Development of a PID Controlled Arduino-Based Stabiliser

The increasing use of battery-powered electronic devices necessitates efficient and fast charging solutions. This research aims to optimize battery charging at a charging station using the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method integrated with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control. This method is chosen to address overshoot issues and speed up the stabilization process. The study begins with a literature review to understand the basic theory of MPPT optimization and PID control. Subsequently, hardware and software for the battery charging station were designed and developed. An Arduino ATMega328 microcontroller was used as the main controller, with an LCD to display charging information. Tests were conducted on 12V batteries with capacities of 5Ah and 9Ah. The results showed that using PID control in MPPT optimization successfully increased battery charging efficiency. The fastest charging duration was achieved for a 12V 5Ah battery with parameters Kp=6, Ki=9, and Kd=4, where the battery was fully charged in 19 minutes, and for a 12V 9Ah battery with parameters Kp=5, Ki=3, Kd=1, where the battery was fully charged in 27 minutes. Conversely, the longest charging duration occurred for a 12V 5Ah battery with parameters Kp=5, Ki=3, Kd=1, where the battery was fully charged in 34 minutes, and for a 12V 9Ah battery with parameters Kp=2, Ki=5, Kd=1, with a charging time of 38 minutes. The designed system was able to reduce input current and increase input voltage to reach the 14.5V set point, ensuring that there was no excessive voltage and current that could prolong battery life. This research demonstrates that the PID method in MPPT optimization is effective in accelerating and optimizing battery charging. Future research is expected to further develop this method to improve battery charging efficiency and duration. Keywords: MPPT, PID, Optimization, Battery Charger, Optimal, PWM ABSTRAK Penggunaan perangkat elektronik yang bertenaga baterai semakin meningkat memerlukan solusi pengisian yang efisien dan cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan pengisian baterai pada stasiun pengisian dengan menggunakan metode Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) yang diintegrasikan dengan kontrol Proportional Integral Derivative (PID). Metode ini dipilih untuk mengatasi masalah overshoot dan mempercepat waktu menuju keadaan stabil. Penelitian dimulai dengan studi literatur untuk memahami teori dasar optimasi MPPT dan kontrol PID. Selanjutnya dirancang dan dibuat perangkat keras serta perangkat lunak untuk stasiun pengisian baterai. Mikrokontroler Arduino ATMega328 digunakan sebagai pengendali utama dengan LCD untuk menampilkan informasi pengisian. Pengujian dilakukan pada baterai aki 12V dengan kapasitas 5Ah dan 9Ah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kontrol PID pada optimasi MPPT berhasil meningkatkan efisiensi pengisian baterai. Durasi pengisian yang paling cepat dicapai baterai 12V 5ah dengan parameter Kp=6 Ki=9 dan Kd=4 dimana baterai terisi penuh dalam waktu 19 menit dan baterai 12V 9ah dengan parameter Kp=5, Ki=3, Kd=1 dimana baterai terisi penuh dalam waktu 27 menit. Sebaliknya durasi pengisian terlama terjadi pada baterai 12V 5ah dengan parameter Kp=5, Ki=3, Kd=1 baterai terisi penuh dalam waktu 34 menit dan baterai 12V 9ah dengan parameter Kp=2 Ki=5, Kd=1 dengan waktu pengisian 38 menit. Sistem yang dirancang mampu mengurangi arus input dan meningkatkan tegangan input untuk mencapai set point 14.5V menjaga agar tidak terjadi tegangan dan arus berlebih yang dapat memperpanjang umur baterai. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode PID pada optimasi MPPT efektif dalam mempercepat dan mengoptimalkan pengisian baterai. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat mengembangkan lebih lanjut metode ini untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan durasi pengisian baterai. Kata kunci: MPPT, PID, Optimasi, Charger Baterai, Optimal, PWM

