Determination of cinnamyl acetate in spices using β-CD@CPE sensor

The potential use of Cinnamomum aromaticum and its active compound to control Meloidogyne incognita was investigated in vitro and in pot experiments. One compound, cinnamyl acetate, was isolated by thin layer chromatography and silica gel column chromatography, and identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. Juvenile movement and hatch inhibition by cinnamyl acetate was dependent on both the concentration and incubation time of the cinnamyl acetate. Treatment with 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 μg ml−1 of cinnamyl acetate resulted in 33.7, 65.1, 81.1, 100 and 100% inhibition of movement of second-stage juveniles, respectively, at 50 min after incubation. The juvenile movement inhibition was <20% at the tested concentrations at 10 min after incubation. Cinnamyl acetate treatment resulted in 20.8, 39.4, 81.3 and 90.7% hatch inhibition at 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg ml−1, respectively, at 3 days after incubation and 21.6, 39.3, 73.2 and 88.7% hatch inhibition at 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg ml−1, respectively at 6 days after incubation. In pot tests, C. aromaticum crude extracts effectively inhibited infection of M. incognita on cucumber plants. Cinnamomum aromaticum crude extracts applied at 0.5 and 1.0 mg (g soil)−1 significantly reduced the numbers of galls caused by M. incognita. The activities of pathogenesis-related proteins as β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase on leaves of plants treated with C. aromaticum crude extracts were significantly higher than those on leaves of control plants.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the biochemical composition and functional properties of the new drink "Force of Nature", developed on the basis of cedar oil cake and a composition of oriental spices (turmeric, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger). The aim of the work was to scientifically substantiate the synergistic effect of the components of the drink and its effect on the human body. A review of current data and historical retrospects has confirmed that the combination of cedar oil cake, which is a source of high-grade protein, magnesium and vitamin E, with bioactive spice compounds (curcumin, cinnamyl acetate, alpha-terpinyl acetate) provides pronounced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective and metabolic effects. The drink is recommended for nutritional support during physical and mental stress, as well as for general health promotion.

Variations and genuineness in constituents of Cinnamomum tamala leaf essential oil are characterized by enantio-GC-FID, capillary GC-FID and GC/MS. The oil samples were analyzed for two consecutive years. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, which was the principal component, was higher in the first year oil samples but lower in the second year samples. Similarly, (Z)-cinnamaldehyde was 5.8–7.1% in the first year oils and 1–1.1% of the second year oils. Linalool content varied (6.4–8.5% and 5.7–16.2%, respectively) in first and second year oil samples, while (E)-cinnamyl acetate was higher (10.0–22.7%) in oil samples of the second year collection. Using a 10% heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-b-cyclodextrin as the chiral stationary phase, optically pure (3S)-(+)-linalool was found in both the oil samples leading to complete enantiomeric excess for (3S)-(+)-enantiomer.

Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon ( Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs

Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomum genus) essential oil is commonly used in food preparation and traditional medicines, with a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, research on the extraction of essential oils (EOs) from C. verum cultivated locally in Vietnam is currently limited. Therefore, in this study, the chemical compositions and bioactivities of EOs from the bark and leaves of C. verum collected from the Thai Nguyen and Yen Bai provinces of Vietnam were investigated. The EOs samples were extracted by using water distillation, organic solvent (n-hexane) and ultrasound-assisted (in n-hexane solvent) extraction methods. The chemical composition of the obtained EOs were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. Results showed that the major chemical compositions of C. verum EOs were: (E)-cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, and benzaldehyde. Furthermore, C. verum EOs exhibited inhibitory activities against two tested cancer cell lines and four bacterial strains. These findings provide essential knowledge about the potential application of C. verum EOs cultivated in Vietnam for the pharmaceutical industry.

ABSTRACTThe volatile components of cantaloupe pericarp were analyzed during ripening by gas‐liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Thirty‐two compounds were identified from concentrates prepared by steam distillation‐solvent extraction of the volatiles. Eight of the constituents including ethyl (methylthio) acetate, (Z)‐6‐nonenyl acetate, (Z, Z)‐3,6‐nonadienyl acetate, benzyl propionate, benzyl alcohol, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, cinnamyl acetate and an isomer of 3,4‐dimethoxyacetophenone have not been identified previously. Headspace analysis of cantaloupe samples at six stages of maturity showed increases in total ethyl and acetate esters, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and ethanol with maturation. Levels of these compounds remained low and relatively constant until the breaker stage and thereafter increased rapidly until the fruit was fully mature.

The leaf essential oil composition of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch-Ham) Nees & Eberm, collected from different locations of Kumaon Himalaya, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde (23.2–79.9 %), linalool (3.4–30.7 %), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (1.0–11.4 %) and (E)-methyl cinnamate (< 0.1–9.6 %) were detected as major constituents in different samples. The analysis though revealed significant qualitative and quantitative variations in flavour composition of leaves collected from different localities of Kumaon, the materials may be grouped as (E)-Cinnamaldehyde-linalool chemotype.

Thermodynamics phase behavior for the CO2 + cyclohexyl acetate, CO2 + cinnamyl acetate and CO2 + dodecyl acetate mixtures at high pressure

A thin-layer chromatographic method was optimized for the separation of the polar aromatic flavour compounds pertinent to the determination of the botanical source and quality of the cinnamons of commerce. Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, coumarin, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl acetate were determined in an acetonitrile extract of powered cinnamon after separation on silica gel layers. Cinnamic acid was determined in a second chromatographic system after separation on DIOL (spacer bonded propanediol) layers. The presence of coumarin or eugenol in proportion to the amount of cinnamaldehyde in the extracts was used to distinguish between the common botanical sources of cinnamon in retail samples of cinnamon oil, stick or powder from four countries.

