Developing digital libraries of cultural content for Internet access

Reviewed by: Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects by Karen Calhoun Judy Jeng Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects, Karen Calhoun. Chicago: American Library Association, Neal-Schuman, 2014. 352 pages. $85.50 (ISBN 978-1-55570-985-3) Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects is a well-organized and timely new book. Soon retiring from her position as an assistant university librarian at the University of Pittsburgh, author Karen Calhoun is an experienced librarian, researcher, and writer with strong credentials in metadata management and digital libraries. She takes a broad and international perspective, having interviewed many distinguished scholars and practitioners and incorporated their views. One chapter reports the results of interviews with nine digital library experts on successful projects in their communities. The experts offer insights as to why some digital libraries are long-lived while others fade into memory. Calhoun reviews a vast amount of literature and includes important topics such as the Semantic Web, linked data, and cloud technology. As Calhoun indicates, the Semantic Web, which provides common formats to facilitate the exchange of data, is growing rapidly and applications built upon it are beginning to appear, but its evolution is still in the early stages. Legal issues such as intellectual property rights and licensing terms and conditions, essential for understanding digital libraries, are also reviewed. Exploring Digital Libraries includes a glossary and an extensive list of references. Calhoun begins with an excellent overview of the first decade of progress in digital libraries from 1991 to 2001, identifying and discussing significant outcomes in research and practice, describing accomplishments that set dominant themes, and offering a framework for understanding the interplay of different stakeholders. In the second decade (2002 to 2012), the key challenges Calhoun identifies are interoperability, community engagement, intellectual property rights, and sustainability. Two chapters cover digital repositories and hybrid libraries. The discussion of repositories includes discoverability, usage, current positions and roles, cyber-infrastructure, next-generation systems, and data and e-research support. Regarding hybrid libraries, where traditional and electronic information sources are combined, Calhoun discusses changing information-seeking behaviors and preferences, new collection strategies, and emerging technologies. She states that cloud-based hybrid library systems may offer a more integrated alternative to the current fragmented array of systems, tools, and services. In addition to technical themes, the author explores the social [End Page 653] value of digital libraries, including how perceptions of value have changed, in ways that should aid planning future library services, spaces, and expectations in the networked environment. This discussion flows into a look at the origins and fast-moving nature of the social web, sometimes called Web 2.0, which focuses on user-generated content, networking, and social interaction. Calhoun describes digital libraries’ new role on the social web and raises the possibility of digital libraries as social platforms. She introduces a visual framework that attempts to bring some coherence to the many confusing elements of digital libraries’ evolution toward the social web and discusses the social web’s impact on scholarship. Calhoun ends the chapter by pointing out that libraries have traditionally been collection-centered, with core values different from the social web’s values of engagement and participation. Looking to the future in her final chapter, Calhoun writes, “Most digital libraries continue to operate from a traditional, collections-centered service model. Change will be difficult, especially in the realm of scholarly practices and norms, where the roots of tradition are deep.” (p. 256) She raises the need to rethink what libraries and digital libraries should and can do for society and concludes that “emulating the creativity and pioneering spirit of digital libraries’ first 20 years is the starting point for creating the next grand vision for libraries’ digital future.” (p. 256) Exploring Digital Libraries is a thorough examination of the past, present, and future prospects of digital libraries, and I recommend it to students, scholars, and practicing librarians. Judy Jeng Adjunct Professor, Drexel University, Philadelphia Adjunct Faculty, San Jose State University, California jeng.judy@gmail.com Copyright © 2014 Johns Hopkins University Press

While information technologies present organizations with opportunities to become more competitive, unsettled social norms and lagging legislation guiding the use of these technologies present organizations and individuals with ethical dilemmas. This paper presents two studies investigating the relationship between intellectual property and privacy attitudes, Machiavellianism and Ethical Ideology, and working in R&D and computer literacy in the form of programming experience. In Study 1, Machiavellians believed it was more acceptable to ignore the intellectual property and privacy rights of others. Programmers and R&D workers considered violating intellectual property rights more acceptable. Programmers did not consider violating privacy rights more acceptable, but R&D workers did. Finally, there was an interaction between Machiavellianism, programming and R&D. Machiavellians who also had programming experience or worked in R&D found violations of intellectual property much more acceptable. The effect of Machiavellianism on attitudes toward violations of privacy was enhanced by working in R&D, but not by programming experience. In Study 2, idealists believed it was less acceptable to ignore the intellectual property and privacy rights of others. Relativists found it more acceptable to violate intellectual property rights, though they did not consider it more acceptable to violate privacy rights. Those with programming experience were more accepting of intellectual property rights violations, but not of privacy violations. Finally, programming experience moderated the relationship between idealism, relativism and attitudes toward these unethical information practices. Implications for diminishing unethical behavior among Machiavellians, Relativists, programmers and those in R&D are discussed.

