Determinables in Frames

Network Processors (NP) usually are designed as multiprocessor systems with parallel packet processing. This parallelism may lead to flows with packets out-of-order when leaving the NP system. But packet reordering has a bad impact on network performance, especially when using the dominating TCP protocol. In this paper, we describe a Hardware Re-Sequencer Unit for Network Processors. Incoming packets will be tagged in the ingress path, preserving the packet order with flow granularity. An Aggregation Unit reorders the packet flows in the egress path if needed. In contrast to most other solutions the way of the packet through the NP system is dispensable, which enlarges design freedom in terms of e.g. load balancing. After explaining the general concept, a SystemC model is presented. Simulation results are used for dimensioning and a proof of concept with real traffic traces. General aspects concerning the implementation are discussed.

Frames, i.e., recursive attribute-value structures, are a general format for the decomposition of lexical concepts. Attributes assign unique values to objects and thus describe functional relations. Concepts can be classified into four groups: sortal, individual, relational and functional concepts. The classification is reflected by different grammatical roles of the corresponding nouns. The paper aims at a cognitively adequate decomposition, particularly, of sortal concepts by means of frames. Using typed feature structures, an explicit formalism for the characterization of cognitive frames is developed. The frame model can be extended to account for typicality effects. Applying the paradigm of object-related neural synchronization, furthermore, a biologically motivated model for the cortical implementation of frames is developed. Cortically distributed synchronization patterns may be regarded as the fingerprints of concepts.

Embeddings in Natural Language Processing: Theory and Advances in Vector Representations of Meaning

Analytical properties of the solutions of the inverse problem of gravimetry are studied in the context of the approximative approach and method of linear integral representations. A new effect of the inheritance of specific analytical properties in the solutions, which is named the effect of hidden equivalence, is revealed and investigated. This effect significantly influences the interpretation informativity in the complex models of a medium, and it should be taken into account in the geological interpretation of gravity data. Hidden equivalence is studied for both linear and nonlinear inverse problems. As an example of a nonlinear problem, the inverse problem of structural gravimetry is analyzed. The correlation between the boundary equations and boundary values of the harmonic functions is demonstrated. Methods are suggested to allow for the effects that occur by expanding the approximative approach for complex conditions (the models of the media with spatially distributed parameters) by the dynamical and criterion principles.

The question of jihad is fundamental to Ibn Taymiyya since he is one of the theologians of the Mamluk period—and probably of the entire medieval period—who wrote the most on this subject. Jihad was an essential part of the life of the famous theologian of Damascus, who took part in the Mamluk war effort as a volunteer in various expeditions. Over the last decades, scholars have been interested in the issue of jihad in Ibn Taymiyya and have highlighted several elements. These works have helped us learn more about the ideology of jihad in Ibn Taymiyya. However, it should be noted that those works focus on the jihad against a particular enemy (Mongols, heretics of the Kisrawān, Shi‘ites) in a particular context and do not deal much with Ibn Taymiyya’s general conception of jihad, for which several grey areas remain. This article will discuss Ibn Taymiyya and his general conception of jihad. My method is broken down into two steps to provide new elements and research perspectives. In the first instance, I will identify the maximum of Ibn Taymiyya’s writings and passages related to jihad, making the beginning of a type of inventory. Then I will analyze their content and cross-check them to bring to light general aspects of Ibn Taymiyya’s conception of jihad.

In order to realize a CAD system, a design model, a control method of a design process, and a reprentation method of design knowledge for the design model must be concreted. The previous paper describes a boundary factor model as the design model and the Petri net as the control method. This paper reports on the representation method of the design knowledge for the design model. A new representation method, “Object and Operation Dualism”, is adopted for the design model. Object and Operation express designing know how, formulations, programs, tables, and so on. And, Object and Operation together become an information flow moving through machine units. It is regarded that a set of Object and Operation builds up the machine unit. The Petri net method controls the information flow. Object and Operation are coded in a similar way to a frame representation here. Examples show how Object and Operation are built in the design model for the description of the design knowledge, and how they are controlled by the Petri net.

