Development of an Interactive Web-Based Support System for Gear Design

Product development is a process with complicated procedures, which incorporate many aspects of knowledge, experience and teamwork. Specifically, mechanical system design requires an iterative process to determine the desired component design parameters that would satisfy kinematic, performance and manufacturability requirements, which would result in an efficient and reliable operation of speed reduction units. This article describes an approach towards the development of intelligent design support environments for mechanical transmission systems, along with implementation details of a distributed knowledge-based gearing design and manufacturing system that is deployed over the Internet. The system embodies the various tasks of the design process, with modules that address: performance evaluation, process optimization, manufacturability analysis, and provides reasoning and decision-making capabilities for reducing the time between gear tooth creation, detailed design and final production. This methodology is highly desirable in that it is able to simulate real working conditions, evaluate and optimize the design effectively, prevent designers from time-consuming iterations and reduce long and expensive test phases. In an application example relating to process design of a forged gearing system, once a successful power rating is achieved within the design environment through FEA based techniques, the system automatically feeds input parameters into the manufacturing module which carries out all process design and planning stages. Estimation of the number of preforming stages, generation of detail die drawings, and forging load and energy requirements are calculated based on available material design databases, knowledge-based rules and feature-level calculations. Utilization of the World Wide Web, as a medium for the implementation of gear design and its agile manufacturing over the Internet is also being demonstrated. A combination of HTML, JavaScript, VRML, CGI Script and C++ based procedures is used to bring this capability to users distributed anywhere in the world. With the above developments, the problems of experience and expertise for the designers are overcome and unexpected design iterations that cause wastage of engineering time and effort, are avoided. The environment can be easily enhanced with other types of gearing systems.

Psychological studies implementing the World-Wide Web as a data collection medium have traditionally been constrained to data obtained from surveys or from within-subjects comparisons. Common gateway interface (CGI) scripts, however, provide researchers with a means of collecting data for between-subjects comparisons. This paper provides a description of the information flow between the user (subject) and the experimenter by referencing a completed between-subjects assignment CGI. A current online cognitive psychology experiment serves as an example of the utility of CGIs as subject assignment mechanisms. Server-side and client-side scripts are compared for effectiveness at data collection, with these types of designs in mind.

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a method used by web servers to run external programs (known as CGI scripts or CGI programs), typically to generate web content dynamically. Whenever a web page queries a database, or a user submits a form, a CGI script is usually called upon to do the work.KeywordsEmpty StringExcellent BookPrint HeaderCommon Gateway InterfaceBlank LineThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) was the first attempt to enable the creation of dynamic HTML pages which represent a very suitable concept to meet the requirements of web-based applications for remote data analysis (RDA). CGI scripts are still popular, but by now there are new approaches which should be able to solve the main CGI problems. In this paper, we present the most promising one: Java Servlets. We will discuss the advantages and drawbacks of Java Servlets compared to CGI scripts. Moreover, we will do some performance measurements on the basis of simple classification problems and introduce the key functions of the Java Servlet API.

Knowledge-based turbomachinery design system via a deep neural network and multi-output Gaussian process

Abstract. Highlights A knowledge-based rapid design system for combine chassis is proposed. The object-oriented knowledge representation uniformly describes the multi-source heterogeneous design knowledge. The multivariate linear regression analysis ratiocinates further unknown design principles behind existing products. Abstract. In the design of agricultural machinery, the lack of systematic and structured knowledge utilization systems results in low development efficiency and poor reusability of design knowledge. This paper considers the design of a combine chassis, and focuses on the application of knowledge-based rapid design to agricultural machinery. As a typical sophisticated agricultural machine, combines have a complicated design that requires the integration of multiple disciplines according to the crop types, production areas, and ability of the designers. Hence, a knowledge-based design system for a wheeled combine chassis is proposed. By integrating object-oriented technology with a mixed reasoning strategy, multi-source heterogeneous design knowledge can be applied in completing the chassis design task. To date, there are more than 2000 design ideas and 350 parameter models in the knowledge database. In addition, tacit design knowledge acquired by a knowledge discovery method can be employed to perfect the design and improve the reliability of the product. The design of a combine chassis demonstrates that the knowledge-based rapid design of agricultural machinery is completely feasible, and the design system significantly reduces the design workload, shortens the development cycle, and improves design efficiency and knowledge utilization.