Intellectual property rights are legal rights that protect intellectual assets, which hold signifi cant value for individuals and even greater importance for the economy and society as a whole. Liability insurance against the infringement of intellectual property (IP) rights is becoming increasingly relevant as a mechanism for managing unforeseen risks arising from third-party proprietary claims and from unauthorized use of intellectual property rights. This paper fi rst examines the nature and scope of various intellectual property rights, alongside the advantages of liability insurance in cases of infringement of such rights. It then explores what may constitute the subject-matter of insurance coverage, based on the nature of intellectual property rights, general insurance principles, and contractual frameworks. The aim is to distinguish this specifi c type of liability insurance within the broader context of IP protection. Finally, the paper examines the scope of insurance coverage in relation to specifi c costs incurred when the insured appears as a defendant in legal proceedings, as well as when the insured takes actions to protect and enforce their intellectual property rights.

From a legal perspective, analyze the connotation and logical relationship of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts, point out the Legal dilemma in protecting Emei martial arts intellectual property rights, and then propose solu-tions to the problems. The study believes that the intellectual property rights of Emei martial arts refer to the intellectual property rights based on the intellec-tual achievements and commercial logos of Emei martial arts. The legal dilemma in the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts mainly manifests as follows: the identity of the rights subject of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts and the intangible cultural heritage of Emei martial arts is the root cause of the conflict between public and private interests; to some extent, the sports nature of the intellectual property rights of Emei martial arts has influenced the legal recognition of this part of Emei martial arts intel-lectual property rights in the academic community; the inadequacy of the legal system is the fundamental reason why the intellectual property rights of Emei martial arts are difficult to obtain comprehensive protection. Based on this, the study proposes that technological innovation is a logical prerequisite for the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts. It can be achieved by extracting the classic techniques of Emei martial arts, constructing repre-sentative martial arts routines, and creating Emei martial arts competition pro-jects; The improvement of the legal system is the legal foundation for the pro-tection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts. In this process, it is necessary to particularly strengthen the important position and role of the Sports Law in the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts, and improve the basic position and auxiliary function of relevant intellectual property laws in the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts; The enrichment of theory is a powerful argument for the protection of in-tellectual property rights in Emei martial arts. Strengthening theory must be combined with the characteristics of sports, in order to build a solid legal foun-dation for the protection of the object of rights. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts should focus on benefits, which requires balancing public and private interests and promoting the realization of public welfare through private rights protection

Intellectual property rights-–copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets, and related rights-–have become increasingly important with the advent of increased international trade, global and knowledge-based economy and fast developing technology. A strong intellectual property rights regime is necessary in order to attract foreign trade and direct investments. For this reason, the protection of intellectual property rights has become an_x000D_ important negotiating item in all FTAs which the United States has entered into. In view of the proposed RP-US FTA negotiations, this paper seeks to determine whether the_x000D_ existing intellectual property regime in the Philippines provides adequate and sufficient legal protection of intellectual property rights. It also seeks to determine whether the administrative and judicial processes are adequate and speedy and acceptable in the enforcement and protection of said rights in the light of FTAs already entered into by the United States with other countries, in general, and with Singapore, in particular, which will be the benchmark for the RP-US FTA. Other relevant issues in the protection of intellectual property rights such as the annual review of ountries by the United States Trade Representative in relation to Special 301 of the U.S. Trade Law; piracy of optical media, including books and pharmaceuticals; and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) are also discussed. The author proposes certain provisions to be added to the Intellectual Property Code; sustained, consistent and stricter implementation of intellectual property laws including more efforts at curbing piracy; and more importantly, a strong political will and a strong determination to strengthen intellectual property rights, as necessary to make the IPR regime up to par with U.S. and international.

This study comprehensively analyses the legal and regulatory frameworks governing intellectual property rights (IPRs) in Sri Lanka, with a particular focus on the Sri Lankan Intellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003. This Act is the primary legislation governing the acquisition, management and enforcement of intellectual property. The analysis elucidates the foundational elements of this Act, including its alignment with international conventions such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Previous studies identify several critical deficiencies within the current legal landscape, especially when compared to the more dynamic intellectual property regimes of developed nations. These shortcomings encompass challenges in enforcement, ambiguities in patentability standards, and an urgent need for adaptation to address the complexities introduced by emerging technologies, notably artificial intelligence-generated content. The discussion underscores that the Act, while robust for its time, faces increasing pressure to evolve to remain effective in a rapidly changing global technological environment. This study proposes necessary amendments and strategic adjustments to enhance the safeguarding of intellectual property rights against infringement and intellectual theft, ensuring Sri Lanka's framework remains relevant and equitable in the digital era.

