Determination of the optimal power factor at which DG PV should be operated

An approach for simultaneous distribution, sub-transmission, and transmission networks expansion planning

This paper presents the concept of overall power system reliability evaluation using an educational test system. The paper extends an existing test system by developing the necessary distribution and subtransmission networks. The extended test system has all the main facilities, such as generation, switching stations, transmission, sub-transmission and radial distribution networks found in a practical system. The test system, is however, sufficiently small that students can analyze it using hand calculations or by developing small computer programs to fully understand the reliability models and evaluation techniques. Overall power system reliability evaluation is concerned with providing acceptable customer service. This is an important concern in today's electric utility environment. This should therefore be an essential element in teaching power system reliability evaluation at either the graduate or undergraduate level, The extended test system presented in this paper and the concepts presented assist in satisfying this requirement.

This Paper Describe the power factor Improvement of a induction motor using condenser operated through PLC, by improving the power factor of induction motor the energy saving measures are automatically achieved. Power factor is the value of a system that reflects how much power is being borrowed from Power Company for the system. If power factor becomes poor than unity, then organization or industry requires more current for supplying same amount of power.as the current increases line losses also increases because of voltage drop=I2R.Induction motor is widely used in industries due to their features like low cost, reliability, robustness. At no load induction motor has very low power factor of about 0.33 as the load goes on increasing the power factor also get improved as we go towards full load. Power factor correction serves to correct low power factor by reducing phase difference between voltage and current phasors.it is difficult to control the power factor of continuously varying load. This work is to make the system that wills correct the power factor by switching condenser bank through the PLC.

Power factor and harmonics are primary factors in electrical distribution network. Harmonics are generated by the non-linear and irregular loads at end users. High harmonics in devices draws the large amount of current which results in poor power factor. Hysteresis control technique is one of the techniques in power factor converter topologies. Switching losses, low power factor and high harmonic distortion factors have been observed in present topology. To overcome these problems, synchronous PFC boost converter with controller has been proposed. This control scheme improves power factor (PF) and minimizes current harmonics. Advantages of proposed control technique includes low switching losses, low harmonic distortion, nearly unity power factor and bidirectional power flow. This conceptually built low cost synchronous PFC boost converter with controller has been tested and demonstrated for its functionality.

In this paper, a new three-phase Inverter power-factor correction PFC scheme is proposed using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology all the functions can be implemented in a single chip. The implementation tool fit the entered design into the target device (XC4008E). Design verification includes functional simulator, in circuit testing and timing simulation the main function is to verify the proper operation of the designed circuit. It will compile a design file into a configuration file that is optimized in terms of use of logic gates and interconnections for the target device. Power factor measures how effective electrical power is being used. A high power factor means that electrical power is being utilized effectively, while a low power factor indicates poor utilization of electrical power. The simplest way to improve power factor is to add power factor correction capacitors to your plant distribution system. In this paper a new technique is proposed to improve the power factor, experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Loss reduction and loadability enhancement with DG: A dual-index analytical approach

A 50-kW grid-interactive solar photovoltaic (SPV) power plant was installed on the rooftop of the Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK) in Kerala, India (11◦59′9″N, 75◦22′55″E) on 28th May 2018. The plant was funded by an initial capital investment of ₹36 Lakh, including a subsidy of ₹16 Lakh from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the Government of India. The plant has been operating smoothly, with an average energy production of 150 kWh per day. However, a review of the monthly electricity bills of the institution showed that the interconnection of the PV plant has resulted in a power factor penalty of approximately ₹3.5 Lakh for a period of 3 years. This prompted further analysis to identify the cause of the low power factor. The goal of this work is to study and analyze the 50-kW solar plant, focusing on the reasons for the low power factor and suggesting methods to improve the power factor of the GCEK power system. This type of analysis will be useful while designing a SPV power plant for a technical institution in a country like India with similar load profile.

This paper presents a practical solution for two existing problems in traditional electrical energy measurements. The first problem is the manual electrical billing system; so far, some countries are still adopting a manual technique with a high percentage of human errors and much complains from the consumers’ side and a lot of work from the authorities’ side. The second problem is having a low power factor at most of the domestic loads and some main commercial ones. Low power factor causes more current to flow in the network leading to an overheating of transformers and cables, and an increase of the core losses of transformers; in addition, less power factor means more burned fuel and more environment pollution. In This study, an automated solution for both problems is introduced, where two control units are added to the already existing three phase energy meters. The first unit solves the problem of manual billing by automatically calculating the monthly bill and sending monthly SMS messages to the consumers as well as authorities. The second unit solves the problem of low power factor by injecting reactive power using capacitor bank at the end load points to maintain a power factor of 0.95 at all load cases. A penalty will be added to the monthly calculated bill once the above value is violated. A prototype was implemented proving the capability of introducing both solutions using existing meters with a reasonable added cost

Although linear electrical motors (LMs) are increasingly used in industry to develop linear motion, they suffer from two major drawbacks: low efficiency and low power factor. These drawbacks cause high energy consumption and a rise in input current, and occupy transmission line capacity. We present a multiobjective optimization method to improve both efficiency and power factor, simultaneously. Our method uses an analytical model of the machine to calculate the efficiency and power factor. It allows us to investigate the effects of various motor specifications on the efficiency and the power factor. Motor parameters and dimensions can then be optimized by using a genetic algorithm in an appropriate objective function. The results show an enhancement in motor performance. We have used 2-D and 3-D time-stepping finite-element methods to evaluate the analytical results. A comparison of results validates our optimization method.

