Developing E-Module of Islamic Reading Text Materials

Contributing to the earliest phases of design is an old challenge of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF&E) experts. If HF&E contributions to Basic Design and Detailed Design of Nuclear Power Plants is acknowledge, HF&E experts’ contributions to earlier phase of design like Conceptual Design or pre-conceptual design (PCD) are not frequent. Therefore, if participation of HF&E experts to the earliest phase of systems design is not new, up to our knowledge, there is no already described, validated and structured HF&E method to contribute to a pre-conceptual design (PCD) phase. The aim of the PCD phase is to prepare and address the scientific issues of a proposed new design. From an HF&E point of view, the scientific issues are related to the concept of operations envisioned for the new system. The paper presents the approach we are currently leading at EDF R&D during the PCD phase of the design of innovative small modular reactors (ISMR) in order to define its concept of operations. This approach is based on several methods we propose to articulate in order to contribute to fill the lack of described and validated HF&E method to contribute to PCD. The theoretical foundations of our approach are based on work analyses in reference work situations [1] and operational analysis [2]. The paper describes each step of the approach developed and the organizational conditions for the participation of HF&E experts into PCD.

Performing rigorous analysis of parallel and distributed systems (PDS) specifications is one of the important tasks during the early stages of development. The ambiguities and errors left unchecked during the analysis phase can creep into design and development phases, resulting in cost and schedule overruns and a less reliable end product. Commercial off the shelf CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tools can play an important role in the analysis and design phases. However techniques must be developed to address the shortcomings of CASE tools. A set of such techniques is presented in this paper. CASE tools can be used to gather PDS specifications in the form of analysis models. The techniques presented in this paper deal with the problem of performing rigorous analysis of PDS specifications originally developed using a CASE tool. The approach is based on integrating a CASE tool with a verification tool based on coloured Petri nets (CPNs). CPNs can be used to model and analyze concurrency in specifications and design phases. Dynamic simulations of CPN models can be used to conduct performance/performability analysis as well as risk assessment studies.

1.2 What are the main phases of product design and development Before discuss the collaboration issues for product design and development, we need to briefly review the phases of product design and development. The major phases of product design and development are normally defined as conceptual design, preliminary design, and detail design and development (Blanchard, 2004). During the conceptual design phase, the concepts, which are also called scheme, are built in order to completely and efficiently design the transceiver. The concepts may include such as product operational requirements and maintenance, current product problem (or deficiency), functional analysis for the product, applicable technical performance measures (TPMs), and specific performance measures and design-to criteria. Preliminary design phase begins with a “functional baseline” product configuration described in the product specification prepared during conceptual design phase. The functional baseline is translated into detailed qualitative and quantitative design requirements for allocating applicable elements of the product. An “allocated baseline” configuration in the form of development, product, and process specifications is established during this phase. At the beginning of detail design and

<span id="docs-internal-guid-f100142b-7fff-230b-6e1d-841eb0e15748"><span>This study aims to analyze the Rimpu culture as a means of instilling Islamic character values in students at Madrasah Aliyah environment. The location of the study was at the Madrasah Aliyah in Bima City, West Nusa Tenggara. This study used a descriptive qualitative method with data collection using observation, interview, and documentation instruments. The collection technique was carried out in four stages, namely: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification (drawing conclusions). The results of this study indicated that the application of local culture to instill the Islamic character values is still rarely used in the Madrasah Aliyah environment. In this case, the Rimpu culture can be an effective means for optimizing the instillation of Islamic character values at Madrasah Aliyah environment. The Rimpu culture is a traditional dress of the Bima community which is worn to cover the entire body. The Islamic values covered by the Rimpu culture are such as; obedience to Allah's commands, the obligation to cover the genitals, politeness and shame, as well as simplicity and sincerity. The instillation of Rimpu cultural values in the Madrasah Aliyah environment can be done by integrating it into the education curriculum, extracurricular activities, holding religious and cultural events, and schools making policies that support Rimpu culture in instilling Islamic character values in students at Madrasah Aliyah environment.</span></span>

