Citation (2022), "Index", Okumus, F., Rasoolimanesh, S.M. and Jahani, S. (Ed.) Advanced Research Methods in Hospitality and Tourism, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-550-020221013 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2023 Fevzi Okumus, S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh and Shiva Jahani. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Abductive approach to reasoning, 8 Academics, 164 Academy nightclub, 113 Accor, 131 Accuracy, 152 Actor network theory, 199–200 Alternative research design, 9 AMOS, 53 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 34 Animal ethics, 199–200 Animals in tourism, hospitality and leisure, 199–200 ecofeminist perspective on animals, 201 guidelines for researching animals’ perspectives, 204–208 researching, 201–204 Animals’ voices, 203–204 Anthropocentrism, 201–203 Archival data, 113 Archival material, 2, 111–112 analyzing archival photographs using visual thematic analysis, 118–121 challenges and ethical considerations for visual archival research, 115–117 tourism, hospitality, and leisure studies using, 113–115 Archival research, 113 Area of Interest analysis (AOI analysis), 103–104 Aspect level analysis, 147 Autoethnography, 202 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 95 Average variance extracted (AVE), 55 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, 54 Bias, 50–51 Big data, 130, 163–164 Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal (BOLD signal), 93–94 Booking. com, 131 Bottom-up approach. See Inductive approach Broadcast and print media, 113 CD tracks, 114 Chi-squared test (x2 test), 34, 55–56 Classification algorithm, 152 Cluster analysis, 34, 39–40 Comparative fit index (CFI), 55–56, 68, 72 Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 53, 55–56, 73 Connected interaction, 12–13 Construct validity, 53–54 Constructivism, 8 Consultancy firms, 164 Content analysis, 169–170 Content validity, 48–50 Convergent parallel design, 11 Convergent validity, 55 Corpus, 151 Corroboration, 10 Creative analytic practice (CAP), 204 Creative writing blogs, 206–207 Critical realism, 9 Cronbach’s alpha scores, 74–75 Customer experience, 149 Data extraction and quality assessment, 56–68 Data mining, 145–147 Data repositories, 145–146 Databases, 127 use in tourism, 129–130 Decision Tree, 152 Deductive approach, 8, 49 Degrees of freedom (D. F.), 68 Discriminant validity, 55 DMOs, 164 Document level analysis, 147 Ecofeminism, 201 Ecofeminist perspective on animals, 201 Egomorphism, 202–203 Electro-dermal activity (EDA). See Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Electroencephalography (EEG), 2, 91, 93–95 Electronic word of mouth (eWOM), 127 Embedded design, 11 “Epistemological eclecticism” of mixed-methods, 26 Expedia, 132 Expert panel members or judges, 50 Explanatory sequential design, 11 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), 52, 74 Exploratory sequential design, 11 Exploratory sequential mixed methods design, 1–2, 26 application of, 213 guidelines, 31, 35 literature review, 27–31 through reflexivity, 35–40 in tourism, 29–31 Extensive quantitative methods, 9 Eye Tracker, 2, 91, 93 Eye tracking, 96–97 F-measure, 152 Face validity, 50 Facial Expression Recognition, 2, 91, 93, 96–97 Factor analysis, 34, 54 Factor extraction, 52–53 Family photographs, 117 Fiction, 203–204 Fit function value, 53 Focus group interviews, 179–180, 189–190, 215–216 to derive SoP for tourism destination, 182–183 guidelines for, 188 Formative measures, 51 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 93, 97 Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), 2, 91, 93, 95–96 Ghana, 35 Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), 53 Hands-on approach, 164 Hashtags, 165 Heart rate (HR), 93, 95–96 Heat map in marketing research, 98, 102 HolidayCheck, 127–128, 137 Hospitality, 1–2, 47–48, 111–112 MMR in, 17, 19–20 psychophysiological tools of research in, 2 research design, 8 research ethics of examining animals’ roles in, 3–4 scholars, 213 studies, 113–115 use of neuromarketing tools in, 97–105 Host community, 179–181 Human/animal dualism, 201–203 Hybrid approaches, 147–148 Inclusion and exclusion