The paper presents a methodology for describing in generative terms the structure of urban fabrics: the objective is to transfer conceptually the knowledge about the domain of urban space into a hierarchical and interrelated semantic structure with relevant concepts, elements and their mutual relationships, providing explicit and unambiguous definitions. The conceptual and operational instrument adopted for this purpose is the ontology, a method of knowledge representation and management coming from the Artificial Intelligence. This approach aims to create a customisable digital design tool, to support the designer in the early stages of urban design process, such as street pattern and massing definition, by generating in real time a number of design scenarios, starting from a large number of constraints and requests. This paper focuses on the knowledge formalisation aspects of the research that is the basis for the generative modelling of urban space.

Wargame can effectively improve the fidelity and efficiency of combat deduction, and has the ability to solve complex military problems. It is theoretical and military significance to carry out the research on the development and application of computer wargame system. In this paper, the method of knowledge representation and reasoning of fuzzy Petri nets is applied to the strategy of wargame deduction. The characteristics of the graphs are used to represent different variables with different symbols, which can form a concise PN map. This PN map can be used for the force representation and reasoning strategy in the wargame system. The results show that the Petri net-based knowledge representation and reasoning algorithm is very effective for the wargame strategy.

A paddy stem borer occurrence is a very complex natural phenomenon. The paddy stem borer occurrence is vividly, wholly, systematically described with digital ways, which is a basic to study the paddy stem borer occurrence with modern techniques. Firstly, based on the research on conventional methods of knowledge representation, this paper presents a new knowledge representation method of paddy stem borer occurrence by event ontology. Second, the new knowledge model of paddy stem borer occurrence is constructed with the method of knowledge representation. In comparison with the conventional method, event ontology represents knowledge with a higher granularity, meanwhile, it will more accurate and accord with reality, better extensibility and highly amalgamation. This paper provides new methodology and theory for pest disaster knowledge representation.

Although the traditional knowledge representation based on rules is simple and explicit, it is not effective in the field of syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which involves many uncertain concepts. To represent uncertain knowledge of syndrome differentiation in TCM, two methods were presented respectively based on certainty factors and certainty intervals. Exploiting these two methods, an approach to syndrome differentiation in TCM was proposed based on neural networks to avoid some limitations of other approaches. The main advantage of the approach is that it may realize uncertain inference of syndrome differentiation in TCM, whereas it doesn't request experts to provide all possible combinations for certainty degrees of symptoms and syndromes. Rather than back propagation (BP) algorithm but its modification was employed to improve the capability of generalization of neural networks. First, the standard feedforward multilayer BP neural network and its modification were introduced. Next, two methods for knowledge representation, respectively based on certainty factors and certainty intervals, were presented. Then, the algorithm was proposed based on neural network for the uncertain inference of syndrome differentiation in TCM. Finally, an example was demonstrated to illustrate the algorithm.

Methods of knowledge representation using type-1 fuzzy sets

Up to now, there have been many methods for knowledge representation and reasoning in causal networks, but few of them include the research on the coactions of nodes. In practice, ignoring these coactions may influence the accuracy of reasoning and even give rise to incorrect reasoning. In this paper, based on multilayer causal networks, the definitions on coaction nodes are given to construct a new causal network called coaction Causal Network, which serves to construct a model of neural network for diagnosis followed by fuzzy reasoning, and then the activation rules are given and neural computing methods are used to finish the diagnostic reasoning. These methods are proved in theory and a method of computing the number of solutions for the diagnostic reasoning is given. Finally, the experiments and the conclusions are presented.

New architectures for constructed complex systems

The paper explores the tasks of situational management and modeling, considers modern situational management methods and tools. The possibility and effectiveness of using the CBR approach for finding solutions to atypical, unique problems, especially in conditions of limited available resources and uncertainty of the environment, are investigated. A set of modern models of knowledge representation and extraction in situational management systems are considered. Methods of knowledge representation and extraction based on precedents have been analyzed.

This paper concerns a new class of systems that are, on the one hand, dynamic systems, and on the other, intelligent systems, as their dynamics is described by knowledge representation, which is a common practice to use in intelligent systems, and the states are described by parameters and variables that have a logical or linguistic character. The case is considered when the rule system is used as a method of knowledge representation.