A World Wide Web (WWW) based client/server system has been developed which allows server-side process independent layout generators to generate the design rule correct geometry of analogue components such as resistors, capacitors and transistors for a design system running on a local workstation. The complete system is based on the bidirectional interface between a WWW browser and a VLSI design system, with layout generators running remotely on a WWW server.

The Laboratory of Machine Design of the University of Oulu has defined and implemented a design and manufacturing system for a gear manufacturer in co-operation with the company’s own staff. The parts of gear train, such as shafts and gear wheels, are designed by an application program included in a two-dimensional system and the gear housing is designed by a commercial three-dimensional feature-based system. A shaft design and manufacturing system has been discussed in previous papers produced in connection with this project (Korpela, T., et al. 1995, Heikkinen, A., et al. 1996). The tool used for gear housing design and manufacturing have been tested during the past year, and experiences with this CAD system are recounted here. It has been found that the design features which implement the functional requirements of gear construction are different from the features which support the manufacturing processes.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Gear whine can be reduced through a combination of gear parameter selection and manufacturing process design directed at reducing the effective transmission error. The process of gear selection and profile modification design is greatly facilitated through the use of simulation tools to evaluate the details of the tooth contact analysis through the roll angle, including the effect of gear tooth, gear blank and shaft deflections under load. The simulation of transmission error for a range of gear designs under consideration was shown to provide a 3-5 dB range in transmission error. Use of these tools enables the designer to achieve these lower noise limits.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An equally important concern is the dynamic mesh stiffness and transmissibility of force from the mesh to the bearings. Design parameters which affect these issues will determine the sensitivity of a transmission to a given level of transmission error. These dynamics are studied through the use of detailed finite element models of the transmission internals.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A systematic approach to gear element design will be presented to optimize the gear blank design from the perspective of the influence both the transmission error and system dynamics on operating noise. The correlation of model predictions with measured operating data on prototype transmissions will be presented. The model results will be used to illustrate how the use of proper tuning of gear blank resonances can be used to further reduce noise levels by 5 - 10 dB.</div>

본 논문은 인터넷 상에 산재해 있는 활용 가능한 다양한 모티프 및 도메인 관련 리소스들을 통합화 함으로써 체계적이고 효율적인 모티프 및 도메인 검색을 할 수 있는 통합 시스템 개발에 대해 다루고 있다. 이러한 시스템을 개발하기 위해 산재해 있는 모티프 및 도메인 관련 개별 데이터베이스의 핵심 부분만을 취합하여 로컬 데이터베이스화하고, 해당 데이터베이스에서 사용되는 개별 분석 도구들을 로컬 서버에 설치하였다. 그리고 다양한 유틸리티 및 CGI 프로그램 등을 통해서 이들 데이터베이스와 분석 도구들을 상호연동시켰고, 단일 웹 인터페이스를 통해 전체적으로 통합하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 모티프 및 도메인 통합 검색 시스템을 활용한다면, 최종 사용자들은 인터넷 상을 서핑하는데 많은 시간을 낭비하지 않고, 원스톱(one-stop) 서비스를 통해 본인이 하고자 하는 정확한 모티프 및 도메인 검색을 할 수 있어 보다 효율적이고 정확한 단백질 기능분석을 행 할 수 있을 것이다. This paper deals with an integrated system that facilitates researchers to do motif and domain search effectively and systematically. The system we developed is constructed on the basis of the integration of various resources related to motif, domain, and protein family. Those resources that can be classified into databases and search programs are dispersed to be available in Internet. In order to develop this system, we extracted core contents of diverse databases, which are required to analyze the protein function in terms of motifs or domains, to construct local databases and installed motif or domain search programs on our server, which corresponding database has as its own search program. Diverse utilities and CGI (Common Gateway Interface) programs make the databases and the search programs interlocked and web-based graphical user interfaces integrate all the components of our system. Employing our integrated system, end-users can receive its one-stop service to do protein function analysis systematically and effectively, without surfing many sites in Internet and wasting time over integrating search results.

