Detection of Speech Signal for Speaker Recognition in Biometric Systems Using Optical Scanning Holography with Double Random Phase Encoding

Cancelable biometric techniques play a vital role in the privacy and security of remote surveillance systems to keep the genuine users’ confidential data safe and away from intruders. This research presents an efficient cancelable biometric framework by exploiting an irreversible hybrid encryption technique that incorporates Deoxyribonucleic, Ribonucleic acid sequences (DNA and RNA), and the evolutionary optimization technique of the Genetic Algorithm (GA). So, these techniques are employed to create completely deformed templates from their original ones. Thus, our main contribution is offering a novel biometric security framework that achieves unique randomness characteristics using RNA and DNA sequences and the evolutionary GA-based encryption scheme. The proposed framework produces an entirely unrecognized biometric template by ciphering the main discriminative features of the biometric traits of the authorized clients. The proposed algorithm is first initialized by creating several encrypted biometric images of the original users by employing the logistic map function. Secondly, the initialized encrypted images are transformed into one vector of a binary array. Then, they are converted to their corresponding introns, exons, and consequently, their relevant codons are stored in the cloud database. Thirdly, these relevant codons are replaced by new ones after generating encrypted RNA lists. The utilized encryption key is extracted from the original biometric image after utilizing excessive permutations between its pixels. Then, the GA-based optimization technique is applied to select the most convenient biometric features. Finally, after employing the GA-based cross-over and mutation operations, the chosen features are used to generate the cancelable biometric traits. To validate the security efficacy of the proposed framework, different six biometric databases are used, which are Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) Faces (gray), CASIA v.5 Faces (color), UPOL Iris (gray), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Ear (color and gray), Fingerprint, and CASIA Palmprint (color and gray). The security performance of the proposed framework is compared to those of recent studies in this field, such as OSH (Optical Scanning Holography) and DRPE (Double Random Phase Encoding). The simulation results prove the superior performance of the proposed framework in terms of all tested evaluation metrics. The proposed framework provides high AROC (Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic) that reaches 0.9990, low FAR (False Acceptance Rate) of 0.0015, more uniform histograms, high correlation values for genuine users, and complete hidden of biometric features. In addition, from a security perspective, the proposed framework accomplishes good entropy, UACI (unified average changing intensity), and NPCR (number of pixels change rate) values that reach 7.9960, 33.55%, and 99.65%, respectively.

A novel cancellable biometric recognition system based on Rubik’s cube technique for cyber-security applications

In this paper, a proposed cancellable biometric scheme is based on multiple biometric image identifiers, Arnold’s cat map and double random phase encoding (DRPE) to obtain cancellable biometric templates. The proposed segmentation scheme that is used to select the region of interest for generating cancelable templates is based on chaos entropy low correlation statistical metrics. The objective of segmentation is to reduce the computational cost and reliability of template creation. The left and right biometric (iris, fingerprint, palm print and face) are divided into non-overlapping blocks of the same dimensions. To define the region of interest (ROI), we select the block with the highest entropy. To shorten the registration process time and achieve a high level of security, we select 25% of the image volume of the biometric data. In addition, the low-cost security requirement lies in the use of selective encryption (SE) technology. The step of selecting the maximum entropy is executed on all biometric blocks. The maximum right and left multi-biometric blocks are arranged in descending order from the entropy perspective and select 50% of each biometric couple and store the single matrix. The obtained matrix is scrambled with a certain number of iterations using Arnold’s Cat Map (ACM).The obtained scrambled matrix is encrypted with the DRPE to generate the cancellable biometric templates, which are further concatenated. The simulation results display better performance of the suggested cancellable biometric system in noise scenarios using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AROC). The strength of the suggested technique is examined with correlation, irregular deviation, maximum difference and maximum deviation. The recommended proposed approach shows that the ability to distinguish the authentic and imposter biometrics of user seven in different levels of the noise environment.

The principle of ptychography is applied in known plain text attack on the double random phase encoding (DRPE) system. We find that with several pairs of plain texts and cipher texts, the model of attack on DRPE can be converted to the model of ptychographical imaging. Owing to the inherent merits of the ptychographical imaging, the DRPE system can be breached totally in a fast and nearly perfect way, which is unavailable for currently existing attack methods. Further, since the decryption keys can be seen as an object to be imaged from the perspective of imaging, the ptychographical technique may be a kind of new direction to further analysis of the security of other encryption systems based on double random keys.

