Development of efficient and cost-effective distributed hydrological modeling tool MWEasyDHM based on open-source MapWindow GIS

The goal of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of four global high‐resolution satellite rainfall products (CMORPH, TMPA 3B42RT, TMPA 3B42, and PERSIANN) through the hydrologic simulation of a 1656 km2 mountainous watershed in the fully distributed MIKE SHE hydrologic model. This study shows that there are significant biases in the satellite rainfall estimates and large variations in rainfall amounts, leading to large variations in hydrologic simulations. The rainfall algorithms that use primarily microwave data (CMORPH and TMPA 3B42RT) show consistent and better performance in streamflow simulation (bias in the order of −53% to −3%, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) from 0.34 to 0.65); the rainfall algorithm that uses primarily infrared data (PERSIANN) shows lower performance (bias from −82% to −3%, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency from −0.39 to 0.43); and the rainfall algorithm that merges the satellite data with rain gage data (TMPA 3B42) shows inconsistencies and the lowest performance (bias from −86% to 0.43%, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency from −0.50 to 0.27). A dilemma between calibrating the hydrologic model with rain gage data and calibrating it with the corresponding satellite rainfall data is presented. Calibrating the model with corresponding satellite rainfall data increases the performance of satellite streamflow simulation compared to the model calibrated with rain gage data, but decreases the performance of satellite evapotranspiration simulation.

Precipitation interpolation is widely used to generate continuous rainfall surfaces for hydrological simulations. However, increasing the precision of values at the unknown points generated by different spatial interpolation methods is challenging. This study used the Chaohe River Basin, which is an important source of Beijing’s drinking water, as a research area to comprehensively evaluate several precipitation interpolation methods (Thiessen polygon, inverse distance weighting, ordinary kriging and ANUSPLIN) for inputs in hydrological simulations. This research showed that the precipitation time-series surface generated using the ANUSPLIN interpolation method had higher accuracy and reliability. Using this precipitation input to drive the hydrological models, we explored the parameter uncertainties of four typical hydrological models (GR4J, IHACRES, Sacramento and MIKE SHE) based on the multi-objective generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method. The GLUE method was used to study the parameter sensitivity and uncertainty of the model. Results showed that the ANUSPLIN precipitation interpolation surface combined with the Sacramento model performed best. The multi-objective GLUE method had obvious advantages in parameter uncertainty analysis in hydrological models. Simultaneously exploring the convex line and point density distributions of the behavioural parameters with multi-objective functions determined their distribution and sensitivity more effectively.

The paper presents a classification and a review of the updating procedures currently used in real-time flood forecasting modelling. On the basis of results from the WMO project ‘Simulated Real-Time Intercomparion of Hydrological Models’, comprising more than 10 commonly used hydrological models and a variety of different updating procedures, an analysis of the relative importance of updating procedures and hydrological simulation models is provided. In particular, an intercomparison is made beteween two models (NAMS11/MIKE11 and NAMKAL) consisting of the same hydrological model (NAM conceptual rainfall-runoff) but containing different routing modules (linear reservoirs versus hydraulic routing) and different updating procedures (error prediction versus state variable updating based on an extended Kalman filter). A main conclusion is that updating procedures significantly improve the performances of hydrological models for short-range forecasting. Furthermore, there are no clear conclusions regarding which type of updating procedure performs the better. However. intercomparison of the NAMS11 and NAMKAL models indicates that the extended Kalman filter is marginally better than an error prediction model in cases where the basic hydrological model simulation is good. Finally, it is concluded that the basic simulation is very essential for accurate forecasts, and that the better the basic simulations are the better the updating routines in general function. This puts emphasis on the importance of thoroughly calibrating and validating the hydrological simulation models before applying them together with updating routines in operational real-time forecasting.