One of the key drivers in gaining the cost-effective, reliable and low-downtime Operation system for major Oil Fields is implementation of Water Injection System (WIS) with capability of online-automated regulation and control. This Paper outlines an application of Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) control loop algorithm for Decentralized WIS (with direct injection from Water Source wells to Injection wells by means of high capacity ESP's) used in West Qurna-2 oilfield located in Iraq, operated by LUKOIL. PID control loop algorithm has being used in the industry for the years, but not commonly applied as integral component of Water Injection System allowing to maintain optimal equipment modes. Such limited PID deployment is explained by complexity of operational parameters synchronizing for every Water Injection System component. The decentralized Water Injection System at the West Qurna 2 project is common and united pipeline system for every WellPad that provides water transfer from Water source wells (3-5 wells per WellPad) to injection wells (3-6 wells per WellPad) with line pressure of 70-130 Barg by means of high-capacity ESP equipped with VSD. Water injection process is regulated by controlling both the conventional ESP parameters (frequency, flow rate, motor current and load, Intake and discharge pressures), line pressure, required injection rate by means of flow control valves, and implemented PID control loop algorithm. This paper discusses the techniques of PID control loop algorithm application as the tool for: –Pipeline protection against high pressure without full shutdown of water injection process and–ESP automated regulation to ensure operation inside Recommended Operated Range (ROR) and smoothening of ESP mode when any changes in the system happen (i.e. shutdown of other water source well ESP's at the same WellPad or shutdown of injection well) with immediate feedback to Operator Control Room. Implemented approach allows to decrease number of ESP shutdowns and avoid high jumping of ESP loads that consequently leads to maximizing of ESP run life. Comparative examples and case studies of submersible equipment operation results before and after the application of PID regulation are specified. Mainly by implementing PID regulation and control stable and smooth operation of equipment and ESP's used for WIS (direct injection from Water Source Well to Injection Well) has been achieved. New approach for PID application as a tool for pipeline overpressure protection has been formed, which allowed to reduce Capital Expenses for the WIS construction works. Specified case can be used as example for further development and projects in the oil and gas industry.

PID regulators have been famous within professionals and widely accepted for dominant industrial systems where the main objective is the performance. Industrial processes are generally complex, containing interacting multi input multi output (MIMO) controller loops. Operators of industrial processes have a good expertise in PID controller tuning. PID controller can be equipped with predictive property, if the error signal applied to calculate the control signal, is not the actual error, but its predictive value in a future point or in a future horizon. Injection molding machine has more temperature trouble shooting problem. This problem could be attempted by PID controller tuning process. To improve the general behavior of a control system with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller structure, simulation results of proposed controllers studied and compared.

The development of modern technology has made automation an important part of life. Proportion Integral Derivative (PID) control is a basic control theory of automation which has many applications because of its simple construction and great performance. This article introduces the application of PID control technology in the automotive field. This paper mainly introduces the following aspects: the basic principles and theories of PID control, the challenges of automotive systems and their control, some solutions for PID control in automotive systems, and the improvement and optimization of control. The limitation of the application of traditional control theory in new automotive control have led to the emergence of more optimization algorithms, which can improve the system in more ways. In the future, automotive control systems will continue to be based on PID control as the framework and combined with some optimized new algorithms for practical application. Therefore, understanding PID control is of great significance to clarify the future development of automotive control technology.

This paper demonstrates the design and analysis of automatic generation control using intelligent genetic algorithm tuned fuzzy based controller. A two area thermal power system simulated for four different scenarios considers a reheat steam turbine in each area with Generator rate constraints. The Integral Time Squared Error (ITSE) employed to get an objective function for the optimization of controller gains. The simulation results compared with the conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller, Genetic Algorithm (GA) tuned PID controller and GA tuned Fuzzy PID controller. The proposed GA tuned Fuzzy based PID Controller can generate the best performance for peak overshoot, undershoot and settling time with step load disturbances. Robustness of the performance of the proposed controller provided with system parametric uncertainties.

This study accommodates the industry needs in monitoring a control system on a DC motor using LabView. The servomotor, which is usually used for position control, was replaced in this study with a DC motor coupled with a multi-turn potentiometer sensor. The use of DC motors was carried out to reduce actuator prices while maintaining control objectives. The control method used is in the form of Proportional – Integral - Derivative (PID) and optimal control which are then compared with the output. PID tuning is done using the Root Locus method. Meanwhile, for optimal control using the Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR) approach. Testing was done by looking at the results of direct implementation of the DC motor plant hardware through observations using LabView. By using the right zero variables in the PID control, the best performance is obtained until it can track references. Too large a zero value will result in even greater Steady State Error. The results of optimal control using different Q variables did not provide a significant change. The SSE value shows the same result. The results show that the optimal control can track the reference with lower settling time and overshoot than the PID control. However, the two control methods still produce relatively small Steady State Error.