criteria, 56 Incremental Fit Index (IFI), 68 Inductive approach, 49, 171 Intensive qualitative methods, 9 Interaction level, 12–13 Internet data representativeness, 129 Interpretation and presentation of results, 34–35 Interview procedures and data collection, 33 Involuntary nervous system. See Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Item generation, 48–51 Item-to-total correlation, 52 K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), 152 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure (KMO), 54 Laughing out loud (LOL), 172–173 Leisure, 111–112 studies, 113–115 Levene’s test, 135–136 Lexicon-based sentiment analysis, 147–148 Likert scale questionnaire, 28–29 LinearSVC, 152 LISREL, 53 Location Based Social Matrix Factorization (LBSMF), 148–149 Logical partitioning approach. See Deductive approach Logistic Regression, 152 Longitudinal study, 117 Machine learning, 147–148 Manual labeling, 151–152 Maximum-likelihood estimation (ML estimation), 74 Measurement, 47–48 Measurement Invariance (MI), 55–56 Method triangulation, 180 Micro siemens (µS), 95 Mixed methods research (MMR), 1, 5–6, 213 advantages, 14–17 application, 13–14 and application in tourism studies, 27–29 approaches to analysis, 17 challenges, 17–18 choice, 12–13 competing characteristics, 7 corroboration, 10 designs, 11 in hospitality and tourism, 17 initial results, 10 measurement instruments, 11 reasons to adopt, 9–11 research paradigm, 6–9 rigor, 14–16 types, 11 Moniker “incompatibility thesis”, 8 Mplus, 53 Multinominal Naive Bayes, 152 Multiple emojis, 172–173 Multiple operationalism, 6 Multispecies ethnography, 202 Multispecies research teams, 207 Naive Bayes and Decision Tree algorithms, 148 National park, place meanings for, 181–182 Netnography. See Online ethnography Neuromarketing, 87, 91, 93 development of neuromarketing literature, 92 fMRI, 93–97 limitations of frequently used traditional data collection methods, 89–90 psychophysiological/neuromarketing data collection methods, 93 use of neuromarketing tools in hospitality and tourism research, 97–105 Noise, 174 Non-conventional language, 172–173 Normed Fit Index (NFI), 72 NVIVO, 33 One-way ANOVA post hoc Games-Howell test, 135–136 Online comments, 146 Online databases, 2 Online ethnography, 113–114 Online reviews, 127–128 Opinion mining. See Sentiment analysis Photo-elicitation, 179–180 data collection, 188–189 focus group interviews, VEP, and Q-methodology, 182–183 place meanings for national park, 181–182 using Q-Sort and focus group, 190–192 research design, 186–188 Photographs, 112, 114–115, 214 Pictorial measures, 180 Pilot studies, 52 Population, 52 Portable document format (PDF), 37–38 Positivism, 8–9 Post-positivism theory, 9 Post-positivist perspectives, 8–9 Pragmatism, 8 Precision, 152 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 56 Principal Axis Analysis (PAA), 52 Principal axis factoring (PAF), 74 Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 52, 74 Priority of respective strands, 12 Psychometric properties of scale assessment, 71–72 Psychoneurobiochemistry, 90 Psychophysiological tools, 2, 214 Q-methodology (QM), 3, 179–180, 215–216 to derive SoP for tourism destination, 182–183 guidelines for, 188 Q-sort process, 179–180, 189–190 QDA Miner software, 33, 37–38 Qualitative analysis, 164 Qualitative inquiry, 167 Qualitative instrument, 32 Qualitative research, 14, 179–180 Qualitative results, 33 Quantitative data, 34 Quantitative phase and instrumentation, 34 Quantitative research, 14 Quantitative sample and data collection, 34 Random Forest, 152 Recall, 152 Reflexivity case study of exploratory sequential mixed-methods in tourism through, 35–40 interpretation and presentation of results, 40 interview procedures and data collection, 37 qualitative instrument, 35–36 qualitative results, 37–38 quantitative data, 39–40 quantitative phase and instrumentation, 38–39 quantitative sample and data collection, 39 sample size and data site, 36 target participants, 36–37 Reliability, 54–55, 127–128 Representativeness, 129 Research design, 20 Responsibility, 117 Review Collection Platform (RCP), 131 Review rating prediction approach, 146, 148–149 Reviews, 127 Right questions, 50 