Development of a distributive lighting control system using Local Operating Network

This article aims to show the possible savings in electricity costs in smart building installations with the use of new version of Raspberry Pi 3 model B + as the control unit in intelligent building automation systems. It presents a comparison of the consumption of electricity in two units used in the central control systems, i.e. a small Windows-based computer and a Raspberry microcomputer. The power consumption of these units was measured during the rest period and during standard operations in the intelligent installation system. The conducted measurements proved that the use of the new updated version of Raspberry Pi 3 model B + as the central control unit in intelligent building management systems is more economical and energy-saving.

Fieldbus systems are more and more responsible for functions affecting people's health. Therefore they are supposed to work safely, i.e. the fieldbus system must be free from unacceptable risk. Thus different measures specified in the international standard IEC 61508 have to be taken to reduce the risk, for example, a redundant hardware structure, add-ons to the protocol, integration of online self tests. A fieldbus system that is going to be enhanced with safety measures is the Local Operating Network (LON), standardized in EN 14908. Within the SafetyLon project hardware and software of a safe node for LON is developed. A safe node consists of an EN 14908 controller and two microcontrollers. The software comprises three layers. One of them is the safety layer including the safe protocol stack and the online self tests.

The transformation of existing production and logistics halls into flexibly configurable factories requires the ability of autonomous mobile robots to navigate efficiently in an unstructured and changing environment. Conflicting situations between several robots due to collision avoidance when moving close to each other can be resolved via the central control system or in a distributed manner. In this paper, we address distributed coordinated trajectory planning of mobile robots with communication to efficiently resolve collision avoidance scenarios without a central control unit. We simulatively investigate coordinated planners that solve optimal control problems with a sliding time horizon. Further, the planners differ in whether a centralized optimal control problem in the coupled state space of the robots or multiple decentralized optimization problems in the state space of one robot are formulated. From another point of view, the methods vary in a cooperative or non-cooperative property which manifests itself in the consideration or neglection of the other vehicles’ intentions within the cost function. Further, we not only consider homogeneous mobile robots that are modeled by the same vehicle model and the same parameterization but also heterogeneous robots with different physical limitations and dimensions. We present simulation results of symmetric and non-symmetric collision avoidance scenarios with 2–8 mobile robots. As a comparison criterion, we use the average duration until all vehicles have reached their destinations. The results show that the cooperative planners resolve homogeneous scenarios and the non-cooperative planners resolve heterogeneous ones involving vehicles having different dimensions with a lower average scenario duration.

Collective Adaptive Systems (CAS) achieve high resilience by providing distributed self-* properties through autonomous elements. While they are very beneficial for achieving high reliability, they are more difficult for dealing with targeted external inputs or ensuring globally optimal results. It is easier to achieve these properties with centralized approaches. Ideally, one could combine the benefits of collective adaptive systems with aspects of central control to achieve the best of both paradigms. While such combinations have already been shown in previous work, here, we aim at a systematic discussion of the range of approaches to integrate both control paradigms. As a result, we present a taxonomy of control action types, which describes how a central control unit can interact with a CAS to achieve the desired overall behavior, providing a first step towards CAS control patterns and identifying the involved trade-offs. Ideally, one could combine the benefits of collective adaptive systems with aspects of central control to achieve the best of both paradigms. While such combinations have already been shown in previous work, here, we aim at a systematic discussion of the range of approaches to integrate both control paradigms. As a result, we present a taxonomy of control action types, which describes how a central control unit can interact with a CAS to achieve the desired overall behavior, providing a first step towards CAS control patterns and identifying the involved trade-offs.

We have developed a novel railway signal control system that operates as a distributed system. It consists of a central control unit (called LC) and terminal devices (called FC) that are distributed at the railroad wayside and operate signal devices. The Internet technologies and optical LAN technologies have been used as communication methods between the LC and the FCs. While handling enormous amount of electric cables may cause human errors, the system is expected to reduce troubles of the current signal system at construction works thanks to the Internet technologies. The FC is a distributed terminal device that has its own processor and placed at the railroad wayside to control the field signal devices. The LC is a centralized computer device that has software arranged by the function of the fie ld devices. An optical network system and multiple communication paths between the LC and the FCs realize durable transmissions. Moreover, the assure performance of controls and transmissions have been investigated, and the autonomous distributed signal control system is also discussed as the next steps of the system.