The Colour of Copyright

Dominance in the market gives businesses many advantages, enabling them to change business dynamics and influence customer choices. This dominance, while used improperly, can damage clients via way of means of stifling competition and innovation. The distinct rights that intellectual property rights deliver authors and inventors over their works, on the alternative hand, lead them to critical equipment for selling innovation. Abuse of dominance and Intellectual Property rights are associated while dominant corporations make the most of their intellectual property rights to stifle competition. This article attempts to examines the feasible reasons of the subject matter, which includes inflated licensing charges, unwarranted litigation, and patent hold-up tactics. The interplay among abuse of dominance with intellectual property rights (IPR) marks a pivotal factor withinside the improvement of competition law. This article captures the essence of this complicated connection and affords a window into its complicated dynamics. It further attempts to emphasise the critical factor of convergence among those fields: the sensitive stability among selling innovation and retaining marketplace opposition receives disenchanted while dominant groups use their intellectual property rights to impede competition. Such abuse of IPR might also additionally take many unique forms, from extortionate licensing charges to pointless court cases meant to save your competition from coming into the marketplace. Case studies that function an examples from across the globe provide important insights into the rational consequences of intellectual property rights violations. The difficulties in finding the appropriate stability are demonstrated by notable instances such as the legal actions related to Qualcomm's SEP and Microsoft's antitrust actions in the EU. Emerging technologies in the virtual age, like as biotechnology and artificial intelligence, raises new concerns about supremacy and intellectual property rights. One example of an increasing burden in 5G technology is Standard-essential patents (SEPs). Using well-known case studies and international regulatory reactions, this article also attempts to provide a brief discussion of the issues and headaches associated with the abuse of dominance within the framework of intellectual property rights. Strict regulatory scrutiny is necessary to prevent dominant marketplace contributors from engaging in anti-competitive behaviour. The conflict between preventing anti-competitive behaviour and promoting innovation through intellectual property rights safety is a fundamental dilemma. Finding a balance between the two needs is essential if one is to sell innovation and keep markets competitive. In this regard, the author attempts to highlight how crucial it is to handle the junction between rights to intellectual property and abuse of dominance in an appropriate manner. It draws attention to the necessity of prudent legislation that preserves innovative incentives while maintaining sincere competition. In order to fully utilize intellectual property rights for the goodness of society, it is imperative to achieve this delicate balance. In a global economic system that is rapidly changing, legislators, lawyers, corporations, and students must all comprehend and navigate the intricate relationship between abuse of power and intellectual property rights. This article lays the groundwork for additional investigation and debate in the article by offering a concise yet comprehensive synopsis of the key traits and problems in this intricate field.

The article emphasizes that ensuring proper protection of intellectual property rights in modern conditions is a priority task of state policy, an integral condition of such policy is the protection of the subjective rights of right holders of intellectual property objects, ensuring the process of innovation acceleration and economic development of the Ukrainian state. This is due to the increased interest and constantly growing role of intellectual property in the life of a person, society, and the state as a whole. The emphasis is on the role of the state and its authorized bodies called upon to ensure the protection of intellectual property rights, whose activities should be aimed primarily at protecting the property and personal non-property rights of rightholders of intellectual property objects, at eliminating the causes that give rise to violations of intellectual property rights, and in the event of a violation - at bringing the guilty persons to legal responsibility, using the entire mechanism of public-legal protection of intellectual property. It is emphasized that the main goal and task of the state in the field of intellectual property should be a consistent combination of the interests of the owners of intellectual property rights, society and the state. It is noted that in order to ensure public and private interests, in Ukraine state power is exercised on the basis of its division into legislative, executive and judicial, each of which plays an important role in the public legal protection of intellectual property rights. The analysis of specific regulatory legal acts analyzed the activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Education, Science and Innovations, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations, and the activities of courts in the field of intellectual property protection. The conclusions provide a theoretical definition of the concept of «public legal protection of intellectual property».

