Development during the First Seven Days Post-hatching

Oxygen consumption by chick blood cells during embryonic and post-hatch growth

Aim. To identify the mechanism of state regulation of private enterprise initiative operating in the “developmental states” of East and Southeast Asia, which ensures consistently high rates of economic growth and an increase in public welfare.Tasks. Based on a comparative analysis, to determine the characteristic features of the model of relations between the state and business in the “developmental states”, to reveal its strengths and weaknesses, the role of the ruling elite in its functioning.Methods. The central concept is the “developmental state”, the elements of which are revealed by Zia Onish, the concepts of “planned-rational state” (C. Johnson), “built-in autonomy” (P. Evans), “neopatrimonial state”, “cohesive capitalist state” and “fragmented multi-class state” (A. Koli). The model of the relationship between the state and business is based on works related to Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.Results. It has been established that in “developmental states” the relations between the state and business are built into the political structure of society, in which centralized governance allows states to ensure political stability, reduce transaction costs for private entities, motivate entrepreneurship and create additional opportunities for economic development, and as a result - increasing the welfare of society.Conclusions. The example of the countries of East and Southeast Asia shows that the success of a “developmental state” is possible only when the political settlement enables the ruling elites to have the law enforcement capabilities to conduct an effective, nationally-oriented industrial policy necessary for the further improvement of the country’s technological capabilities. The rapid economic development of “developmental states”, which has led to talk of a “miracle”, raises the question of the possibility of using this experience in other regions of the world, including the EAEU countries.

Effects of Dietary 1, 4-Diaminobutane (Putrescine) on Eggshell Quality and Laying Performance of Older Hens

It has been suggested that air cell oxygen partial pressure (PAo2) in avian eggs just prior to internal pipping (Prelp stage) resembles that of avian (and mammalian) alveolar partial pressure, e.g., PAo2 104 torr. On the other hand, indirect evidence from water vapor eggshell conductance (GH2O) suggests that Prelp PAO2 is allometrically related to egg mass: large and small eggs would have high and low PAO2, respectively, where the calculated Prelp PAO2 of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg, from those data, is about 125 torr. The rate of egg mass specific oxygen consumption (1o2), PAO2, and the partial pressure of CO2 in the air cell (PACO2) were measured; oxygen diffusive eggshell conductance (Go2), and air cell gas exchange ratio (R) were calculated; egg content surface temperature (Ts) and the rate of mass loss were measured in Ostrich eggs, all during the last stages of development at 35.50C and 45% relative humidity. The mass loss was corrected for the effect of R to yield rate of water loss (MH20o). This value and vapor saturation value at Ts were used to calculate GH2o. Mean ? standard deviation PAo2 and PACo2 during Prelp stage were 103 ? 4.5 torr and 46 ? 6.0 torr, respectively. The Go2 found (129 ml [STPD]-(day-torr)-1 + 57) was lower than that predicted by allometric relationships or by calculation from GH2O (185 ml [STPD](day torr)-'). The ratio Go2/GH20o was 0.59 ? 0.15, significantly different from the expected 0.85 (using the respective diffusion coefficients). A temperature difference of 2.0 ? 0.50C was measured between the egg content surface and the incubator. The higher temperature of the egg content surface, associated with an increase of water vapor pressure in the air cell, presumably decreases Go2 and increases GH2O. Values of R indicate that 1 day prior to external pipping the movements of the mature embryo influence the pattern of gas exchange by creating convective exchange.

1. Changes in embryonic development and growth were analysed in relation to direct changes in postnatal growth and correlated responses in egg parameters using Japanese quail lines selected for more than 30 generations for high (HG) and low (LG) relative gain of body weight (BW) between 11 and 28 d of age, and constant BW at 49 d of age.2. During the first 42 h as well as at the end of incubation, LG embryos were developmentally accelerated in comparison with their HG counterparts. An expected increase of line divergence across generations was observed only in traits analysed at the end of incubation.3. In contrast to early generations, LG embryos continuously exhibited a higher BW than HG embryos and this difference temporarily disappeared only around incubation d 8. Analogous to early generations, the HG compared with LG embryos showed two periods of transient growth retardation compensated subsequently by a higher growth rate (incubation d 3–8 and 8–16).4. More pronounced growth retardation of HG versus LG embryos in late versus early generations corresponded to more distinct decrease of HG versus LG growth rate during the first post-hatch days. Likewise, a disappearance of line BW differences on incubation d 8 characterising the late generations corresponded to the elimination of line differences in adult BW.5. Alterations of growth pattern were associated with changes of egg size. While HG quail maintained a relatively constant adult BW and egg size across generations, the gradually increasing incidence of large eggs in the LG line allowed selection of birds with higher growth potential, which in turn amplified the line differences in the embryonic BW and eliminated the line differences in adult BW. Line differences in egg composition (larger albumen with lower density in LG compared with HG eggs) apparently contributed to the strengthening of line developmental divergence during incubation.6. Transient lack of nutrient supply to HG embryos due to their developmental delay is probably responsible for a higher HG versus LG embryo mortality.