This research was aimed to design a booklet of local folktales to support junior high school ninth grade students English extensive reading activities as well as to help them to reach their reading objectives in classroom with the related reading topic. This research was a subject of an English teacher. The method used for this research was development research that used the first three phases of the ADDIE instructional model, namely the analysis, design, and development phases. We conducted the first interview, followed by documentation and observation to gather the data and used experts’ recommendations and descriptive analysis to analyze the data. In the analysis phase, as the preliminary process of the research, we collected the data through interviews, documentation, and observation. In the design phase, we began to design a draft of the product. In the development phase, we started to develop a draft of the local folktales booklet followed by an internal evaluation. According to the findings of the research, it was indicated that the local folktales booklet was appropriate and able to support the students’ English extensive reading activities as well as to be their supplementary reading material product to be used in the classroom.

Technological developments occurring at the beginning of this century and particularly from the 1950s onward led to the construction of large, complex systems which were both productive and dangerous. The word dangerous can have many meanings: unsafe (nuclear power plants), or sensitive but essential (computer systems of a company), etc. Observations have shown that minor causes can lead to major effects resulting in undesirable events. Studies have been undertaken over the last forty years to predict and avoid these events. These studies constitute an interdisciplinary concept known as reliability . The 1970s constitute the turning period for the hardware/software dichotomy in industrial systems, and the importance of software is increasing rapidly. The main feature of software, as compared to hardware, is that it is not subject to physical breakdown due to wear and tear. The idea followed by researchers and practitioners since then is to concentrate effort in the requirement, specification, design, coding, and testing phases of development in order to ensure high quality and zero defect software at delivery time. These efforts have resulted in the accumulation of an enormous set of development methodologies and techniques accompanied by appropriated languages and tools. These languages and tools are used to improve the adherence to software production requirements, e.g., costs, schedule, and technical characteristics such as performance and reliability. Quantitative methods used in the latter steps of development such as reliability estimation or testing techniques help to increase confidence in the software. During the design phase, qualitative methods can be used efficiently for certain types of studies (safety, availability, etc.) for it is widely accepted that fixing a bug in early phases of development minimizes cost and efforts. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is one of these methods: originally developed for use in a hardware context, the technique was applied during the 1970s to software development. First its utilization by the hardware community is recieved. After a survey of FMEA's application in software, its role in the software process and its place in the software life‐cycle development are described. Procedures for its implementation will constitute the last part of the article.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Islamic character education through the integration of the Qur’an memorization program (Tahfiz al-Qur’an) and Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at MA An Nur Prima, Medan, North Sumatra. The institution adopts a unique curriculum model in which students participate in Tahfiz activities every morning from 08:00 to 11:00, followed by formal learning, including PAI subjects, from 11:00 to 15:00. This design reflects a systematic effort to instill Islamic values through intensive interaction with the Qur’an while ensuring the achievement of academic competencies. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation during a four-week Professional Capacity Development (PKP) program. The findings show that Islamic character values such as discipline, responsibility, patience, perseverance, and love for the Qur’an were successfully cultivated through the synergy between the Tahfiz program and PAI instruction. Supporting factors included structured school discipline, strong collaboration between Tahfiz supervisors and PAI teachers, as well as high levels of students’ spiritual motivation. However, several challenges emerged, such as student fatigue, reduced concentration in afternoon classes, and differences in self-regulation skills. To address these issues, the school and teachers applied strategies such as providing an ISHOMA break, have lunch (rest, prayer, and meal), encouraging congregational Zuhur prayer, supplying meals to restore energy, incorporating ice-breaking activities, and designing interactive and engaging learning sessions. In conclusion, the integration of Tahfiz al-Qur’an and PAI proved effective in developing Islamic character values while maintaining a balance between students’ spiritual formation and academic performance.