During recent years, in the field of real‐time instrumentation and process control, there has been a trend away from centralized control system. Distributed control by using fieldbus technology is only the first step to application of intelligence in the field devices. Compares centralized systems with the distributed systems, differentiates the conventional LANs from the fieldbus technology and reviews the related technology and the current status of the international fieldbus standards. Describes some of the standard fieldbuses. Highlights the advantages of using fieldbuses in the real‐time process control and discusses what are the points to be considered before selecting a fieldbus. Highlights fieldbus‐based design development methodology involved in order to build a real‐time industrial distributed control system (RIDCS). Presents a case study with the LonWorks Technology; a fieldbus category system.

A large number of wind turbine generators in the large-scale offshore wind farm system poses a challenge to the wind farm control system due to the computational burden in the central control methods or the complexity of the communication network in the decentralized control strategies. A hybrid control method based on the distributed consensus control and the central model predictive control is proposed in this study to overcome the problem. Typically, the wind turbine generators in the large-scale offshore wind farm system are clustered into several groups. The consensus-based distributed reactive power coordination control is proposed to each cluster and the centralized predictive voltage control is used to manage the total reactive powers of all clusters and regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling. The gradient-descent algorithm for the optimal design of the consensus-based cluster control is presented firstly. Based on the convergence property of the consensus control, the equivalent model of the total reactive power response of each cluster is identified, which is used for the design of the centralized predictive voltage control. Eigenvalue analysis of the proposed predictive control strategy is carried out to verify the stability of the distributed and predictive control systems. The robustness of the proposed predictive controller is evaluated in the conditions of significant model errors due to the communication delay in each cluster. A comparison study with the full distributed control based on consensus algorithm is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method. The feasibility of the proposed predictive controller is evaluated by the control-hardware-in-the-loop simulation using OPAL-RT Technologies. An additional comparison study in term of computation time with the central control method is also carried out. Real-time simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed hybrid method compared to the full distributed consensus controller or the central control strategies.

The growing demand for enhanced power quality and reliable transmission has driven advancements in power flow control technologies. The distributed power flow controller (DPFC) represents an advancement over the unified power flow controller (UPFC). In contrast to the UPFC, the DPFC removes the DC link connecting the shunt and series converters, and redistributes the series converters along the transmission line as single-phase static series compensators. This modification enhances grid performance while maintaining full power flow control capabilities. The DPFC offers several advantages over the UPFC, including higher reliability, improved controllability, and greater cost-effectiveness. The system comprises a shunt converter in conjunction with multiple series converters, each with its own control circuit, all managed by a central control unit. This article presents the implementation of a DPFC model in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation outcomes indicate that the DPFC significantly contributes to improved voltage stability and enhanced power transfer capability, thereby reinforcing system performance and reliability.

We consider illumination rendering with distributed control of a lighting system with an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). As low-cost microprocessors become standard components in LED drivers, distributing the computation of the control signals to individual LED drivers becomes attractive. Common distributed control algorithms require each individual controller to exchange information with all the others and process it. This incurs too large a communication and processing overhead for a low-cost local controller. In this Letter, we propose a distributed control algorithm for achieving global illumination rendering, wherein a controller only needs to communicate within a selected neighborhood. We present design criteria for defining the communication neighborhood and study its impact on rendering performance.

The centrally controlled beamline system for synchrotron radiation lithography has been investigated using the SORTEC storage ring(l GeV). From a practical standpoint, the recently built beamlines aim at attaining a centrally controlled beamline system, which is also serially interfaced with the storage ring. In operating the beamlines, not only local control, but also a central control notion is adopted. The central beamline control system comprises a beamline main computer and a programmable sequence controller (PSC) link. The local beamline control system consists of a PSC, a control panel, and a personal computer. The beamline main computer collects each beamline status datum through the PSC link, receiving the storage ring data from the main computer of the 1 GeV synchrotron radiation (SR) source. A novel oscillating mirror mechanism is proposed, in which the mirror chamber, driven by a combination of a cam mechanism and pulse motor installed in air, is oscillated to scan the mirror, thus producing high reliability and compact design. In addition, a practical beamline structure is offered which fulfills system vacuum protection and protects operators from radiation exposure.

There are some problem for Strip transmission process, such as low deviation information accuracy , poor reliability, poor control results,the electro-hydraulic servo central position control system of Strip based on the principle of differential capacitance was designed. The differential connection is used for eliminating signal drift and the nonlinear characteristics，high frequency power supply is used for reducing output impedance and improving the system bandwidth, double shielded is used for eliminating the impact of parasitic capacitance, the electro-hydraulic servo central position control system based on fuzzy PID is designed. Research shows that the measuring circuit and control system are with high precision, good reliability, maintenance-free advantages.