This chapter describes about the Open Source GIS (OSG) software in disease transmission mapping and modelling. The list of OSG software has also been analyzed for mapping and modelling of disease. Current OSG can aid from assimilating different types of maps and charts to epitomize health phenomenon for efficient insistences. Majority of the OSG use choropleth maps and other thematic maps to display spatial patterns of health phenomenon. This chapter also describes the list of open source public health data and sources of specific applications. Few examples of spatial mapping and visualization techniques of public health data have also been illustrated based on the OSG.

Understanding the interaction between terrestrial microclimate, hydrology and \necology is a key to determining the effect of land-use and climate change on \nhydrological systems. Traditionally, the hydrological impacts of climate change have \nbeen based on driving hydrological models with the output of regional climate \nmodels. These climate models often operate at spatial and temporal scales that are \nmuch larger than the scales required to analyse the effects on the hydrological \nsystem. This is in part because of computational limitations and in part because of \nthe physics of the regional models do not justify much higher resolution. \nFurthermore there is an inherent contradiction in this approach since these climate \nmodels include their own hydrological model component. Similarly in analysing the \nhydrological effects of land-use change the feedback to the meteorological system is \noften neglected.\n\nTo address these issues a dynamically coupled hydrological and meteorological model \nsystem has been developed for evaluating interactions at hydrological (catchment) \nscales. Such a coupled system provides a unique framework for investigation of land \nsurface - atmosphere interactions at hydrological scales. A comprehensive \nhydrological modelling system describing the terrestrial component of the \nhydrological cycle MIKE SHE has been modified to allow coupling to a local scale \nmeteorological model. The coupling exploits the European Open Modelling Interface \nand Environment (OpenMI) Open MI to link the two models systems. As simulations can \nbe run with and without coupling to the meteorological model, it is possible to \nevaluate the impact of feedbacks between the two systems on hydrological \npredictions. The uncoupled system has been validated against remote sensing and \neddy correlation measurements at the field and landscape scale describing the \nhydrological and energy fluxes on the land-surface. The coupled system is then \nvalidated against field data describing both the atmosphere and hydrological system. \nFinally, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to examine the sensitivity of \nhydrological predictions to atmospheric feedbacks to identify where feedback will \nsignificantly affect the simulated impact.

This paper assesses different approaches in education between Western and Eastern Europe. It is based on a case study, comparing which compares universityies conventions inbetween Spain and Czech Republic, focusinged on e-learning and Open Source softwareources. The Eeducation system at Polytechnic University in Valencia (UPV) puts much more emphasis on open source solutions and elearning compared to the situation in Czech Republic. gvSIG is an open source geographic information system (GIS), co-developed at UPV as ain collaboration of commercial companies with research institutions. Lecturers at UPV significantly integrate free and open source (FOSS) into classes as well as they participate in open source communities like Planet gvSIG, gvSIG Outreach or Association for the promotion of FOSS4G and the development of gvSIG. In fact, a complex system for self-education in the field of GIS has been developed there. It combines positive relationship to open source solutions and takes advantage from all sections together. The “Aula Virtual” project is a virtual training classroom using the virtual educational platform. Great emphasis is put on step-by-step video tutorials. 300 videos are uploaded on PoliTube Channel, which contain both video and audio and “time-stamps-links”. Time-stamp allows the possibility to switch among videos and other sources (annotation, webpages, etc.) dependent on the student’s individual requirements. Compared to the situation in the Czech Republic, where proprietary software is still preferred in the academic sphere, this topic brings place for discussion. This paper discusses two different points of views, benefits of both of them and proposes a solution with regard to the specifics of Czech university education.

Hydrological modelling of a small watershed using MIKE SHE for irrigation planning

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a component which transforms analog signals into digital signals. This paper focused on designing oversampling ADC with Delta-Sigma modulator which will be used in GSM and WLAN baseband communication system. The proposed Delta-Sigma ADC is divided into three main parts, which are pre-processing, modulator, and post-processing modules. Pre-processing module has important role in converting the input signal, which has continuous value continuous time characteristic, to be discrete time continuous value signal. Modulator is needed to process the signal from pre-processing module to be pulse signal, while post-processing module will convert the pulse signal into digital signal. The pre-processing part is implemented by sample and hold circuit. Modulator is designed using cascaded modulator topology — a number of four modulators are cascaded with MASH 2-1-1-1 configuration. Each modulator's block has feedback topology with 1-bit quantizer and works in discrete time domain. Hence, ADC system is implemented in layout of 180 nm technology, which consists of OTA, capacitor, comparator, and digital logic circuit. Decimation Filter of 5-stage CIC filter is needed for the implementation of postprocessing module.

