Development and Initial Validation of the Positive and Negative Co-Rumination Scale.

Although there have been several attempts at improving the COPE Inventory, the factor structure of the instrument is still in dispute. In addition, studies have shown low reliability coefficients for some of the first-order factors, with Mental Disengagement having the lowest factor loadings. In a recent study on the external validation of the instrument, two additional first-order factors were identified in the qualitative analysis, namely Self-care and Care for Others. Based on these arguments we created the Revised COPE 68 Inventory, changing some of the problematic items in the first order factor Mental Disengagement and adding items for the two new factors (Self-care and Care for Others). We then tested its reliability and performed factor analyses on the first and second-order factorial structure. The data were collected through social media in two languages, English and Slovak, using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. The English sample contained 834 participants with mean age 25.27 years (SD = 8.467) and the Slovak sample comprised 1,425 participants with mean age 33 years (SD = 14.59). For the statistical analyses we used Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) analyses with target rotation and WLSMV, Exploratory and second-order confirmatory factor analysis with the scores of the COPE Inventory and EFA. The Revised COPE 68 inventory had a good fit for all 17 first-order factors in both languages, including for the new factors Self-care and Care for Others. It appears that the first-order factors form a three-factor solution in both samples, consisting of active coping, social-emotional coping and avoidant coping. The revised Mental Disengagement has better psychometric properties as well. The Revised COPE 68 inventory was found to be a reliable multidimensional instrument for measuring various coping strategies in both the English and Slovak language versions.

Schizotypy refers to traits similar to schizophrenia symptoms and is related to cluster A personality disorders. Previous factor analytic studies have found a positive schizotypy factor distinct from a negative factor. However, some evidence suggests that the positive factor may itself be multidimensional, but the factor structure of positive schizotypy is still unclear. The current study provided converging evidence through four different analyses that positive schizotypy is multidimensional. First, a factor model with three positive schizotypy factors (paranoia, referential thinking, and cognitive-perceptual) fit the data better than models with fewer than three factors. Second, a factor model with a second-order (i.e., higher-order) positive schizotypy factor fit the data significantly worse than a factor model without a second-order factor in which first-order factors were allowed to correlate freely, suggesting that the second-order factor does not completely account for relations among the first-order factors. Third, a Schmid-Leiman transformation found that even after accounting for the second-order factor that meaningful variance was attributed to the first-order factors. Finally, the three positive schizotypy factors displayed differential relations with five-factor model personality traits. Overall, results suggest that positive schizotypy is composed of correlated but distinct factors.

The aim of this study was to develop a Spanish version of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire and to examine its psychometric properties: factor structure, measurement invariance across samples, reliability, and concurrent validity. Participants consisted of 1,560 Spanish students between 12 and 18 years of age. The results support a structure based on 10 first-order factors (corresponding to stressors on the dimensions Home Life, School Performance, School Attendance, Romantic Relationships, Peer Pressure, Teacher Interaction, Future Uncertainty, School/Leisure Conflict, Financial Pressure, and Emerging Adult Responsibility) and 1 second-order factor that subsumes the first-order factors. This model was selected for measurement invariance testing because it showed good fit indexes and was more parsimonious than the first-order factor model. This structure was replicated across 2 independent samples from the same population, as well as across 3 age groups (early, middle, and late adolescence), showing acceptable fit for all groups. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate. Evidence of concurrent validity was provided by positive associations with measures of stress manifestations, anxiety, and depression, and by a negative association with life satisfaction. The results indicate that the Spanish version of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire is a suitable tool for assessing stressors in Spanish adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record

Measures of life satisfaction, happiness and morale have all been extensively employed as indicators of an individual’s sense of well-being. These subjective measures tap the elusive properties of what is referred to as quality of life, and as such, are widely accepted as indicators of psychological adjustment [1]. Among the factors associated with quality of life, a strong positive correlation with health status has been repeatedly reported, whether health was self-assessed [2,3] or rated directly by physicians [4,5]. The degree of social interaction has also been found to correlate with well-being, in that involvement in informal activities such as visiting with friends and neighbors results in high levels of reported satisfaction [2,6,7]. As well, lower socioeconomic status has been reported to correspond with lower levels of life satisfaction [2,8]. The demographic variables of age, sex, race, and employment status show an inconsistent relationship to life satisfaction [3].

First- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the factorial validity of scores on two positive affect (PA) measurement instruments and a multidimensional representation of PA. Using a sample of college undergraduates (n = 232), trait PA was measured with items from the Differential Emotion Scale (DES) and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Both multifactorial first-order and second-order models fit the DES and PANAS reasonably well. Moreover, the first-order factors within each instrument were significantly correlated. With respect to the multidimensional representation of PA, both three- (Joviality, Self-Assurance, Interest/Attentiveness) and four-factor (the three-factor model plus Surprise) models were tenable. However, in the four-factor model, only a nominal amount of variance in a first-order Surprise factor was explained by a second-order PA factor.

Negative and positive life events and their relation to substance and behavioral addictions

Using a convenience sample of adolescents (N = 1609; 63.5% female; Mage = 16.54), this study explored whether EI predicted adolescent life satisfaction and whether friendship quality and optimism mediated this relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. The structural equation modeling revealed that EI predicted adolescent life satisfaction, friendship quality, and optimism, friendship quality partially mediated the relationship between EI and life satisfaction, and optimism partially mediated the relationship between EI and friendship quality. These findings prove that psychological or educative approaches focused on EI could increase life satisfaction in adolescents during difficult times such as COVID-19, but EI may be linked with life satisfaction via friendship quality only. Training in optimism approaches and friendship quality enhancement programs could also effectively promote life satisfaction.

Conceptualisation of service quality for hybrid services: a hierarchical approach

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hypertension comorbid of depression and anxiety disorder, and to explore the related psycho–social factors. Methods A total of 1 806 patients with hypertension were selected from urban and rural areas in Beijing and Jilin Province in 2011. The Chinese version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 ( CIDI–3.0) was used to diagnose depression and anxiety disorder. Four additional questionnaires obtained demographic data, and data on coping style, social support, quality of life and degree of life satisfaction. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors of hypertension comorbid of depression and anxiety. Results (1) The prevalence rate of depression and anxiety disorder among patients with hypertension in Beijing and Jilin was 6.5% (117/1 806) and 24.2% (437/1 806), respectively. (2) The prevalence of depression among patients with hypertension was significantly higher in female patients and patients without a spouse (7.6%(88/1 162) vs. 9.0%(29/324) ) than male patients and that with a spouse (4.5%(29/644) vs.5.9%(88/1 482); χ2=6.446, 3.983, both P<0.05). The prevalence of anxiety among patients with hypertension was significantly higher in patients of female gender, being 60 years of age or younger, living in rural areas, manual labor, having 9 or fewer years of education than in patients of male gender(26.6%(309/1 162) vs.19.9%(128/644)), being 60 years older(28.7%(255/890) vs.19.9%(182/916)), living in urban areas(26.9%(242/900)vs. 21.5%(195/906)), mental work(25.9%(289/1 114) vs.20.0%(83/416)) and having 9 more years of education(25.7%(333/1 296) vs. 20.4%(104/510); χ2=10.190, 18.983, 7.087, 5.907, 5.610, all P<0.05). (3) Compared with non–depression group, depression group had significantly lower scores on subjective support (24.2±4.7 vs.26.1±4.4, t=–2.508), support availability (6.2±2.1 vs.7.6±2.2, t=–3.951), total social suppot (39.5±7.5 vs. 43.1±6.7, t=–3.110), positive coping dimension (1.6±0.7 vs. 1.9±0.7, Z=–2.356), Q–LES–Q–SF (47.4±7.8 vs.61.2±4.3, t=–15.615), and had significantly higher scores on amount of negative events stimulation (38.8±59.3 vs.7.8±16.8, t=5.591), total amount of life events stimulation (47.8±64.2 vs. 20.2±33.0, Z=3.775; all P<0.05). Compared with non–anxiety group, anxiety group had significantly lower scores on subjective support (24.0±4.9 vs.25.1±4.6, t=–2.678), total social support (40.0±7.2 vs. 41.2±7.1, t=–2.063), positive coping dimension (1.5±0.6 vs.1.6±0.7, Z=–1.963), Q–LES–Q–SF (48.0±5.5 vs.53.9±5.5, t=–12.340), and had significantly higher scores on amount of negative events stimulation (27.2±50.0 vs.10.6±21.5, Z=5.993), average negative coping dimension (1.2±0.6 vs. 1.1±0.6, Z=3.775), total amount of life events stimulation (39.5±56.4 vs.23.9±36.0, Z=4.155; all P<0.05) . (4) Logistic regression analysis showed female gender, negative events had significant positive correlation to concurrent depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension (OR=1.689, 1.017, 1.431, 1.070, all P<0.05). High life satisfaction degree had significant negative correlation (OR=0.558, 0.797, both P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of anxiety disorder is higher than that of depression in hypertensive patients in Beijing and Jilin. Female gender, negative events are possible risk factors for concurrent depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension, and high life satisfaction degree are possible protective factor. Key words: Hypertension; Depression; Anxiety; Prevalence; Comorbidity; Factor analysis, statistical