Cinnamyl acetate (CMA) is a naturally occurring intermediate in plant biosynthetic pathways and is commonly found in foods such as tea and star anise. However, excessive intake can lead to adverse health effects, necessitating its sensitive and reliable quantification. In this work, a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)-polymerized graphite electrode (Poly-TEOS@G) was developed for the detection of CMA in star anise. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized using TEOS and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) within a graphite matrix. The synthesized material was characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The electrode exhibited a wide linear response range from 1 μM to 1000 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 16 nM. The electrode shows satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility and stability properties with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 1.27%,1.13% and 1.11%, respectively. Validation with five real star anise samples yielded recovery rates between 94% and 99%, showing no significant difference from results obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

The ruthenium-catalyzed allylation of aldehydes with allylic pro-nucleophiles has been demonstrated to be an efficient means to form carbon-carbon bonds under mild conditions. The evolution of this reaction from the initial serendipitous discovery to its general synthetic scope is detailed, highlighting the roles of water, CO, and amine in the generation of a more complete catalytic cycle. The use of unsymmetrical allylic pro-nucleophiles was shown to give preferential product formation through the modulation of reaction conditions. Both (E)-cinnamyl acetate and vinyl oxirane were efficiently used to form the anti-branched products (up to >20:1 anti/syn) and E-linear products (up to >20:1 E/Z) in high selectivity with aromatic, α,β-unsaturated, and aliphatic aldehydes, respectively. Attempts to render the reaction enantioselective are highlighted and include enantioenrichment of up to 75:25 for benzaldehyde.

We previously reported that polar fractions of cinnamon may have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective here was to evaluate the in vivo neuroprotective effects of polar bioactive compounds (10‐25 mg/ml of Sodium Benzoate, Cinnamic Acid, Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamyl Acetate, Ethyl Cinnamate and Procyanidin B1) on experimentally induced neurodegeneration in C. elegans and D. melanogaster. For AD, time to thermally induced Aβ1–42 aggregation mediated paralysis was evaluated in transgenic C. elegans (CL4176). For PD, MPP+ induced neurodegeneration was qualtified by loss in motility and degradation of GFP signal in wild type and transgenic C. elegans. In drosophila, neurodegeneration was induced via the UAS/GAL4 tissue‐specific expression system and neurotoxicity was induced via exposure to rotenone (0.5 M ) and scored for locomotion, and geotaxis. Results suggest that treatment with bioactive compounds caused statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) amelioration (12‐30%) in markers of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity both C. elegans and D. melanogaster.Grant Funding Source: VRDÜR Foundation

The synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and the study of the solution behavior of the palladium(II) allyl complexes [Pd(eta(3)-1R(1)-C3H4){FcCH=N-CH2-(CH2)(n)-NMe2}][PF6] {with Fc = (eta(5)-C5H5)Fe(eta(5)-C5H4), R-1 = H, and n = 2 (4) or 1 (5) or R-1 = Ph and n = 2 (6) or 1 (7)} are described. The structural studies of 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed that the allyl ligands were bound to palladium(II) in an eta(3)-fashion and the ferrocenyl-Schiff bases behaved as neutral (N,N') bidentate ligands. As observed for other Pd complexes of ligands 1 and 2, the imine conformation of the ligand in the complex strongly depends on the length of the hydrocarbon chain between the two nitrogen donors: compounds 4 and 6 exhibited an anti-(E) conformation, whereas the syn-(Z) form is observed in 5 and 7 Fe-57-Mossbauer spectra (in the solid state) and electrochemical studies based on cyclic voltammetry of 4, 5, 6, and 7 are reported. These studies reveal that the proclivity of the iron(II) toward oxidation is affected by the nature of the substituent R-1 of the allyl group {H (in 4 and 5) or Ph (in 6 and 7)}. Compounds 4 and 5 have been tested in the palladium(II) allylic alkylation of (E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl (cinnamyl) acetate using sodium diethyl 2-methylmalonate as the nucleophile. In all cases the formation of the trans-(E) isomer of the linear product (9) was strongly favored versus that of the branched derivative (10). The stoichiometric reactions of the palladium(II) allyl intermediates [Pd(eta(3)-1-Ph-C3H4){FcCH=N-CH2-(CH2)(n)-NMe2}] [PF6] {with n = 2 (6) or 1 (7)} with the nucleophile have been studied. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of these systems have allowed us to rationalize. the structural differences as well as the regioselectivity of the catalytic and stoichiometric reactions.

Reduction of cinnamyl chloride or acetate (II) with sodium formate (III) in the presence of the palladium complexes (I) produces a mixture of the phenylpropenes (IV) and the formate (V).

Mechanisms for cellular detoxification of drug compounds are of significant interest in human health. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) are widely known antifungal and immunosuppressive microbial natural products. However, both compounds can result in significant side effects when used as immunosuppressants. The insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana shows resistance to CsA and FK506. However, the mechanisms underlying the resistance have remained unknown. Here, we identify a P4-ATPase gene, BbCRPA, from the fungus, which confers resistance via a unique vesicle mediated transport pathway that targets the compounds into detoxifying vacuoles. Interestingly, the expression of BbCRPA in plants promotes resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae via detoxification of the mycotoxin cinnamyl acetate using a similar pathway. Our data reveal a new function for a subclass of P4-ATPases in cell detoxification. The P4-ATPases conferred cross-species resistance can be exploited for plant disease control and human health protection.