Development of BeiDou Satellite‐Based Augmentation System

GNSS is one of the navigation means approved by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in civil aviation navigation. The modernization of current GNSS constellations, like GPS, and the deployment of new ones, like Galileo or BDS, broadcasting dual-frequency signals in the Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) bands will lead in the near future to a Dual-Frequency Multi-Constellation (DFMC) GNSS environment for civil aviation. This new GNSS environment with additional and enhanced signals will support navigation services with improved positioning performances and robustness.GNSS augmentation systems like ABAS, SBAS and GBAS also need to evolve to support the new DFMC environment. Standardization of these new DFMC GNSS elements is a key step before their approval for operational use in civil aviation. The SBAS DFMC Service Volume Prototype (DSVP) is a software tool developed specifically to support the upcoming standardization activities of SBAS DFMC use for civil aviation. This paper presents the up-to-date SBAS DSVP tool along with its evolutions to comply with the latest SBAS DFMC standard. The paper also provides some examples of achievable SBAS DFMC system and user performances to test various system configurations and/or different interpretations or utilizations of the SBAS DFMC standard.

Navigation signal distortion is a potential threat to navigation services. Modeling signal distortion is a necessary condition to ensure service safety and an important content of mandatory requirements in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards. This paper studies the distortion threat model and threat space of BDS B1C and B2a signals. Based on the existing ICAO standard distortion model frame, a threat space determination method considering both satellite physical characteristics and distortion error characteristics is proposed. At the same time, the good ranging bias detection performance provided by the satellite onboard monitoring receiver on BDS satellite is well used to reduce the distortion parameter range threatening service, thus the threat space of B1C and B2a signals is determined and made smaller compared with the that of similar signals in other systems, and the requirement of signal quality monitoring performance will be reduced in theory. The research results can provide reference for the formulation and verification of the relevant contents of ICAO standards for BDS B1C and B2a signals.

Emergency medical kits on board commercial aircraft: A comparative study

Air Traffic Management Bureau of Civil Aviation Administration of China (ATMB) has steadily promoted capacity building of smart ATM under the guidance of the Action Plan of Four Enhancement of ATM. However, at present, the evaluation method for the effectiveness of capacity building of smart ATM is not systematic, there is also a lack of statistical analysis of capacity building of smart ATM. In 2012, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) proposed an authoritative and instructive Aviation System Block Upgrade plan, which provides guidance for the capacity building of smart ATM. Therefore, based on the analysis of the threads of capacity improvement proposed in ASBU and the current situation of ATMB, this paper constructs an evaluation index system of capacity building of smart ATM, at the same time, the current situation of ATMB in the implementation of various threads is obtained according to the survey. And the above-mentioned evaluation index system is used to implement a case study for the effectiveness analysis of the capacity building of smart ATM, which verifies the feasibility of the evaluation index system.

Dual-frequency multi-constellation (DFMC) satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) is a new SBAS standard for aeronautical navigation systems. It supports aircraft navigation from the enroute to approach phases via the L1 and L5 frequencies (1575.42 and 1176.45 MHz). Although the ionosphere-free (IF) combination in the DFMC SBAS operation removes the first-order ionospheric delays in the pseudorange measurement, remaining terms including the satellite-clock offset errors and higher-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are still unaccounted for. The DFMC SBAS accuracy and integrity can be affected by the HOI effects, especially during severe ionospheric disturbances. In this work, we present the local DFMC SBAS corrections with and without the mitigation of HOI delays. We first estimate the HOI delay terms using the received pseudorange followed by separate satellite and receiver bias estimations based on the minimum sum-variance technique. The integrity terms can then be obtained. The performances of DFMC SBAS using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data including GPS, Galileo, and QZSS are evaluated using obtained GNSS data at stations in Thailand on the ionospheric quiet and disturbed days. The results show that with the HOI mitigation, the vertical positioning errors (VPE) on the quiet and disturbed days can be improved by 12% and 9%, whereas the vertical protection levels (VPL) are improved by 16% and 21%, respectively. In addition, we perform a preliminary assessment of DFMC SBAS based on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requirements of two categories: Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance (LPV-200) and Category I precision approach (CAT-I) showing promising results.

With the increasingly high performance requirements of civil aviation for satellite navigation system, Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) is applied. SBAS can augment Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) by broadcasting correction and integrity parameters to users in service area through geostationary satellites (GEOs). Therefore, reasonable schedule and normal broadcast of SBAS messages are important guarantee for SBAS to provide efficient service. By analyzing the single frequency SBAS message scheduler at home and abroad, and combining with the current broadcast messages of the BeiDou Satellite-Based Augmentation System (BDSBAS), this paper proposes a fixed time sequence dynamic message scheduler for BDSBAS. Compared with the fixed sequence message scheduler adopted by BDSBAS at present, the message scheduler proposed in this paper can not only improve the flexibility of message broadcasting, but also achieve the effective message proportion of 100%. On the basis of meeting the message update cycle specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO SARPs), the update time of all kinds of messages is shortened, and the time required for users to receive all message types for the first time is reduced about 11.7%, which provides more time slot margin support for message alarm and upload failure, and greatly ensures the integrity and continuity of BDSBAS service.