This study merged stress-and-coping research with the social model of disability to describe the most frequently experienced disability-related events experienced by 19 parents with acquired physical disabilities and their adolescent children, and examined the relations between these events, severity of disability, and psychological adjustment. Parents and adolescents reported many more positive than negative disability-related events, although parents reported significantly more negative events than did their children. Frequency of parents’ experienced negative disability-related events correlated significantly with self-reported anxiety, depression, and weaker feelings of parental self-efficacy, with their reports of adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems, and with adolescents’ self-reports of depression, anxiety, and lower self-esteem. Frequency of adolescents’ negative disability-related events correlated significantly with self-reported depression and lower self-esteem, and approached significance with self-reported anxiety. There were no significant associations between parents’ positive events and self-reported or adolescent adjustment. Total frequency of adolescents’ positive events correlated significantly with less parent-reported anxiety. There were several significant associations between parental rating of severity of disability and number of physical limitations with their and their children’s adjustment. Implications for understanding the daily effects of parental physical disability on parents and their adolescent children are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for prevention interventions.

In this dissertation, I explored the affective, cognitive, and physiological dynamics in the daily life of individuals with recurrent depressive episodes compared to healthy individuals. The dissertation is based on three studies, utilizing Ambulatory Assessment methodologies, including a measurement-burst design. These studies aimed to clarify mechanisms of micro-processes in daily life that could in-crease vulnerability to relapse and suggest potential therapeutic interventions. Study 1 (Chapter II) examined differences in daily affect and cognitions between individuals in remis-sion from recurrent depression and healthy controls, along with their reactivity to daily negative and positive events. Key findings indicated that higher levels of positive thoughts boosted mood in both groups, while rumination predicted decreases in positive affect specifically in remitted individuals. Re-mitted individuals showed greater increases in negative affect and rumination following negative events. Notably, positive events elicited a "mood brightening" effect, marked by stronger decreases in negative affect and rumination, along with greater increases in positive affect and positive thoughts. These results highlight the protective role of positive affect and cognitions, suggesting therapeutic approaches that sustain positive mood could support long-term remission. Study 2 (Chapter III) investigated associations between trait and state cognitions and salivary cortisol as a biological stress marker in daily life. Findings revealed that trait repetitive negative thinking, but not mindfulness, was linked to higher cortisol levels, particularly in individuals with recurrent depres-sion compared to healthy individuals. Additionally, momentary mind-wandering and mental shift prob-lems predicted increases in cortisol levels 20 minutes later. Within the recurrent depression group, higher average levels of mental shift problems were associated with elevated cortisol. Multilevel struc-tural equation models indicated that state cognitions did not mediate the effects of habitual repetitive negative thinking on cortisol release. These results underscore the independent roles of trait and state cognitions as internal stressors activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, emphasizing the heightened physiological vulnerability of individuals with recurrent depression. Study 3 (Chapter IV) applied a measurement-burst design to explore intraindividual variability and change in affective, cognitive, and endocrinological responses to daily events over 4.4 years in initially remitted individuals with recurrent depression. Over bursts, negative affect more strongly increased following negative daily events, while positive affect and self-acceptance exhibited a more pro-nounced decrease. Rumination and cortisol reactivity remained stable in response to negative events. Conversely, positive daily events were linked to a more significant increase in positive affect over bursts. Depression levels served as a moderator of intraindividual variability, with higher depression levels being linked to blunted cortisol responses toward negative events. Additionally, a “cognition brightening” effect was observed, reflected by greater increases in self-acceptance and greater de-creases in negative affect toward positive daily events in those individuals with higher depression lev-els, though this effect seemed unsustainable over bursts. These findings highlight the intricate dynam-ics of affective, cognitive and endocrinological processes in recurrent depression, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions that account for the stability of these responses and the moderating role of depression levels. In conclusion, findings from these three studies underscore the importance of fostering positive affect and reducing maladaptive thought patterns in individuals with recurrent depression, providing valuable insights for relapse prevention. Integrating technology and advanced data methods into clinical prac-tice holds promise for tailoring interventions to individual needs and facilitating early detection of re-lapse risks, thereby promoting more effective and proactive care for those vulnerable to depressive relapses.

