to create more diverse and balanced datasets for training classifiers. The article discusses several successful applications of GANs in image classification, including object recognition, face classification, and medical image analysis. The datasets used in this article are CelebA and FER2013. The CelebA dataset consists of 202,599 celebrity images with 40 attributes, such as gender, age, and facial hair. The FER2013 dataset consists of 35,887 images of faces with seven other emotions, including anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and neutral. The dataset is divided into training, validation, and test sets. We resized the images to 64x64 pixels and normalized the pixel values between -1 and 1, then trained a GAN model using the dataset. We evaluate the performance of our approach and compare it with several state-of-the-art methods, including Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). We evaluate the performance of our approach and compare it with several state-of-the-art methods, including Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), with the results that our approach outperforms SVM and CNN methods on both datasets, achieving a classification accuracy of 89.2% on CelebA and 72.5% in FER2013. Meanwhile, classification accuracy on SVM was 82.3% on CelebA and 65.4% on FER2013. Classification accuracy on CNN is 87.9% on CelebA and 70.8% on FER2013.

Bolt loosening is a significant concern in structural health monitoring (SHM), and the nonlinear wave modulation (NWM) technique shows promise for its detection. However, temperature variations affect piezoelectric sensors, complicating detection. This study examines thermal stress effects on NWM-based damage detection by simulating a beam with boundary loosening under thermal stress. A temperature compensation method was developed to mitigate these effects. A multibolt structure was also analyzed using a hybrid deep learning model combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) for multisensor data fusion. Results show that thermal stress significantly reduces classification accuracy. At 60 °C, the Damage Index dropped to zero, and CNN classification accuracy fell from 87.5% (at 25 °C) to 27.08%. Applying the compensation algorithm restored CNN accuracy to 87.27%. Statistical tests confirmed the compensated results at 60 °C were comparable to those at 25 °C. The DSmT-based fusion model achieved 98.92% accuracy on average, and even at 60 °C, maintained 98.80% accuracy with compensation for a multibolted plate. It combines the probabilistic outputs of multiple CNNs using the PCR6 rule, which redistributes conflicting evidence to improve decision reliability. This fusion strategy effectively handles uncertainty across sensors and significantly enhances classification robustness under temperature variations. In conclusion, thermal stress adversely impacts SHM damage detection, but the proposed compensation method effectively restores performance. Moreover, integrating multisensor fusion with DSmT greatly enhances accuracy, offering a robust solution for SHM in varying thermal environments.

The presence of anomalies in time series, i.e., data points that deviate from the expected behavior, can be a symptom of an incoming failure that may lead to costly repair. Thus, the detection of anomalous data by means of diagnostic methodologies can both reduce maintenance actions and asset unscheduled stops. To tackle this challenge, for the first time in the literature, we exploit the capabilities of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), by feeding them with images obtained from multivariate time series data, transformed by means of two different approaches, namely, Gramian Angular Summation Field (GASF) and Markov Transition Field (MTF). Two CNN architectures are investigated, i.e., VGG-19 and SqueezeNet. The performance of both CNNs fed with images is compared to that of i) a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) fed with time series data and ii) a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. In this paper, we present the comprehensive framework, which starts from time series transformation, goes through CNN development and ends with anomaly detection. The framework is applied to field data taken during normal operation of ten SGT-800 gas turbines, operated in combined cycle, running at base load, and located in two different regions. The normal data covers 150 days of operation. Spike faults are implanted in two out of the twenty available measured variables, i.e., compressor discharge temperature and compressor discharge pressure, by considering nine combinations of maximum fault magnitude and number of implanted spikes in each time series. The analyses carried out in this paper demonstrate that both CNNs fed with images achieve significantly higher classification accuracy than both a TCN model fed with time series data and an SVM model. Moreover, the MTF method always proves more robust than GASF method, and also allows higher accuracy values, in the range from 0.85 to 0.99.

Anomalies in time series can be a symptom of an incoming failure. Thus, the detection of anomalous data can both reduce maintenance actions and asset unscheduled stops. To tackle this challenge, we exploit the capabilities of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), fed with images obtained from multivariate time series data, transformed by means of two different approaches. Two CNN architectures are investigated, i.e., VGG-19 and SqueezeNet. The performance of both CNNs fed with images is compared to that of (i) a temporal convolutional network (TCN) fed with time series data and (ii) a support vector machine (SVM) model. In this paper, we present the comprehensive framework, which starts from time series transformation, goes through CNN development and ends with anomaly detection. The framework is applied to field data taken during normal operation of ten SGT-800 gas turbines, located in two different regions. The normal data covers 150 days of operation. Spike faults are implanted in two out of the 20 available measured variables, i.e., compressor discharge temperature and compressor discharge pressure, by considering different combinations of maximum fault magnitude and number of implanted spikes in each time series. The results demonstrate that both CNNs fed with images achieve significantly higher classification accuracy than both a TCN model fed with time series data and an SVM model. Moreover, the Markov transition field (MTF) method always proves more robust than Gramian angular summation field (GASF) method, and also allows higher accuracy values, in the range from 0.85 to 0.99.