Sample/sampling, 52, 127–128 size and data site, 32–33 techniques, 33 Scale assessment, 53–56 Scale development, 13–14, 47–48, 52–53 guidelines and procedures, 76–77 limitations, 68 in methodological research literature, 48–56 methodology, 56–68 results, 68–72 Scale guideline, 56–57 Scan path analysis, 98–99, 102 Search strategy, 56 Sense of place (SoP), 181 Sentence level analysis, 147 Sentiment analysis, 146–148 studies, 2–3 SentiWordNet, 148–149 SGDC Classifier, 152 Shangri-La Hotels, 131 Small tourism enterprises, 25–26 SmartPLS, 53 Social desirability, 51 Social media, 163–164, 215 data, 3 data analysis, 169–171 data collection, 166–169 data in research, 165 data sample, 172 holistic understanding, 174–175 implications and observations, 172 missing important information, 172 noise, 174 non-conventional language, 172–173 platforms, 164 research context, 165–166 supplementary information, 173–174 Twitter, 165 Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), 56 Social sciences research design, 13–14 Soft science, 179–180 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), 53 Strong influencing polarity (SIP), 150, 154 Structural equation modeling (SEM), 53–54 Student’s t-test, 135 Supervised learning, 147–148 Sustainability, 25–26 Swissôtel, 131 Systematic review, 56 Target participants, 33 tatilbudur. com, 97–98, 100 Text mining, 145–146 approach, 215 classification algorithm, 152 Corpus, 151 data collection, 150 data pre-processing, 151–152 data source, 150 evaluation of cruise passengers’ comments using, 149–152 findings, 153–154 literature review, 146–149 proposed method, 151 research background, 149–150 results, 155–157 review rating prediction, 148–149 sentiment analysis, 147–148 studies, 2–3 Thematic analysis, 33 Timing, 12 Top-down approach. See Deductive approach Tourism, 1–2, 47–48, 111–112, 127–128 boycotts, 164 exploratory sequential mixed-methods design in, 29–31 industry, 87–88 literature review, 129 methodology, 132–133 MMR in, 17, 19–20 participation rates, 131–132 providers, 164 psychophysiological tools of research in, 2 requested or spontaneous reviews, 130–131 research design, 8 research ethics of examining animals’ roles in, 3–4 results, 133–136 scholars, 213 studies, 113–115 use of databases in, 129–130 use of neuromarketing tools in, 97–105 TripAdvisor, 2, 127–128, 130–132, 214 Troia-Melides coastline, 113 Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP), 181–182 Twitter, 3, 164–165 API, 166–167 data access points, 166 Uni-dimensionality, 54–55 Unsupervised learning, 147–148 User-generated content (UGC), 127, 150 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), 93–94 Visitor employed photography (VEP), 179–180, 189–190, 215–216 to derive SoP for tourism destination, 182–183 guidelines for, 188 Visual archival research challenges and ethical considerations for, 115–117 data collection, 115–116 ethical considerations, 116–117 Visual thematic analysis, analyzing archival photographs using, 118–121 codes, 118–119 simultaneous data collection and data analysis, 118 themes, 120–121 Web-based surveys, 129 Wyndham, 131 Book Chapters Prelims Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 A Critical View on Mixed-Method Approaches to Tourism and Hospitality Research Chapter 3 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design: A Research Design for Small Tourism Enterprises in Ghana Chapter 4 Systematic Review of Scale Development Practices in the Field of Tourism and Hospitality Chapter 5 Using Neuromarketing Tools in Hospitality and Tourism Research Chapter 6 Using Archival Material in Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Studies: Beauty and the Beast Chapter 7 Tourism Online Reviews: Databases and Samples Chapter 8 Application of Text Mining Approaches in Hospitality and Tourism Chapter 9 Qualitative Analysis of Social Media Historical Data: A Case Study of Twitter and Tourism Boycotts Chapter 10 Photo-Elicitation Using Q-Method to Extract Group Sense of Place for a Marine Park in Borneo Chapter 11 Including the ‘Voices’ of Animals in Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Research Chapter 12 Conclusion Index
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