Background: Radiologically dense area (DA) on a mammogram represents the stromal and epithelial tissue in the breast, while non-dense area (NDA) represents adipose tissue. Quantitative measurements of DA, NDA as well as the proportion of dense area in the breast (percent density, PD) adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) have all been associated with breast cancer (BC) risk. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic loci that show association with both mammographic density (MD) phenotypes and BC, but little is known about the genome-wide and local genetic correlation between MD phenotypes and BC. Methods: We estimated the genome-wide and local genetic correlation between MD phenotypes adjusted for age and BMI and BC, leveraging GWAS summary statistics for MD phenotypes based on 12,866 women (MODE consortium) and for BC based on 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls (BCAC consortium). We also conducted partitioned heritability analysis to identify specific functional annotations that contribute to MD heritability. Results: We observed a negative genetic correlation between DA and NDA (-0.62, p=0.002). Both DA and PD showed positive genetic correlations with overall BC (DA: rg=0.24, p=0.004; PD: rg=0.27, p=0.0001), estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC (DA: rg=0.23, p=0.005; PD: rg=0.23, p=0.001), and ER- BC (DA: rg=0.26, p=0.01; PD: rg=0.32, p=0.0006). In contrast, NDA showed a nonsignificant negative genetic correlation with BC (rg=-0.11, p=0.21). Local genetic correlation analyses between MD phenotypes and BC reflected known findings including positive correlation at 10q21 region between both PD and DA and BC (both p&amp;lt;5x10-7), negative correlation at 22q13.1 between DA and BC (p=4.6x10-6), and positive correlation at 8p11.23 between NDA and BC (p=2.8x10-6). Two known BC regions that have not previously been associated with MD showed suggestive genetic correlations between BC and DA: 1q21.2 (negative genetic correlation, p=1.3x10-4) and 12q21.31 (positive genetic correlation, p=6.7x10-4). In exploratory analyses estimating the genome-wide genetic correlation between MD and hormone-related phenotypes in UK Biobank (n=337,199), we observed nominally significant positive genetic correlations between PD and benign mammary dysplasia (rg=0.45, p=0.01), NDA and endometriosis (rg=0.45, p=0.02), and negative genetic correlation between NDA and menstrual cycle length (rg=-0.30, p=0.05). We identified multiple functional annotations that contribute to MD heritability including histone mark H3K27ac that marks active enhancers (~2,5-fold enrichment in heritability for both DA and NDA) and DNAsel Hypersensitive Sites (DHS, 9.1-fold enrichment in heritability for DA). Conclusion: Our results provide evidence of shared genetic basis between mammographic density and breast cancer. Citation Format: Hongjie Chen, Julie Douglas, William Gordon, Deborah Thompson, Fergus Couch, Peter Fasching, Per Hall, John Hopper, Gertraud Maskarenic, Marina Pollan, Jennifer Stone, Rulla Tamimi, Sara Lindstroem. Evidence for a shared genetic basis between breast cancer and mammographic density phenotypes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 224.

Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire

The current research aims to test the new measurement model of COVID-19 stressors which includes four stressor types: infection fears, lockdown, economic, and grief in one second-order factor. Using a sample of 2732 from 11 Arab countries and measures for COVID-19 stressors, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and executive function, we conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, multigroup invariance, and correlations. A second-order factor with four first-order factors model fit the data well. All factors were significantly correlated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, working memory, and inhibition deficits. The measure and its four subscales have robust psychometrics and were invariant across genders.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent and impairing low mood and loss of interest or pleasure. Given that MDD is highly recurrent, it is important to identify which impairments remain during remission and may predict recurrence. A key impairment in MDD is that they tend to process current and past information more negatively than healthy individuals. However, it is unclear whether this negative information-processing bias persists during remission. This study will investigate a retrospective type of negative information-processing bias when recollecting recent real-world events among young adults with remitted depression (n=31) compared to healthy individuals (n=32). Participants were given a handheld device and responded to prompts on the device four times a day for one week. The prompts asked whether the individual experienced a positive or negative event since the last prompt and how intense that negative or positive event was. At the end of the week, participants completed a questionnaire regarding their experiences over the past week. They were asked how many negative and positive events the individual experienced over the past week, and the overall intensity of these negative and positive events. It is hypothesized that individuals with remitted depression will report a greater number and intensity of negative events in the distal retrospection period than in the proximal retrospection period, but no difference is expected for positive events. The opposite findings are expected for healthy individuals. This research may advance the understanding of persistent impairments in remitted depression while focusing on real-life events.