This research delves into depicting Islamic character values in 'Nussa The Movie,' examining its relevance and application in Islamic education. Employing a qualitative methodology with descriptive content analysis, the study scrutinizes the movie's narrative, dialogues, and visual elements. Seven key Islamic character values identified include good role modeling, wisdom, generosity, patience, honesty, justice, and sincerity. The findings suggest that 'Nussa The Movie' transcends mere entertainment, emerging as a potent tool for imparting Islamic character education to children. These values are intricately interwoven with the movie’s narrative, offering viewers examples of character traits aligned with Islamic teachings. Despite its educational potential, the study acknowledges limitations and encourages further research on long-term impacts and cultural variations in character education through animated media. This research emphasizes the importance of this film as a resource for educators and parents in instilling Islamic values, thus contributing to a broader discussion on the integration of entertainment and education in character development.

The purpose of this study was to explore the moderating effects of work beliefs in the relationship between work interruptions and general health, wellbeing and reports of psychosomatic symptoms. Self-report data were gathered from 310 employees from different occupational sectors. Results revealed that beliefs in hard work and morality ethic moderated the positive appraisal of work interruptions and acted as protective factors on impaired general health and wellbeing. The relationship was stronger among employees who endorsed strong beliefs in hard work and did not have regard for morality/ethics as a value. Likewise, beliefs in delay of gratification and morality/ethics moderated positive appraisal of work interruptions and reduced psychosomatic complaints. More specifically, the relationship was stronger among employees who had strong belief in the values of delayed gratification and weaker morality/ethics. These findings indicate that organisations should adopt work ideology or practices focused on work values particularly of hard work, delay of gratification and conformity to morality as protective factors that reduce the impact of work interruptions on employees’ general health and wellbeing.

Considering the current trend oil and gas corporations are facing, they are continuously focusing on increasing their operational efficiency. Declining oil and gas prices lead their operational departments to reduce the cost of drilling and producing hydrocarbons, which ultimately results in streamlining the operational cost of their drilling tools. Oilfield service companies with hybrid business models must take all life cycle cost into account. To influence these costs and to optimize capital and operational efficiency as well as service availability, comprehensive cost models are used in the product development process. For the consecutive development stages from feasibility through detailed design, models with increasing level of detail are required. Cost modeling within the development process is typical in the petroleum industry. Currently, models are available for specific applications in single development phases. This paper describes a holistic approach to analyze and optimize life cycle cost and service availabilities of drilling systems from the early concept phase through deployment. The result is a fast, secure and easy usable software tool as well as a standardized process to develop competitive, high-technology drilling systems. To identify requirements for these models, a stakeholder analysis is performed and described. Based on the analysis results, information flows are defined: Who provides and needs which information at what point of time within the process? With this foundation, new models are created or existing models extended to meet the requirements. In this context, best practices from different industries are also reviewed and implemented where applicable. A parallel use of the models during the respective development stage enables an iterative improvement. The development of the models and current results are detailed in this paper. In early conceptual design phases, it is challenging to calculate life cycle cost with sparse information about the complex future drilling system, so cost-estimating relationships must be devised. Maintenance times and intervals, which are one of the main operational cost triggers, must be assessed by concurrent high level tool performance and reliability. Cost efficiency, tool performance and reliability must be balanced to achieve high customer expectations and high margins. During the detailed design phase, system costs, such as alternative costs, e.g., through non-availability of tools, in addition to bottom-up models on the component level, must be considered. These modular models are connected to each other to exchange data via standard interfaces. They calculate future cost projections and identify key cost drivers. This enables continuous cost optimization through the whole development process. Results to support decision-making as well as cost saving potentials are shown with an exemplary development process of a drilling tool by using the life cycle costing approach.