Design shells: A formalism for prototype refinement in knowledge-based design systems

In Memoriam: Dr. Clive L. Dym (1942–2016)

Hypocycloid reduction gears produce a maximum reduction ratio, if the difference in the numbers of teeth between the internal gear and pinion is reduced to 1. However, such a limit design is very difficult, because such a reduction of the difference in the number of teeth induces various interferences. An internal gear having a zero difference in the number of teeth is best suited for a planetary gear mechanism that transmits its absolute rotation to the driven shaft at the ratio of 1 : 1. However, such a special gear set needs an operating pressure angle of 90 degrees, and thus cannot be designed by conventional formulae for ordinary internal gears. The author has so far devised an optimal designing system for the automatic design of internal gears. This paper presents an advanced application of the optimal design system to the automatic design of the above-mentioned special internal gears that require an extraordinarily difficult and special designing technique. Trial fabrication was also undertaken to confirm the designing computations obtained.

There's many a slip ‘twixt the cup and the lip. So, we have a well-designed and carefully tested Web survey ready to go. How do we actually implement the survey to collect the data in which we are so interested? This chapter deals with a variety of design issues related to the process of data collection. I do not address technical issues such as Web hosting, database management, CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts to execute the survey, and so on. Rather, I focus on issues of design such as the invitation to participate, the use of incentives or other inducements to do so, the login and authentication process, the follow-up of nonrespondents and partial respondents, and so on. The focus in many of the preceding chapters was on reducing measurement error. In this chapter, the attention is more on reducing nonresponse or increasing the number of sample persons who start – and finish – the survey. No matter how well the instrument is designed, if it is poorly executed, the desired respondents may not even get to the questions that were so carefully developed. This chapter is organized around the sequence of events that typically occur in a Web survey, from the initial invitation to the completion of the survey and then any follow-up that may be necessary. Following this, I discuss the use of incentives in Web surveys.

IntroductionIATROTEK is a bilingual (Greek, English) database containing the references of about 15.000 articles (abstracts included), which have been published in 75 Greek biomedical journals since 1982. Until recently, the input in this database was performed by manual typing and the retrieval was available to the users only off line. Input automation was started before six months and on-line use of the database was officially inaugurated on May 8th, 1999 (www.mednet.gr/iatrotek).MethodsThe on-line version of IATROTEK is implemented on a Linux-based server running PostgreSQL database server and Apache web server. All the software used is freeware.The user interface is comprised of several HTML forms, which are accessible by any WWW browser, and it is supported by certain CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts written in Perl. Searching can be performed providing single terms or terms combined by boolean operators, on the following fields: title, authors, key-words, abstract in both Greek and English. Matching records include the title and reference of the articles as well as links to the Greek and the English abstracts. Links providing further searching on authors' names and key-words are available on the page of abstracts. Concerning the input in the database, it is performed by the use of appropriate filters (format transformers) on the data provided by the publishers. Under construction is the automation of key-word assigning procedure and a stemming algorithm for Greek words.ResultsDuring the first fifteen days of its on-line operation, the database is queried with a mean rate of 48 requests/day (20% of them from abroad). Bearing in mind the small number of Greek doctors having access to the Web (2,500-3,000 out of 35,000), this is a fact signifying their warm interest on the on-line use of the IATROTEK.DiscussionCompared to the availability of the international medical literature through the Web, the literature written in national languages is not equally favored by the Internet explosion. Efforts, like that of IATROTEK on-line, towards the dissemination of locally produced medical information through the Web will overcome the serious obstacles confronted by the national journals.