Superheat steam temperature control is critical to the normal and optimal operation of a power plant. Usually, cascade proportional integral derivative (PID) control system is introduced to regulate the superheat temperature with the PID parameters fixed constant. However, Due to the gains and time constants of the controlled plant change significantly with disturbances, the control effects of the conventional PID are not ideal. In this paper, a new adaptive control strategy is proposed to improve conventional superheat steam temperature control. Based on cascade PID control system, recursive least squares (RLS) method is used to identify the plant parameters and then genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to adjust the parameters of the PID controllers. MATLAB simulation investigation indicates that, compared to the parameter fixed PID system, GA-self-tuned adaptive control system is able to reject endogenous and exogenous disturbances more effectively and rapidly, thus has better self-adaptation capability and robustness.

In order to provide the comfortable areas for human, the comfortable rooms are the basic needs area, controlled temperature, and relative humidity (RH). The aim of this study is to control and maintain the temperature and RH of the comfortable room using a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller tuned by metaheuristic optimization. In tuning gains of the PID controller, the modern metaheuristic optimizations, ant colony optimization (ACO), and symbiotic organism search (SOS) are applied and the performance of the proposed control system is compared to that of the traditional methods. In the experimental testing, the controlled room size is tested in the area of width 7.80 m, length 8.00 m, and height 3.80 m. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed control system-tuned gains of PID controllers by using SOS algorithm has the least steady-state error with 15% rise time and also the overshoot can reach the setpoint. In the case of disturbance occurring in the system, the proposed control system is able to approach the setpoint. Therefore, the PID controller tuned by SOS algorithm can regulate the temperature and humidity of the comfortable room, proficiently.

— The objective of this paper is to investigate the Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy, analyze and compare the control effects with Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control strategy in maintaining a level of spherical tank system using VFD. An advanced control method, MPC has been widely used and well received in a wide variety of applications in process control, it utilizes an explicit process model to predict the future response of a process and solve an optimal control problem with a finite horizon at each sampling instant. In this paper, an algorithm is developed for controlling the speed of the pump using VFD to maintain the level of the spherical tank system. Next, the system is modeled and linearized for analysis and design. Model is implemented in a simulation environment based on LabVIEW. Both MPC and PID control methods are tried to design the controller for the water level system in a spherical tank and compared the results in terms of peak time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under various operational conditions including time delays. The results showed the advantage of MPC for dealing with the system dynamic over PID and could be designed for more complex and fast system dynamics even in presence of constraints and Reduction of power consumption by the pump due to usage of VFD for controlling level by varying the speed of the pump based on the level of the tank. Keywords: Non Linear - Spherical Tank System – Level Control – Variable Frequency Drive – PID Controller – MPC Controller – Modeling - LabVIEW. Cite this Article R. Dhanasekar, S. Vijayachitra, M. Pravin Savaridass. Controlling of Level Process in Nonlinear System Using Variable Frequency Drive. Current Trends in Information Technology. 2019; 9(1): 24–33p.

This study presents the development of dead-time compensator with Proportional Integral-Derivative (PID) controller and their implementation in real-time using the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) on a heater-furnace system that constitute the temperature process. Though PID controller is effective to most of the processes, it has draw backs when used to control the processes with significant dead time. Therefore to eliminate the effects of long dead time, the dead-time compensator combined with PID is proposed. The control equation for the proposed dead time compensator is developed using the mathematical model of heater-furnace system and ladder logic program is created in GE Fanuc Versamax PLC. The PID controller is tuned using process reaction curve method and programmed in PLC. The proposed controller has an outer loop control mechanism with dead time compensator which feeds the inner loop PID controller. The effects of dead time on the performance of PID controller are eliminated through the outer loop control mechanism whose output does not contain modelling errors. The results of the proposed dead-time compensator with PID are compared with the results of the conventional PID controller without dead time compensation for both steady state response and servo-regulatory response. The results of the proposed controller show better improvement in the time domain specifications compared to conventional PID controller.

This paper presents the effect of Variable Damping Ratio on design of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller. This novel method is very useful because of their successful practical application, robustness and simplicity. The most popular and widely used controllers in industries are PID controllers. To find appropriate parameters, many design methods have been proposed for PID controller with having its own merits and demerits. However, it is still not easy to find appropriate parameters for the PID controllers. In this paper, PID having variable Damping ratio is developed to improve the performance of the controller. By using this method there is a 60% saving in settling time as compared to the method proposed by Ziegler Nicholas and 84.6% saving settling time as compared to technique proposed by Salem. Our method is independent of maximum overshoot which is distinguishable advantage which increases the performance of system. Based on the mathematical model of the system, controller is designed and is estimated by the MATLAB version 2013. Data for model estimation is taken from an experimental works, the performance has improved significantly of the PID controller having variable damping ratio compare to conventional PID controller.

