Development and Evaluation of a Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Enabled Energy-Efficient Dynamic Routing Application

Meeting privacy challenges while advancing intelligent transportation systems

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) applications are focused on improving road safety and creating new transport services. To realize the potential of ITS applications, data exchange should be efficiently carried out through direct communication over short distances both between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I). High demands are placed on ITS performance indicators. These requirements are increasing especially in the context of the new mobility patterns using autonomous vehicles. The ITS big data processing can be centralized or distributed. The centralized approach utilizes the power of cloud computing. In contrast to cloud computing, intelligent data processing with faster responses and higher quality can be provided by fog computing. Fog computing is a horizontal, system-level architecture that distributes computing, storage, control and networking functions closer to the users along a cloud-to-thing continuum. Implementing fog computing in the dynamic environment of ITS to provide real-time big data analytics is facing many challenges that are not covered by previous research studies. The article analyzes the availability of V2I services in distributed communication network of ITS with fog-based architecture from reliability point of view. The dependability of V2I services for end users of smart vehicle in fog operating ITS is defined. The mathematical model of the reliability of a separate dedicated service in fog-based ITS for end user applications in the real conditions of operation is developed.

The 5.9 GHz band has been earmarked in many countries for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. Cellular V2X (C-V2X)—a recently developed access technology for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications—is a candidate technology to provision ITS applications using the 5.9 GHz band. Due to the ever-increasing popularity of Wi-Fi and search for additional unlicensed bands, in the US and Europe, regional regulators have previously considered allowing co-channel Wi-Fi operations in the ITS band on a secondary basis to the incumbent ITS technology. Additionally, there are several Wi-Fi channel configurations, some already in operation while others still under consideration, which place Wi-Fi and C-V2X devices in adjacent bands. It is, therefore, likely that CV2X users may be susceptible to interference from Wi-Fi devices operating both in co-channel scenarios and in adjacent bands. To make an informed decision on future Wi-Fi channelization in and around the ITS band, a detailed study on the impact of these Wi-Fi transmissions on the system performance of C-V2X is extremely essential. In this paper, through a comprehensive and systematic simulation study, we investigate the impact of Wi-Fi transmissions on the performance of C-V2X, both in co-channel and adjacent channel scenarios. Our simulations reveal that if Wi-Fi devices are to coexist with C-V2X in the same spectrum, existing mechanisms either fall short of sufficiently protecting C-V2X performance or render the spectrum unusable for Wi-Fi operations. On the other hand, all Wi-Fi channels that are adjacent to the ITS band can significantly degrade the system-wide C-V2X performance. In such scenarios, to adequately protect the C-V2X network performance, either certain restrictions need to be put in place on Wi-Fi operations, or the operations of Wi-Fi in such channels must be prohibited.

Design and implementation of a vehicle interface protocol using an IEEE 1394 network

Since last decades world, predominantly urban areas, is experiencing huge voluminous road traffic growth, resulting in heavy congestion, air pollution, accidents, and poor efficiency. Many people every day are the victims of this poor management of tremendous traffic. Since many years, there had been some automation in managing the traffic namely Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), Electronic parking payment, normal traffic information etc. However, there are little efforts for making the system more advanced. Recently, several kinds of research are being launched by many countries to develop Intelligent Transport System (ITS), with the objectives to minimize congestion, ensure better safety, reduce air pollution etc. ITS are planned to establish robust communication between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to pedestrian (V2P), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle to network (V2N). Initially, for communication links ITS, deploys Wi-Fi network, but because of limited capacity and huge requirement, some links use 5.8 GHz radio frequency for such purposes. IEEE, International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and other advanced research organisations are studying 700 MHz band and mm frequency bands for advanced ITS. ITS is poised to use Information & Communication Technology (ICT) networks for such purposes. ITU has established Study Groups/study questions for addressing ITS issues. The World Radio Conference (WRC-2019) has made a Recommendation 208 regarding harmonization of frequency bands for ITS applications. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of ITS, its applications and analysis etc. The radio frequency spectrum aspects and role of 5 G in ITS are also described in detail.