Nigeria today is rife with occurrences of intruders breaking into homes at every slight opportunity. The topic of security is quite important; hence this paper presents the development and implementation of a Smart Intruder Detection System utilizing the ESP32-CAM board, the Vibrometer and the ATMega328P microcontroller to enhance lighting, security, and surveillance functionalities. The ESP32-CAM serves as the central control unit, leveraging its built-in Wi-Fi and camera capabilities, while communicating with the ATMega328P microcontroller responsible for managing lighting, security, and surveillance components. The Vibrometer adds a vital layer of security by detecting vibrations associated with forced entry attempts. Upon sensing significant vibrations, the Vibrometer triggers the ESP32-CAM to start an immediate recording of potential intrusions. In the realm of lighting control, the ATMega328P regulates diverse light sources such as LEDs and smart bulbs. The ESP32-CAM facilitates a user-friendly experience, enabling seamless control and automation of the lighting system through a dedicated mobile application or voice commands. For surveillance purposes, the ESP32-CAM captures real-time video, streaming it to the user's mobile device or a centralized monitoring station. The ATMega328P contributes to the system's intelligence by supporting motion detection algorithms, which, in turn, trigger automated alerts and activate lighting or alarm systems in response to detected movement. The precision performance of the components was carried out and the average precision for all the components was 95%. The synergistic integration of the ESP32-CAM board and ATMega328P microcontroller results in a cohesive and intelligent smart home automation solution.

In the project Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), the popular fieldbus Profibus has been determined as a uniform connection between the central control system and all the subordinate systems. A universal embedded control system has been developed for W7-X power supply controlling. Siemens 80C167CR microcontroller is used as the central control unit of the system. With a user-defined printed circuit board (PCB) several control buses, i.e., Profibus, CAN, IEEE 488, RS485 and RS 232 have been connected to the microcontroller. The corresponding hardware interfaces for the control buses have been designed. A graphic liquid crystal display(LCD) and a user-defined keyboard are used as user interface. The control software will be developed with a C-like language, i.e., C166 for the controller.

DDoS attacks pose a significant security risk to smart homes and can disrupt the functionality and availability of connected devices in the home. This dataset documents Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks against the Fibaro Home Center 3 central control unit, which is used to automate smart homes within the Internet of Things. The focus is on three types of DDoS attacks: TCP SYN flood, ICMP flood and HTTP flood. Data collection was performed on the local network, where SYN flood and ICMP flood attacks were performed using the hping3 tool, and HTTP flood attack was performed using the LOIC tool. The data was captured using Wireshark software and is available in PCAP and CSV formats, allowing detailed analysis of the network traffic. The logs include information such as timestamps, source and destination IP addresses, protocols, packet lengths, and port numbers. The dataset includes raw and anonymized data for each type of attack.The dataset is a resource for researchers focused on cybersecurity and IoT device protection. It allows simulation and analysis of DDoS attacks on a specific IoT device, providing insight into attack patterns and the effectiveness of defenses. The simplicity and specialization of the dataset makes it a practical resource for developing and testing intrusion detection systems and predictive models to mitigate and prevent DDoS attacks. The use of the PCAP format facilitates the import of the data into various research software platforms.

Most of today's industrial computers are applied to embedded systems because the industrial computers can be implanted with the operating systems to manage the peripheral equipments. The industrial computer can deal with multi-tasking efficiently by process scheduling. The digital signal processor has the advantage of highly computational capability, but it can’t deal with multi-tasking because of the lack of operating systems. This thesis is based on controller area network (CAN) bus network to construct a distributed real-time monitoring and control system. This system consists of subsystems of master, slave, and monitor. The master subsystem is constructed by a PC/104+, Linux-RTAI operating system and PCI to CAN communication interface. There are two slaves with the cores of digital signal processors (DSP). One is to control an inverted pendulum using the LQR controller, the other is to control a dc motor using the PID controller. The monitor subsystem consists of a monitoring interface and universal serial bus (USB) to CAN communication interface. In the experiments, the master subsystem sends the control commands to the slaves. The slaves excute the control tasks according to the received commands and return the responses to the monitor. The monitor is able to show the system responses on the screen to facilitate the system analysis. This thesis verifies the performance of the distributed control system through experiments.