The article is devoted to the content of the concepts "intellectual property" and "right of intellectual property", as well as to the possibility to use them as equivalent concepts. The author considers the features of a broad understanding of the intellectual property concept, in which it is revealed as a complex set of social relations arising at all levels of public life. According to this approach intellectual relations are only one type of the varieties of intellectual property relations, the totality of which only occasionally acts as the subject of legal regulation. Taking into account the above facts, the difference between the meaning of the concepts "intellectual property" (in the sense of this concept as a social relation) and "intellectual property right" is reflected in the content of the structural elements of the relations that denote these concepts: 1) Subjects of intellectual property rights are determined on the basis of compliance with certain legal requirements regarding legal personality, as well as the acquisition of subjective legal rights and obligations, which are provided to them by legal norms (by using their legal personality); the subjects of intellectual property become participants of social relations of different levels, including those, which are outside the legal regulation. Such interactions may be related to realization of creative abilities of a person, mental activity, etc.; 2) In the centre of understanding of the concept "object of intellectual property rights" is the content of intellectual property rights as a totality of personal non-property and property rights. The defining aspect of legal protection is the right to the created object of intellectual property rights. At the same time the object of intellectual property is a value in socio-philosophical sense that satisfies the social, economic, cultural, mental and other needs and interests of people. In this sense, an object by its nature is a blessing for a person; 3) Social connections between the subjects of intellectual relations are revealed through corresponding rights and obligations of the participants of these relations; in the relations of intellectual property social relations manifest themselves as interaction between people in different spheres of social life, based on the corresponding social statuses and roles, in which individuals carry out creative activity, realize their mental and cultural needs, etc. Understanding the concept "intellectual property" as identical with the concept “intellectual property right” is based on a normative approach. This approach shows that the concepts of “intellectual property” and “intellectual property right” have the same sense in the legislation and can denote both objects of intellectual property right and rights to such objects.

The article is devoted to the study of the general provisions of intellectual property law in Ukraine. The article notes that the importance of protecting property rights in the intellectual sphere has been growing rapidly in recent decades. A theoretical and practical understanding of the nature of intellectual property rights was carried out based on the analysis of current legislation and available scientific, methodical and journalistic materials. The list of laws that regulate activities in the field of intellectual property, both at the national and international level, is given. It is interesting to note that in Ukraine there are quite a lot of special legislative acts regulating the above activities. Attention is focused on the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the legal system of the European Union. International legal acts regulating the protection of intellectual property rights are given. Scientific and regulatory approaches to defining the concept of intellectual property rights are considered. It is established that this concept can be considered in two ways: objective and subjective. In an objective sense, in the legal literature, intellectual property law is considered as a system of legal norms that regulates homogeneous social relations in the field of intellectual property. In a subjective sense, the right of intellectual property is considered as personal property and non-property rights of natural persons, which according to the current legislation belong to the authors for the results of intellectual activity. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the concepts of property and non-property intellectual property rights. Property intellectual property is the author's rights to the results obtained from his creative activity, similar to the property rights of those who create material objects with their labor (devices, devices, mechanisms, new information technologies, etc.). Non-property intellectual property rights are a set of moral, mental, rational, intellectual and other human rights, which by their nature cannot be alienated from the owner. A comparative analysis was made between intellectual property law and property law in general, and their relationship was also analyzed.