Traffic accidents have become an important health and social problem due to the enormous number of fatalities and injuries. The total number of deaths and injuries in the European Union (EU), United States of America (USA) and Japan has been steadily reduced over the last decade. This reduction is mainly attributed to the implementation of a set of road safety measures, such as seat-belt use, vehicle crash protection, traffic-calming interventions and traffic law enforcement. However, the number of accidents has remained uniform due to the increasing number of vehicles and total distance driven (Peden et al., 2004). In addition to passive vehicle safety systems, such as airbags, anti-lock braking system (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESP), new active safety systems have been introduced to improve vehicular safety. To this end, the last decade has witnessed the traffic management industry, engage and promote the integration of information and communications technology (wireless, computing and advanced sensor technologies) into both vehicles and the wider transport infrastructure. These proposals have led to the intelligent transportation system (ITS) concept. At present, different ITS applications have been introduced, such as variable message signs (VMS), located at strategic points (e.g., tunnels and merging highways) or spaced at given distances, to inform drivers about traffic and dangerous situations; automated toll collection systems for highways and parkings; and real-time traffic information broadcasted in the FM radio band. Besides this, onboard ITS applications have improved the assistance and protection mechanisms for drivers: navigation systems, rear and front parking radars, and cameras are extensively used in the vehicle. Vehicles now incorporate sophisticated computing systems, with several sensors interconnected. However, short-range sensors employed in emergency systems, such as forward collision warning and lane keeping assist, are insufficient, specially when these sensors need to extend their communication horizon in emergency cases due to the limitation of their operating range to line-of-sight (LOS) conditions (Vlacic et al., 2001). Therefore, there are safety applications for distance emergency situations, such as blind corners and traffic crossing, where large-range vehicular communication systems are required, e.g., operating rages of about 1000 meters, in both LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) conditions (Gallagher & Akatsuka, 2006). Wireless communications systems which can operate with these constraints are known as cooperative systems on the road. In the cooperative system concept, vehicles and infrastructure exchange safety messages to extend the distance horizon and provide more information in real time to drivers. Cooperative systems involve two

Current standards for vehicle safety consider only accidental failures; they do not consider failures caused by malicious attackers. The standards implicitly assume that the sensors and Electronic Control Units (ECUs) of each vehicle compose a secure in-vehicle network because no external entity communicates with the nodes of the network. These standards assume that safety and security aspects are independent. Connecting vehicles to external entities, e.g., through Vehicle to Mobile (V2M), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), proved to be useful: it enables using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications that improve our safety, efficiency, and comfort; but vulnerable to security threats. This paper provides an overview of AGORA framework: a framework generating secure and tested boiler-plate code needed for ITS applications, demonstrates that safety and security aspects in motor vehicles are not independent, and proposes extending safety assurance by considering security aspects. It also discusses a set of research challenges related to extended safety assurance in connected vehicles.

Many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications require accurate prediction of traffic parameters. Previous studies have shown that data driven machine learning methods like support vector regression (SVR) can effectively and accurately perform this task. However, these studies focus on highways, or a few road segments. We propose a robust and scalable method using n-SVR to tackle the problem of speed prediction of a large heterogenous road network. The traditional performance measures such as mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) provide little insight into spatial and temporal characteristics of prediction methods for a large network. This inadequacy can be a serious hurdle in effective implementation of prediction models for route guidance, congestion avoidance, dynamic traffic assignment and other ITS applications. We propose unsupervised learning techniques by employing k-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and self organizing maps (SOM) to overcome this insufficiency. We establish the effectiveness of the developed methods by evaluation of spatial and temporal characteristics of prediction performance of the proposed variable window n-SVR method.

In this paper we present a fastest path algorithm that contains multiple unique destinations, which is a specialization of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) with intermediate cities. This algorithm can be used with Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications for determining the fastest route to travel to a set of destinations, such as required by delivery companies. The dynamic behavior of the algorithm is necessary for ITS applications since the amount of time to traverse a roadway in a vehicular network can change constantly. Assuming that all of the potential paths between all nodes in the transportation graph is known, the algorithm will determine the fastest route to a set of nodes in O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), where n is the number of nodes to visit. The algorithm was executed on theoretical and actual transportation graphs in FreeSim (http://www.freewaysimulator.com), and an analysis of the running time and a proof of the correctness of the algorithm are included in this paper.