The high harmonics of voltage and current that are generated by traction transformers mounted on ac electric rolling stock have a negative influence on systems of electrical power distribution and their components. The exact interrelation between harmonics and losses is too complicated to generalize, and, therefore, the influence of the form of current and voltage is determined as a rule using the power factor. The fundamental disadvantage of ac electric locomotives is a low power factor. To improving energy indices, methods were developed that make it possible to increase the power factor. The effectiveness of the proposed methods as a rule is estimated by means of determining the power factor. A calculating algorithm for the power factor is proposed in this work, which takes into account the influence of distortion power.

Aim of this paper is to discuss about power quality of the AC system, which has become a great concern due to the rapidly increased use of inductive loads, electronic equipment (Linear and Non linear load). We are wasting a part of the electrical energy everyday due to the lagging power factor in the inductive loads which is used in the system. Hence, there is an urgent need to avoid this wastage of energy, lower power factor and reactive power results in poor reliability, safety problems and high energy cost. The power factor of power system is continuously changing due to differences in the size and number of the equipment being used at a time. This makes it challenging to balance the inductive and capacitive loads continuously. Many control methods for the Power Factor Correction (PFC) were proposed. This paper presents a computationally accurate technique to design and development of a single phase as well as three phase power factor correction, reactive power and THD compensation using Arduino Uno micro-controlling chip. The hardware implementation is developed by using Arduino Uno board.

In the rectifier power supply of the household electrical appliances such as TV, it mostly adopts single-phase uncontrollable rectifier circuit with capacitor filter. Because of large capacitance of capacity filter, the conduction angle of rectifier diode is small, which lead to the waveform of the rectifier bridge’s AC-input current distort and cause the lower power factor, the harmonic pollution of power grid and the waste of electric energy.In order to improving the uncontrolled rectifier power supply’s power factor and reducing the waste of electric energy, this article uses UCC28019 that is an active power factor corrector to control the Boost circuit which is between the uncontrolled rectifier bridge and filtering capacitance. And thus, the difference of phase between the rectifier bridge’s AC-input current waveform and the input voltage waveform is close to 0, to achieve a higher power factor. The article designs the circuit that has better voltage regulation and load regulation. At the same time, the article adopts the STM32 to monitor the voltage, current and the power factor, and it realizes to set the output voltage automatically. KeywordsUCC28019Power factorBoost circuitWaveform distortion

The deregulation of the electric market makes the optimal operation of the network imperative. The incentive of this process includes more customer penetration, higher profit margin and improved system efficiency. This paper presents the results of optimal power flow evaluation and power factor improvement of the Ikeja West 132kV Subtransmission network. The steady state power flow of the network was evaluated using multiple slack selection. Newton algorithm was adopted and implemented on ETAP 12.6 with the objectives to minimize transmission losses and improve bus voltage stability. Furthermore, a model for optimum capacitor placement using genetic algorithm (GA) to minimize operation cost and maximize profit for a five year testing period is developed. Voltage magnitudes at the132kV buses are observed to be critical and below the stability limit with Agbara, Alausa and Oworo existing at 0.92, 0.93 and 0.923 p.u respectively. Optimal power flow evaluation presents a 69% and 67% reduction in active and reactive power losses respectively. The optimal placement of capacitors presented a reduction of $5.85M in installation and operation for the first operation year. The deregulated market is driven by profit consequently the optimization model and cost benefit analysis (CBA) presented in this research is effective for optimized system operations.

This research focused on the development of a methodology for calculating the optimal power factor (OPF) in microgrids with the photovoltaic generation, in order to use solar inverters as reactive compensators, which will change their power factor according to the needs of the load. The developed methodology proposes a convex optimization model with multiple constraints to solve the OPF problem. Wirtinger's linearization in the power balance equation was implemented. The stochastic behavior of solar radiation was considered using the average sampling approach (ASA) to generate solar scenarios, which are used to calculate the magnitude of the generation of photovoltaic systems for specific hours of the day. Finally, the algorithm was run on CIGRE's 19-node test grid. The proposed methodology showed that as the radiation level increases during the day, more radiation scenarios can be tested, which increases the accuracy of the power factor value for each PV system. Although the general idea in power systems is to have a unity power factor, the algorithm resulted in power factors with values less than one in some inverters. This represents an injection of reactive power from the inverters to meet the reactive needs of the loads connected close to said PV generators, which is reflected in a variation in the magnitude of the power factor.

Electronic equipment in household loads in the form of non-linear loads that require a circuit that requires a power supply in the form of a direct voltage (DC) that requires an AC to DC rectifier in the form of a full-wave rectifier. However, the installation of capacitor values in the circuit can cause the waveforms of the input current to become uneven or distorted so that the emergence of harmonics which results in a low power factor with the improvement of the power factor. It affects the output voltage to the load so we need control for the voltage regulator. The solutions to overcome the problem of input current defects can be overcome using a power converter used as a PFC. In this paper, CUK Converter used as PFC is expected to get close to 1 (one) results in increasing power factor and the need for a voltage regulator to regulate the voltage requirements for loads that are utilized by the Moth Flame Optimization algorithm method - PI method. This CUK Converter functions in DCM (Discontinuous Conduction Mode) which makes the system resistive. In conclusion from the results of simulations that have been done, the results obtained from the use of CUK Converter as PFC can improve the power factor from pf value 0.731 to 0.994 and with MFO-PI control it can maintain a constant output voltage of 12 volts with a current of 5 amperes.