Background: Among optical encryption techniques, Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) is one of the most widely used. Individual identities and the process of recognition remain essential to ensuring proper data access security.Aim: The study aims to optimize an approach that ensures the significant performance effectiveness of the cancelable biometric methods for different templates and the associated time taken to transform biometric data.Problem: This study is majorly concerned about the performance effectiveness of cancelable biometric methods that measure the likelihood that an authorized effort may be mistakenly rejected as unauthorized. Also, when compromised, several non-renewability safety challenges arise, and insufficient matching performance templates are required to build a security protection method.Method and material. The study uses supervised learning for the Double Random Phase Encoding Method (DRPE), a 4F optical encryption system, and 20 randomly chosen photos from the ORL database of faces.Results. The result based on the supervised learning for the Double Random Phase Encoding Method revealed false positive rates for both the fingerprint and face templates.Conclusion. The study concluded that the performance effectiveness of the cancelable biometric in this study has a false positive rate likelihood that an authorized effort may not be mistakenly rejected as an unauthorized one.

Compared with digital methods, image hiding methods by optical ways have many advantages such as high processing speed, high parallel, high encryption dimension etc al. A novel efficient image encryption and hiding method applied by double random phase encoding technique is discussed in this paper. First, the performance of existing optical image hiding systems is analyzed; then specific statistical detection methods to the optical image hiding system are discussed; then extracting attacks to the optical image hiding system are analyzed; finally novel optical image hiding methods by technique of double random phase encoding and digital holography are given out.

The present work is devoted to research the peculiarities of an authentication system of the technical devices with the use of an optical asymmetric holographic encryption on the basis of the Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE). The series of the numerical experiments was performed to implement the encryption and the decryption of the initial image. The angular spectrum approach was used as a tool for the simulation of the propagation of the light in the free space forward and backward along the whole optical scheme of the DRPE. In the present work the particularities of the authentication system based on an asymmetric approach of the holographic encryption method DRPE were studied.

Double random phase encoding (DRPE) is a typical optical encryption technique, in which the cipher key is allowed to include redundancy between encryption and decryption. It has been shown that phase-only DRPE has the robust to known-plaintext attacks using a phase retrieval algorithm. In addition, it has been also shown that phase only DRPE can decrypt the encrypted image successfully with the singular key that is completely different from the encryption key. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of the key-space in the phase-only DRPE by means of calculating the Euclidean distance between the decryption key and the encryption key and counting the number of the correct decryption keys. As a result of the experiments, we confirmed that the distribution property of the correct keys in the phase-only DRPE is significantly different from the one in the conventional DRPE.

Most current security and authentication systems are based on personal biometrics. The security problem is a major issue in the field of biometric systems. This is due to the use in databases of the original biometrics. Then biometrics will forever be lost if these databases are attacked. Protecting privacy is the most important goal of cancelable biometrics. In order to protect privacy, therefore, cancelable biometrics should be non-invertible in such a way that no information can be inverted from the cancelable biometric templates stored in personal identification/verification databases. One methodology to achieve non-invertibility is the employment of non-invertible transforms. This work suggests an encryption process for cancellable speaker identification using a hybrid encryption system. This system includes the 3D Jigsaw transforms and Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT). The proposed scheme is compared with the optical Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) encryption process. The evaluation of simulation results of cancellable biometrics shows that the algorithm proposed is secure, authoritative, and feasible. The encryption and cancelability effects are good and reveal good performance. Also, it introduces recommended security and robustness levels for its utilization for achieving efficient cancellable biometrics systems.

Most of the existing selective encryption schemes are based on image processing and cannot be realized by optical structures, so their practicality is limited. Combining the optical design, a local hybrid optical encryption system based on double random phase encoding is proposed. The system proposed in this paper possesses a common aperture and dual optical path structure, which is widely used in optical design and can effectively improve the practicality of optical encryption system. First, important information and non-important information in the original image are separated by a selective beam splitter. Then light waves carrying important information enter into the 4<i>f</i> system for encryption, and light waves carrying non-important information enter into the diffraction system for encryption. Finally, part of the diffraction system ciphertext is replaced with 4<i>f</i> system ciphertext to obtain the final encrypted image. Decryption is the reverse process of encryption. First, the 4<i>f</i> system ciphertext is cut out from the final ciphertext. Then the 4<i>f</i> system ciphertext is used to restore the information replaced in the diffraction system ciphertext, thereby obtaining the complete diffraction system ciphertext. Finally, the two ciphertexts go through the reverse process of their respective systems to complete the decryption. By comparing the statistical characteristics and mean square error of the original image and the encrypted image, the effectiveness of the proposed system's encryption process is proved. By analyzing the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the original image and the decrypted image, the effectiveness of the proposed system's decryption process is proved. The sensitivity of each key of the system is analyzed to prove the security of the system. Especially the system is highly sensitive to selective encryption key, which proves the effectiveness and security of the proposed system for selective encryption. Through simulation, it is verified that the proposed system is very resistant to diffraction attacks. Even if he can obtain all the diffraction keys, the attacker still cannot obtain the selectively encrypted information. Finally, through simulation, it is verified that the proposed system has good noise resistance and crop resistance, and high robustness as well. The proposed system can realize the selective encryption through optical structure, which is safe, effective and highly robust, and thus improving the practicality of selective optical encryption system.