In recent years, with the further adoption of the Internet of Things and sensor technology, all kinds of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications based on a wide range of traffic sensor data have had rapid development. Traffic sensor data gathered by large amounts of sensors show some new features, such as massiveness, continuity, streaming, and spatio-temporality. ITS applications utilizing traffic sensor data can be divided into three main types: 1) offline processing of historical data; 2) online processing of streaming data; and 3) hybrid processing of both. Current research tends to solve these problems in separate solutions, such as stream computing and batch processing. In this paper, we propose a hybrid processing approach and present corresponding system implementation for both streaming and historical traffic sensor data, which combines spatio-temporal data partitioning, pipelined parallel processing, and stream computing techniques to support hybrid processing of traffic sensor data in real-time. Three types of real-world applications are explained in detail to show the usability and generality of our approach and system. Our experiments show that the system can achieve better performance than a popular open-source streaming system called Storm.

Vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication is considered worldwide to be an appropriate technology to enable a large number of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications for traffic safety and efficiency. However, since there is no completed underlying V2X communication standard in China, it is difficult for Chinese automotive enterprises and research institutions to develop ITS applications in large scale. Therefore, the Society of Automotive Engineers of China (C-SAE) together with China ITS Industry Alliance (C-ITS) decided to develop Application Layer Specification and Data Exchange Standard first to motivate the development of the Chinese cooperative intelligent transport system industry. This paper introduces the details of the Chinese Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System Vehicular Communication Application Layer Specification and Data Exchange Standard. Included in the discussion are the description of the application scenarios and their technique requirements, the summary of the message set in the data exchange standard, and the design of the application layer data interactive interfaces. It is noteworthy that the message set in this standard is complete for the included application scenarios and the designed application layer interfaces are compatible with the underlying V2X communication protocols like DSRC and LTE-V. Finally, several directions worth further consideration are suggested for future standardization.

Dual band rectangular patch antenna array with defected ground structure for ITS application

A Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is a generic conceptualisation that can be applied to the communications domain of an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It defines requirements that allow the exchange of information between applications and services running on equipment that form a VANET, mainly moving vehicles, fixed road infrastructure's systems and mobile personal devices. In this unique and demanding environment, interoperability is attained through the use of specific wireless communications technologies and protocols which have been addressed by several international standardisation organisations in an effort to boost the development of applications that could help users in very important application areas such as traffic safety and efficiency, infotainment and personal comfort. The great heterogeneity on the capabilities of the interconnected devices, the scale of the number of devices that could be involved, the various degrees of density and the complexity on the mobility patterns, makes interoperability at the application level a challenging problem. Apart from the technical restrictions imposed by those specific technologies, standard communications architectures for ITS present additional limitations due to the strategy used to access the communications technologies inside an ITS station, which is based on classic routing and switching mechanisms, signalling methodologies and facilities middle-ware layers. They also lack important implementation details for deployment of collaborative applications in real-world heterogeneous scenarios, favouring the development of these applications in a closed ecosystem, mainly dominated by the automotive industry leaders. This paper presents an agnostic VANET architecture, adapted from ETSI and ISO modern standards, to be deployed on ITS as a mean to overcome those limitations. This new approach permits the use of different communication technologies and network/transport protocol stacks in an open and modular framework, facilitating the creation of ITS cooperative applications and services, using traditional network programming paradigms where applications use the available medium transparently. The proposed architecture and its design principles have been used during the development, implementation and deployment of a Platooning application that the authors have developed on top of commercially available On Board Units.

Nowadays, the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) attract many attentions. ITS applications would indeed increase the road safety and the transport efficiency, limit the impact of the vehicles on the environment, improve the overall productivity... However, several important open issues have to be solved before. Among them, the software architecture represents a key issue. Indeed, most of the ITS applications will rely on a distributed frameworks embedded in the vehicles. These applications often require robustness, quality of services or real time management, while the vehicular networks present important constraints in terms of dynamic, variable density, communication reliability, communication duration...

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) provides innovative services to all modes of transportation. It facilitates numerous safety and traffic management applications by providing neighborhood mobility information using wireless communications. To implement this technology, secure wireless communication is a key requirement. As ITS applications involve the safety of vehicles, therefore a lower end-to-end delay is needed. ITS could be subject to security attacks such as man-in-the-middle, denial of service and jamming. A robust cryptographic algorithm is required that can provide defense against data tampering by malicious users. Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is a well-known cryptographic algorithm that provides robust security with a small message overhead. In this paper, we implement ECDSA signature algorithm on a Virtex 6 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), which is capable to validate the real-time constraints of ITS applications. Parallelism is exploited in ECDSA architecture by using parallel processing techniques to reduce the hardware delays, thus reducing the real-time security and end-to-end delay of the ITS messages. The proposed implementation provides faster computational time for signature of ITS messages as compared to other implementations available in the literature.