This chapter examines the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller design. It introduces the idea of disturbance estimation that leads to an equivalent PI control system. The mathematical model used in the chapter is a first order model. For systems with higher order transfer functions, approximation is required. To design a PID controller using the estimation based approach, a second order transfer function is considered. The chapter presents the MATLAB tutorial for the implementation of disturbance observer‐based PID controller. This implementation contains the anti‐windup mechanism when the control signal reaches its maximum or minimum values. The embedded PID controller via estimation is used in the simulation studies within the Simulink environment. The chapter also explains resonant controller design and implementation with anti‐windup mechanism using the disturbance estimation approach. It presents an example to illustrate the disturbance observer‐based resonant controller design.

Now -a-days PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller is used in every type of small or large industries. For this the digital PID controller is so popular. But it is necessary to design and tune the PID controller in a proper method for applying the plant. The paper represents a method of tuning a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The name of the method is Steepest Gradient Descent Method (SDGM). It is an iterative method. The SDGM method is very simple, easy to use and each iteration is very fast. It is also a guaranteed method to find the minima through numerous times of iterations as long as it exists. By applying this optimization method PID controller is tuned both of digital and analog process. In the paper by applying the method of some plant the comparison result of analog and digital are shown. From the comparison it is found that the digital scheme is preferable than analog scheme. Index Terms—PID controller, SDGM. I. INTRODUCTION The fi rst controllers with proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) feedback control action became commercially available during the 1930s. The 1940s saw widespread acceptance in industry of pneumatic PID controllers, and their electronic counterparts entered the market in the 1950s. Digital hardware has been routinely used since the 1980s with significant impact on process control. Even several decades after three-mode controllers were introduced; the vast majority of controllers used in the chemical process industry are based on PI/PID models (1). The popularity of these controllers has led to research on tuning methods, resulting in hundreds of publications on this topic. Ziegler-Nichols tuning relations and Cohen-Coon tuning rules are among the earliest published methods. Tuning relations based on error criteria are more recent model-based tuning rules, which offer improvements over earlier tuning methods. Tuning rules also exist for unstable processes as well as for tuning in the presence of plant model mismatch (2). Despite the numerous approaches available for controller tuning, surveys indicate that poorly tuned control loops are abundant in industry. In general, the gain scheduling of the PID controllers is an optimization problem. The method of steepest descent (SDGM) is also known as The Gradient Descent, which is basically an optimization algorithm to find the local minimum of a function. By applying the SDGM to the PID controller, the controller is tuned and applied to some conventional plant then the digital and analog results are compared to the paper.

This paper presents a simulation of bipedal locomotion to control the stimulation pulses of functional electrical stimulation (FES) for activating muscles for paraplegic walking with spring brake orthosis (SBO). The work is a first effort towards restoring natural like swing phase in paraplegic gait through a new hybrid orthosis, referred to as spring brake orthosis (SBO). This mechanism simplifies the control task and results in smooth motion and more-natural like trajectory produced by the flexion reflex for gait in spinal cord injured subjects. The study is carried out with a model of humanoid with wheel walker using the Visual Nastran (Vn4D) dynamic simulation software. Stimulated muscle model of quadriceps is developed for knee extension. Proportional integral derivative (PID) control is developed in Matlab/Simulink to regulate the muscle stimulation pulse-width required to drive FES-assisted walking gait and the computed motion is visualised in graphic animation from Vn4D. The results show that SBO can reduce torque and stimulation pulses required for FES-assisted paraplegic walking with wheel walker and PID control is found to be appropriate controller for the leg extension.

A mobile robot had been made based on kinematics drive differential concept. This robot used odometry method in order to reach a position and determine its current position. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control has been applied for improving response of robot while it reach a detremined position. Two rotary encoder sensors were attached at right and left side of robot motors for measuring distance. While motor rotating, rotary encoder sensors counted a number of pulses conversed into left and right wheel mileage. Both of them were used to get robot position at certain time (x, y, and heading angle). Robot passed some tracks and reached two positions in each track as destination positions. These positions are the position which had final heading 30° and 90°on first track, 45° and 90° on second track, 60° and 90° on third track. PID control was examined by put mobile robot in first position 0,0,0°. Some PID parameters have been applied to examine the performance and response of robot. The increment of derivative parameter reduced the steady state error and increased the stability of system.