1. This study was conducted to examine some egg characteristics and determine the effects of eggshell thickness and eggshell porosity on water loss and hatchability of eggs in ostriches. 2. Shell thickness did not correlate significantly with hatchability. However, eggs of low shell thickness lost more mass (13·03%) than those with intermediate (11·22%) and high (10·36%) shell thickness. Mass loss during incubation was higher in hatched (11·98%) than unhatched eggs (11·09%). Shell thickness was negatively correlated to egg mass loss (r = −0·65). 3. The pore density was correlated with hatchability. Hatchability was 50% lower in eggs with low pore densities (40·93%) than with high densities (80·94%). Pore density was positively correlated with egg mass loss (r = 0·63). Incubation mass losses of hatched and unhatched eggs were not significantly different. 4. Mean eggshell water vapour conductance (G) value and shell conductance constant (k) were 87·77 ± 4·21 mg H2O/d/Torr and 2·44 respectively (n = 15). 5. Because of eggshell functional properties and resulting low egg mass loss hatchability is low when ostrich eggs are artificially incubated. The mass of eggs used in the experiment was relatively high and their eggshell water vapour conductance was low. As a result, egg incubation mass loss was lower than it should be. It is concluded that incubator humidity should be low (25%) to allow enough mass loss during incubation from the eggs.

This paper examines the issue of criminality as it is expressed in social policy in Singapore. This small South‐east Asian country is characterized by great social and ethnic diversity, high rates of economic growth, but low crime rates. The relationship between these is pursued by examining the authoritarian political system and the social policies that have arisen from this to socialize and discipline the ethnically disparate and class‐divided population. A brief survey of the social structure of Singapore, the role of colonialism in shaping the legal system, the legal measures introduced during the pre‐independent anti‐colonial and anti‐communist struggles and the adoption of many of these by the new government of independent Singapore as weapons of social control introduces the paper. This is followed by an examination of the single‐minded pursuit of developmentalism and security in the post‐independent period and of the emergence of crime in political discourse as the paradigm of social disorder and self‐exclusion from the developmental state, and the relationship of these to the dominant political problem of the management of ethnicity and social differences expressed as concern with classification, a commitment to socio‐biology and the constant attempts to define a field of “Asian values” based on a local reading of Confucianism as the basis of social cohesion. The essay concludes with a discussion of the relationship between Singaporean images of social order and the pursuit of a distinctive form of positivist modernism and the question of whether a “Singapore model” is applicable elsewhere in the world.

Avian embryos undergo extremely rapid development over a relatively short period of time, and so are likely to suffer high levels of oxidative damage unless this is mitigated by sufficient maternal allocation of appropriate antioxidants. At a species level, it is therefore predicted that antioxidants should be allocated to eggs according to the rate of embryonic growth, such that eggs containing embryos that grow faster are furnished with higher antioxidant levels, independent of egg size. We tested this prediction for three potentially important classes of dietary-derived yolk antioxidants: carotenoids, vitamin E and vitamin A. Across species, we found positive relationships between embryonic growth rate and total yolk levels of each of the three antioxidant classes. Moreover, there were consistent differences in antioxidant provision between pairs of species that share a common initial egg mass yet have differing rates of embryonic growth, such that the eggs of the faster-developing species have higher levels of carotenoids and vitamin E. These results may explain the marked interspecific variation in antioxidant provision and provide evidence for the role that these antioxidants play during embryonic development.

Comparative analysis of embryonic development and growth performance among two mud crab species and their hybrids

Background: Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is a promising egg parasitoid for the biocontrol of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), owing to its high fecundity, ability to parasitize multi-layered egg masses, and suitability for mass rearing. However, the short shelf life of mass-reared T. remus limits its practical application. Cold storage may be a viable solution to stabilize production and supply. Methods: Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, viable and UV-treated S. frugiperda eggs were stored at 4, 7, and 10°C for 7 and 14 days, followed by evaluation of their suitability for T. remus parasitism. In the second experiment, eggs parasitized by T. remus (1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-parasitism) were stored under varying temperatures (4, 7, and 10°C) for 7 and 14 days, and the parasitoid emergence rates were recorded to assess stage-specific cold tolerance. Results: UV treatment of eggs significantly reduced the emergence rate of T. remus. Viable S. frugiperda eggs remained suitable hosts for parasitoid reproduction after 7 days of storage at 4°C and 7°C. Cold storage significantly affected parasitoid survival across developmental stages, and 7 days post-parasitism eggs exhibited high adult emergence rates when stored at 10°C for up to 14 days. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that eggs at 7 days post-parasitism can be stored at 10°C for up to 14 days without significant loss of viability. This study presents a potential method for the large-scale production of T. remus , enabling the parasitoids to be supplied to regions severely affected by S. frugiperda .