본 연구를 위한 모형으로 선행연구를 통하여 연구모형과 가설을 설정하였다. 이론적 고찰과 실증적 연구를 통하여 문화콘텐츠의 요소인 지적재산권·애니메이션·출판이 신뢰 및 국가브랜드에 미치는 영향의 관계를 인과관계분석으로 결과를 도출하고 시사점을 제시하였다. H1: 지적재산권은 애니메이션에 긍정적(+)영향을 미칠 것이다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 일반소비자들은 지적재산권과 애니메이션의 관련성에 소극적 관점을 보이고 있다. H2: 지적재산권은 신뢰에 긍정적(+)영향을 미칠 것이다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 일반소비자들은 지적재산권과 신뢰의 관련성에 소극적 관점을 보이고 있다. H3: 지적재산권은 출판에 긍정적(+)영향을 미칠 것이다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 일반소비자들은 지적재산권과 출판의 관련성에 적극적 입장을 보이고 있다. H4: 애니메이션은 신뢰에 긍정적(+)영향을 미칠 것이다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 일반소비자들은 애니메이션과 신뢰의 관련성에 적극적 입장을 보이고 있다. H5: 출판은 신뢰에 긍정적(+)영향을 미칠 것이다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 일반소비자들은 출판과 신뢰의 관련성에 적극적 관점을 보이고 있다. H6: 신뢰는 국가브랜드에 긍정적(+)영향을 미칠 것이다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 일반소비자들은 신뢰와 국가브랜드의 관련성에 적극적 관점을 보이고 있다. 매개효과의 분석에 있어서는 애니메이션→신뢰→국가브랜드에서 신뢰의 매개역할은 매개의 효과가 강한 것으로 조사되었다. 지적재산권→신뢰→국가브랜드에서는 신뢰의 매개역할이 매개의 효과가 약한 것으로 조사되었다. 출판→신뢰→국가브랜드에서는 신뢰의 매개역할이 매개의 효과가 강한 것으로 조사되었다. 시사점으로 지적재산권, 애니메이션, 출판의 콘텐츠를 잘 연구 개발하여 국가 이익의 향상과 국가 브랜드의 위상제고 및 국가신뢰의 향상에 기여하기를 바란다.A research model which is a model for this study and hypotheses were determined through advance research. The study conducted theoretical reviews and practical research to analyze causal relationships of how these elements of cultural contents which would include intellectual property rights, animation and publication would affect trust and national brand. The study consequently extracted results and offered suggestions. H1: Intellectual property rights will have positive (+) effects on animation. The analysis findings have revealed that regular consumers are only passively interested in connections of intellectual property rights to animation. H2: Intellectual property rights will work positively (+) on trust. According to the analysis, regular consumers are only a little interested in how intellectual property rights would be related to trust. H3: Intellectual property rights will positively (+) affect publication. The study has confirmed from the results of the analysis that regular consumers actively show an interest in relations to intellectual property rights with publication. H4: Animation will have positive (+) effects on trust. The analysis has reported that regular consumers take a positive position on how animation would work on trust. H5: Publication will positively (+) influence trust. Based on what has been analyzed, regular consumers have positive ideas and opinions on relations of publication with trust. H6: Trust will have positive (+) influences on a national brand. The study has found out that from the analysis regular consumers present positive views on how trust would be connected to a national brand. In the analysis on mediating effects, when it comes to mediating roles of trust in relation to animation → trust → national brand, the study learned that mediating effects make undeniable contributions. As for mediating roles of trust related to intellectual property rights → trust → national brand, the study has not observed any impressive mediating effects. In terms of mediating roles of trust in publication → trust → national brand, mediating effects turned out to be influential. As for suggestions, the study argues that research and development on contents of intellectual property rights, animation and publication should be satisfactorily carried out which would eventually lead to improvement in national interests, a status of the national brand and national trust.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are significant because India is a signatory to TRIPS agreement and member of WTO. Intellectual property rights are the monopoly rights enjoyed by the original creator. It includes exclusive rights allocated to the creator for reaping the profits of his creation by his intellectual wit and innovation. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the rules which are formed to protect the inventions from being copied by others. This is done in order to protect the economic value of the new creation which is done by the innovator. Granting Patents rights, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets are some of the main forms of IPRs. The awareness about IPRs is essential for the youth so as to develop their entrepreneurial skills which will help them to be the leaders in every field. A field survey on awareness about IPR has conducted for a specified purpose with a definite objective with specific community or target group. It uses questionnaires or interviews so as to assess knowledge of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and its types such as patents, copyrights, trademarks. The purpose of this study is to examine the awareness of intellectual property rights (IPR) among youth i.e. college students. The significance of this study can be understood in two ways. - (i) to sensitize the youth regarding IPRs (ii) to make them understand the role of infringements of IPR. Questionnaire containing 20 questions was designed on various aspects of IPR awareness covering definitions of IPR and its different types -patents, copyrights, trademarks, process of registration of IPR like patents, IPR infringement and its consequences, IPR laws, IPR- mechanism, personal experiences on IPR. The survey gave optimist results about the awareness assessment of the youth about Intellectual Property Rights awareness. Although many of the respondents did not have 100% clarity a bout IPR yet they tried to respond well. However, more conceptual clarity and practical guidance is required to sensitize them about IPR and provide them actual knowledge ab out IPR.

MPEG-7: A standardised description of audiovisual content

There are very few studies in the literature regarding the impact of modularity on intellectual property rights, which refer to modularity of underlying products to capture value within firms. This paper brings together theory of software modularity from computer science and Intellectual Property (IP) rights from management literature in order to address the question of value appropriation for IP rights within software products. It defines the term of intellectual property associated with software products or platforms as opposed to the term of intellectual property used within particular firms serving as a source of economic rent. It initially discusses the concepts behind usage of modularity as a means to protect IP rights and explain differences of organization and product modularity, while rendering calculation for probability of imitation for weak modular systems. It investigates threat of imitation; where the main contribution of this paper is to provide a systematic analysis of value appropriation in weak modular systems by introducing a relationship between probability of imitation and module interdependency.