Introduction: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) acts as an organization that notifies civilian aircraft that will pass in conflict areas and also cooperates with other countries in increasing ICAO supervision so that similar cases do not occur. Purposes of the Research: To know the role of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) in handling international aviation safety supervision and cases of shooting down civil aircraft in conflict areas. Methods of the Research: This type of research can be classified as a normative research type, this research uses research methods on the principles of international law. This research is a descriptive analysis, namely describing and analyzing the problems that have been put forward to describe an overview of the International Civil Aviation Organization in handling cases of shooting down civil aircraft in conflict areas related to international air law. Results of the Research: International civil aviation, especially when crossing conflict zones while the Civil Aviation Convention (known as the Chicago Convention) establishes a framework for civil aviation investigations, does not provide an appropriate legal and institutional framework for accountability, ICAO's role as a specialized agency of the United Nations which is required from time to time to refrain from violations. International political parameters in its diplomatic efforts

The article deals with crimes against air transport, which can be divided into two groups: seizures of aircraft and other crimes against civil aviation safety. The normative and legal definition of the classification of international crimes, disagreement in legal qualification and terminological definition of these crimes under the legislation of foreign states, as well as the lack of practical application of legal norms of conventions in combating international crimes, in part of the extradition, creates certain difficulties for the legislation. further extradition of persons hiding from investigation and court in a foreign state. In the crime of international character, similar to the internal state, the composition of the crime of international character is allocated, which is a set of objective and subjective features, based on which individuals attracted to criminal responsibility. But it should be noted that the elements of the crime of international character do not always coincide with elements of a crime in domestic criminal law. Basic normative acts aimed at providing aviation safety, operate on three levels: global level (International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), basic documents: Crimes Convention and some other acts committed on board aircraft (Tokyo, 1963) ; Convention on the fight against illegal capture of aircraft (GAAGA, 1971); Convention on the fight against illegal acts directed against the safety of civil aviation (Montreal, 1971); Protocol on the fight against acts of violence at airports serving civil aviation (Montreal, 1988, complements the Montreal Convention in 1971); Convention on the marking of plastic explosives in order to detect (Montreal, 1991); Convention on the fight against illegal acts concerning international civil aviation (Beijing, 2010) ; regional level (European Aviation Security Agency (EASA), European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), European and North Atlantic Bureau of ICAO (Paris), Found Documents – Politics of the European Civil Aviation Conference in Aviation Safety; National Level – State Aviation Administration (SAA), Basic Documents: Air Code of Ukraine of 19.05.2011, Law of Ukraine “On the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation” dated 20.02.2003, Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine No. 390 dated May 11, 2007, instructions for assessing the risk of security of civil aviation of Ukraine.

The article deals with crimes against air transport, which can be divided into two groups: seizures of aircraft and other crimes against civil aviation safety. The normative and legal definition of the classification of international crimes, disagreement in legal qualification and terminological definition of these crimes under the legislation of foreign states, as well as the lack of practical application of legal norms of conventions in combating international crimes, in part of the extradition, creates certain difficulties for the legislation. further extradition of persons hiding from investigation and court in a foreign state. In the crime of international character, similar to the internal state, the composition of the crime of international character is allocated, which is a set of objective and subjective features, based on which individuals attracted to criminal responsibility. But it should be noted that the elements of the crime of international character do not always coincide with elements of a crime in domestic criminal law. Basic normative acts aimed at providing aviation safety, operate on three levels: global level (International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), basic documents: Crimes Convention and some other acts committed on board aircraft (Tokyo, 1963) ; Convention on the fight against illegal capture of aircraft (GAAGA, 1971); Convention on the fight against illegal acts directed against the safety of civil aviation (Montreal, 1971); Protocol on the fight against acts of violence at airports serving civil aviation (Montreal, 1988, complements the Montreal Convention in 1971); Convention on the marking of plastic explosives in order to detect (Montreal, 1991); Convention on the fight against illegal acts concerning international civil aviation (Beijing, 2010) ; regional level (European Aviation Security Agency (EASA), European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), European and North Atlantic Bureau of ICAO (Paris), Found Documents - Politics of the European Civil Aviation Conference in Aviation Safety; National Level - State Aviation Administration (SAA), Basic Documents: Air Code of Ukraine of 19.05.2011, Law of Ukraine "On the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation" dated 20.02.2003, Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine No. 390 dated May 11, 2007, instructions for assessing the risk of security of civil aviation of Ukraine.

The Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) of Annex 16 Vol. II, Chicago Convention 1944, are created and adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), for the purpose of regulating aircraft emission in the civil aviation sector. The creation of ICAO standard and Recommended Practices on aviation environment came up in 1981, following the declaration in Article 2(2) of Kyoto protocol to UNFCCC that developed countries of (Annex I parties), shall pursue limitation or reduction of emission of greenhouse gases from aviation by working through the international civil aviation organization (ICAO). However, while the SARPS have been recognized by ICAO and the contracting states as the sole international regulations for reduction of aviation emission, the SARPs are also known to have some limitations on reduction of aviation emission. This paper therefore examines the capacity of SARPs Annex 16 Vol II of Chicago Convention 1944 to make effective reduction in international reduction of aviation emission for protection of environment. This involves identifying the strength and limitations of ICAO SARPs on reduction of aviation emission as well as making recommendations for improved performance. A qualitative-doctrinal research approach is adopted where by the bulk of analysis on the study is based on information from library research materials the study concludes the ICAO SARPs have more limitations than strength and would require some improvement for achieving a more effective reduction in aviation emission.

The impacts of the COVID-19 on the aircraft emissions from international routes from and to China

In order to improve the level of civil aviation cabin safety management and achieve a comprehensive and rapid assessment of cabin safety, this study is based on a sample of 359 valid cabin unsafe events by the Civil Aviation Administration of China from 2006 to 2019. Systems engineering theory of the three elements of "human-machine- environment" as the basis . Processing the data from the questionnaire survey by using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and combining with the results of interviews with experts in related fields . 14 secondary indicators and 30 tertiary indicators were selected to evaluate cabin safety from the four aspects of personnel, environment, management and loading. In order to ensure the correctness and reliability of the cabin safety assessment index system, quantify its path coefficients and determine its degree of influence, based on the established assessment index system, construct a structural equation model (SEM) and The AMOS software is used to perform a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the relationship between cabin safety assessment indicators.Finally, the concept of establishing a cabin safety assessment system was proposed, and two sets of assessment methods and assessments including comprehensive (including 17 secondary indicators and 40 tertiary indicators) and quick (including 14 secondary indicators and 30 tertiary indicators) were provided Specific method.

The industry of civil aviation has suffered from international politics since almost the beginning. Although the necessary amendments, conventions and agreements were realized by participants of the international civil aviation system, the impacts of unlawful interferences never found an end. The political, economic and technological structure of civil aviation is suitable for the development of unlawful interferences. This research aims to shed more light on the relationship between international politics and civil aviation by utilising securitization and current comprehension of the theory of securitization. The research findings show that securitization is used in the civil aviation industry by aviational intellectuals in specific matters such as race and gender discrimination. Moreover and more importantly, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), national, regional and international institutions utilized securitization. At the end of the research, it is concluded that unlawful interferences such as complex terrorist actions and hijacking activities should be subjects of daily and structured speeches, conversations and rhetoric of aviational intellectuals to create a more secure sphere or context

The present paper delves into the challenge of implementing international flight safety standards into the Russian regulatory framework governing the establishment, application, and refinement of aviation safety management systems (SMS) in the civil aviation sector in Russia. It underscores the reliance of SMS regulatory adherence on the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) set forth by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The paper conducts an examination of prevailing discrepancies, indeterminacies, and ambiguities in delineating core terms and concepts within the English and Russian renditions of ICAO SARPs documentation. Furthermore, it offers an evaluation of the implementation hurdles associated with SARPs in regulatory documentation pertaining to civil aviation flight safety in Russia. The deficiencies in the regulatory infrastructure for flight safety in Russia are substantiated. Drawing from practical insights gained in formulating and improving regulatory and methodological support for SMS in prominent Russian airlines, the paper proposes measures to mitigate inaccuracies and uncertainties in the integration of ICAO SARPs editions within the Russian regulatory framework for aviation industry service providers.

Abstract.The study of the formation of adaptive competence of future pilots in the training process is relevant given the active integration of Ukrainian aviation into the world community, development of relations and increasing interoperability of Ukrainian military aviation with the NATO Air Forces, in accordance with the Military Doctrine of Ukraine and the Strategic defense bulletin, as well as the urgent need to use the rules of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which cooperate with ICAO, when using the common airspace. Recently, civil and military aviation have been working closely together, and military pilots are increasingly involved in evacuating the population during emergencies abroad, multinational military exercises, etc.
 Pilots of civil and military aviation of Ukraine should adapt to the requirements of the new environment as soon as possible, and higher education institutions that train pilots should adjust the training process in accordance with the new requirements. The issue of adaptive competence in general and in particular, the adaptive competence of future pilots has not been sufficiently studied yet in the modern scientific literature and therefore needs further consideration. The article aims to define and characterize the basic concepts of formation of adaptive competence of future pilots in the process of their training, which will be followed by scientific substantiation, creation of structural-functional model of formation of adaptive competence of future pilots, and creation and approbation of author's technology at the educational institutions which train pilots.
 The article considers and investigates the concepts of adaptation and its types; professional adaptation of the pilot; adaptability; competencies and competency; professional competency of the future pilot, its components and criteria of its formation; concepts and features of adaptive competency of future pilots. It also describes and characterizes the features of the future activities of pilots and certain requirements for the training of pilots in civil and military aviation.
 Key words: adaptation, adaptability, competence, adaptive competence, professional training.