-Embryonic oxygen consumption, incubation period, and hatchling mass do not vary significantly among populations of Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) breeding over a 2,900-m altitudinal gradient, despite a 28% decrease in oxygen tension from the lowest to the highest altitude. Calculations suggest that embryos develop normally at 2,900 m at air-cell 02 tensions of 7.1 kPa. The regulation of loss of water vapor or CO2 by a reduction of eggshell conductance appears to have been more important for populations breeding in montane environments than maximizing 02 availability to the embryo. The superior tolerance to hypoxia demonstrated by embryos of wild birds, compared to that of embryos of domestic chickens, may relate to the modification of the diffusive resistance of 02 inside the shell. Received 28 September 1981, accepted 24 April 1982. THE ability of a species to invade a new habitat and to establish permanent residency there depends importantly upon successful reproduction. Avian species have exploited a remarkable diversity of habitats. This success is particularly striking in view of the potential vulnerability of avian embryos to environmental stresses. Because avian embryos develop externally from the body of the adult, they are less protected by the homeostatic systems of the adult than are embryos of viviparous vertebrates. Although the physiology of avian embryos has received considerable attention during the last decade, embryonic tolerances of and adaptations to harsh environments have received little study. Avian embryos exchange gases with the environment by diffusion (Wangensteen et al. 1970/71). The diffusive flux of 02 into the egg, and CO2 and water vapor outwards, is described by a modification of the Fick equation (Wangensteen et al. 1970/71, Paganelli et al. 1975): M = (DIRT) (ApIL) -AP (1) Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA. where M = gas flux (cm3 STPD * s-1), D = diffusion coefficient (cm2 * s-1), Ap = effective pore area (cm2), L = length of diffusion path or shell thickness (cm), RT = gas constant and absolute temperature (cm3 STPD cm-3 kPa-'), and AP = partial pressure difference of gas across shell (kPa). The terms (DIRT)(ApIL) are often combined into the term G (cm-3 s-l kPa-1), representing the conductance of the eggshell to each gas (Ar et al. 1974). The progressive decrease in barometric pressure, PB, in montane habitats is an environmental gradient that poses distinct problems for diffusive respiratory systems. Equation 1 suggests two factors that should become progressively more important to avian development as PB falls with increasing altitude. First, 02 flux (MC2) is influenced by the Po2 difference across the eggshell (AP02). Because ambient Po2 falls as PB decreases, the driving force for 02 diffusion will decrease unless internal P02 is lowered commensurately. Therefore, an embryo may not obtain sufficient 02 above certain altitudes to sustain normal metabolism and growth. Second, theoretical predictions and empirical results show that D is inversely proportional to PB (Reid and Sherwood 1966, Paganelli et al. 1975). Therefore, gases exchanged between the embryo and the environment will diffuse more rapidly as PB decreases with al710 The Auk 99: 710-718. October 1982 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.187 on Wed, 30 Mar 2016 05:48:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms October 1982] Avian Reproduction and Altitude 711 titude, if all other factors in Eq. 1 are constant. The enhanced diffusion of 02 into the egg may compensate in part for the detrimental effects of hypoxia on metabolism (Visschedijk et al. 1980), but augmented rates of diffusion of CO2 and water vapor from the egg during incubation may prove harmful to normal embryonic growth (Rahn et al. 1977, Carey 1980). Therefore, successful breeding by montane populations of birds has undoubtedly required that the resistant properties of the eggshell to gaseous diffusion be designed to meet the demands for maximizing 02 supply and minimizing excessive losses of CO2 and water vapor at high elevations. Tolerance to hypoxia has been studied thus far only in embryos of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). They are unable to maintain normal levels of metabolism or growth when subjected acutely or for the duration of incubation to moderate hypoxia (Visschedijk et al. 1980). Growth and metabolism of embryos obtained from a colony of chickens raised for more than 15 yr at 3,800 m were significantly reduced below control levels (Wangensteen et al. 1974). These results raise interesting questions concerning the abilities of embryos of wild birds breeding at high altitudes to obtain sufficient 02 for normal metabolism and growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 02 Uptake directly by measuring embryonic metabolic rate and indirectly by studying incubation period, hatchling mass, and embryonic mortality in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) breeding over a 2,900-m altitudinal gradient.