Much progress has been made in the area of computer-aided designer support, but little has been made in that of de-sign automation. Where progress has been made, it has been largely in the analytical aspects of the task (for example, simulation and stress analysis) – tasks for which computers are more suited than humans. Less tractable is automation of the early, conceptual, phase of design, heavily reliant as it is on the expert knowledge of the design practitioner. Em-ulating this computationally is the domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and requires a detailed understanding of the nature of the design process (Darlington et al, 1998). This paper discusses some of the issues raised during an investigation in to the automation of the configuration phase of fluid power system design, and identifies some of the hurdles to be cleared before automation, supported by AI, becomes a reality. Two models, developed by the authors, are chosen to illustrate the way in which very different approaches can be taken to automating the same task with an emphasis on the knowledge that is used by designers, which must be acquired and used in automation.

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.

During the early phases of engineering design, the costs committed are high, costs incurred are low, and the design freedom is high. It is well documented that decisions made in these early design phases drive the entire design's life cycle cost. In a traditional paradigm, key design decisions are made when little is known about the design. As the design matures, design changes become more difficult in both cost and schedule to enact. The current capability-based paradigm, which has emerged because of the constrained economic environment, calls for the infusion of knowledge usually acquired during later design phases into earlier design phases, i.e. bringing knowledge acquired during preliminary and detailed design into pre-conceptual and conceptual design. An area of critical importance to launch vehicle design is the optimization of its ascent trajectory, as the optimal trajectory will be able to take full advantage of the launch vehicle's capability to deliver a maximum amount of payload into orbit. Hence, the optimal ascent trajectory plays an important role in the vehicle's affordability posture yet little of the information required to successfully optimize a trajectory is known early in the design phase. Thus, the current paradigm of optimizing ascent trajectories involves generating point solutions for every change in a vehicle's design parameters. This is often a very tedious, manual, and time-consuming task for the analysts. Moreover, the trajectory design space is highly non-linear and multi-modal due to the interaction of various constraints. When these obstacles are coupled with the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST), an industry standard program to optimize ascent trajectories that is difficult to use, expert trajectory analysts are required to effectively optimize a vehicle's ascent trajectory. Over the course of this paper, the authors discuss a methodology developed at NASA Marshall's Advanced Concepts Office to address these issues. The methodology is two-fold: first, capture the heuristics developed by human analysts over their many years of experience; and secondly, leverage the power of modern computing to evaluate multiple trajectories simultaneously and therefore enable the exploration of the trajectory's design space early during the pre- conceptual and conceptual phases of design. This methodology is coupled with design of experiments in order to train surrogate models, which enables trajectory design space visualization and parametric optimal ascent trajectory information to be available when early design decisions are being made.

Twenty-first-century learning demands that students go beyond mastering religious content to solve authentic problems collaboratively. Islamic Religious Education must adopt an interdisciplinary approach rooted in Islamic law that bridges Qurʾan–Sunnah teachings with social sciences, science, technology, arts, and culture. This study aims to reveal the essence of the experiences of Islamic Religious Education teachers in Kendari senior high schools who have integrated Islamic Religious Education content with other disciplines for at least one year. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed. Purposefully selected teachers participated in in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and written reflections. Data were analyzed through bracketing, phenomenological reduction, textural-structural description, and synthesis of the essence following the Moustakas model. Findings confirm that an interdisciplinary, law-based Islamic Religious Education framework cultivates a contextual and collaborative learning ecosystem. The study affirms that an interdisciplinary approach grounded in Islamic law enhances student learning quality and continuously builds teacher competence, collaboration, and self-reflection, fostering a more adaptive and innovative school ecosystem aligned with Islamic character values by designing maqasid-based

The main focus of this paper is how the concept design phase of the product development process can be improved by using an objective data-driven approach in selecting a final concept design to progress further. A quantitative new test-bed ‘Product Optimisation Value Engineering’ (PROVEN) is presented to critically assess new and evolving powertrain technologies at the concept design phase. The new test-bed has the ability to define a technology value map to assess multiple technical options as a function of its attributes, whose precise values can be determined at a given cost. A mathematical model that incorporates a highly adaptable, data-driven and multi-attribute value approach to product specification and conceptual design is developed, novel to the concept design process. This creates a substantially optimised product offering to the market, reducing overall development costs while achieving customer satisfaction.