With the advancement of multimedia technology and coming of big data era, the size of image data is significantly increased. However, the traditional image encryption methods cannot solve the emerging problems of efficient compression. To settle with this challenge, an effective content-adaptive image compression and encryption method based on compressive sensing and double random phase encoding (DRPE) is proposed in this paper. The original image is converted to one low-frequency part and three high-frequency parts by DWT and then permutated by sorting-based chaotic sequences. Afterward, a novel measurement matrix optimization algorithm based on adaptive step size is presented to measure the high-frequency components. To enhance the security of the scheme, the DRPE, quantization, and diffusion are successively performed on the complex matrix composed of the shuffled low-frequency component and three measurement value matrices to obtain the cipher image. Logistic-Sine chaotic system is utilized to produce the chaotic keystreams for the encryption process, and its system parameter and initial value are determined by the information entropy of the plain image and external key parameters, so that the proposed cipher can withstand known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks effectively. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed image compression and encryption algorithm.

A use of liquid crystal panels (LCPs) as a random phase modulator in the optical encryption system based on the double random phase coding (DRPC) [Optics Letters, Vol.20, 767(1995)] is considered in the present paper. Required phase modulation property of LCPs as random phase modulators in the DRPC are investigated by computer simulations. It is found from simulation results that the required number of independent patches for phase modulations must be greater than 128 × 128 pixels for LCPs with the maximum phase modulation of 1.55π radians. It is also found that the required maximum phase modulation can be reduced to 1.25π radians by increasing the number of independent patches to 1024 × 1024 pixles. Experimental study using a commercially available LCP (EPSON, HTPS LCP, L3P14Y-55G00) verified partially these simulation results.

An encryption system that combines compressive sensing (CS) and two‐step parallel phase shifting digital holography (PPSDH) using double random phase encoding (DRPE) is presented in this paper. The two‐step PPSDH is a linear inline holographic scheme and is much suitable for encrypting the 2D/3D information in a single exposure. The distribution of random phase mask (RPM) in the DRPE is implemented using circular harmonic key which increases the security of the encryption process. In this system, the keys used to encrypt are spatial positions of the planes, wavelength, and rotation of the circular harmonics in RPMs, and CS acts as an additional key that makes the system more secure than the conventional optical encryption methods. At the transmission end, two‐step PPSDH is applied to encrypt the object information in single hologram. The digital mirror device (DMD) is placed between the object and a single‐pixel detector for acquiring fewer hologram measurements. At the receiver end, the single digital hologram is numerically recovered by using a CS optimization problem. The original complex object field is decrypted from the CS recovered holograms by the inversion of two‐step PPSDH process with the help of the correct keys. The numerical simulations are presented for complex 2D and 3D objects to test the feasibility of the proposed encryption and decryption system. The proposed method carried out intensity and phase reconstruction of the original object field using single‐pixel compressive imaging. The computer simulation results demonstrated that the encrypted information is highly secured with the rotation of the circular harmonic key. The sensitivity of the decrypted intensity and phase images is also studied with variations of the encrypted keys. The obtained results show that the proposed encryption scheme is feasible and has better security performance and robustness.

Amplitude based keyless optical encryption system using deep neural network

A technique is presented by which holograms can be recorded when an object or scene is scanned with an optically heterodyned Fresnel zone pattern. The experimental setup, based on optical scanning holography, is described and experimental results are presented. We apply the scanning holography technique to three-dimensional reflective objects for the first time to our knowledge and address the unique requirements for such a system. We discuss holographic recording and numerical image reconstruction using a system point-spread function (PSF) approach. We demonstrate numerical image reconstruction of experimentally recorded holograms by two techniques: deconvolution with a simulated PSF and an experimentally acquired PSF.