Introduce the model structure, principle and characteristic of MIKE SHE hydrological model. Advances in research and application of MIKE SHE model are summarized in 3 aspects: applicability study of the model, basic process research of the model and further application research of the model. Probes into the modelling and application process of MIKE SHE model in Jialingjiang river basin. The development direction of MIKE SHE model in the future is analysed and forecasted, according to the research progress of MIKE SHE model in China.

Enhancing the capability of hydrological models to simulate the regional agro-hydrological processes in watersheds with shallow groundwater: Based on the SWAT framework

Uncertainty of hydrologic processes caused by bias-corrected CMIP5 climate change projections with alternative historical data sources

In the Mediterranean area, because of the typical climate with hot dry summer and wet mild winter, the drought and flood hazards occur frequently. The Var catchment, located at the France Mediterranean area has nearly 3000 km2 control areas with elevation variation from sea level up to 3000 m. NICE as the second biggest city in this region, locates at the outlet of this basin which directly affected by the Var catchments. Clearly representing the long time period hydrological process in this catchment will produce an integrated view for the local managers to optimize the regional water resources. However, due to the complexity of the topography and geology in this area, it is difficult to manage series measurements over whole catchment. Hence to catch the hydrological process in this ungauged area, a distributed deterministic model MIKE SHE was applied to achieve our purposes. By collecting the daily rainfall data recorded by Meteo-France from 2008 to 2014, the hydrological model was built to represent the whole hydrological process including rainfall–runoff process and groundwater movement, etc. The model results showed that the rainfall–runoff response time of the catchment is less than one day which is close to the reality effected by the high slope distribution in this catchment. The model results showed that there is an obvious exchange process between the surface and groundwater in the catchment. At summer time when there is less rainfall for saturating the top soil, the channel discharge is relatively low. However, in the winter time after a short period rainfall saturated the soil; the following rainfall events always generate flood peaks. For the local managers, the extreme rainfall events after even a small rainfall in the winter time can produce significant flood damage and require fast social reactions. In conclusion, with the increase of the computer facilities, the distributed deterministic model gains more interest in the hydrological simulation. With the model characteristic which is based on the physical law, the parameters can be estimated by the model calibration. This case study in the Var catchment showed a succeed way to apply distributed deterministic model in an ungauged catchment to well represent the long time period hydrological process. The model strategy could be one of the useful references applying in other ungauged cases.

Modelling of potential vegetation identifies diverging expectable outcomes of river floodplain widening

In this work a comprehensive solution for the Gatanga Water Trust (GWT) has been developed to assist it in managing its water supply and distribution. The solution comprises two subcomponents: a mapping component and a billing component which are tightly coupled together. The proposed system uses stable open source products for the mapping component and the database. At present the GWT uses outdated maps and sketches for design and installation of a new water supply infrastructure. A billing system is in place which is used to manage client accounts, record meter readings, prepare bills and record payments made. This presents a somewhat disjointed approach to management of the water supply and its attendant infrastructure. The database that stores the account information is very different (softcopy) from that storing the spatial information (hardcopy/paper based). In the proposed solution, a single database is used, centralized or distributed. The mapping component provides an interface through which preliminary design of new and planned infrastructure can be done. After installation, these are reflected in the database and the information becomes available as soon as it is stored. The billing component uses the same database to manage account information. Since the information is managed in one system, there is a streamlined and orderly flow from data collection to the final products from the system. The proposed solution leverages advancement in technology by providing two approaches - a desktop application for users within the Trust's intranet and a web mapping application for users utilizing the wider internet. Key words: Open source, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), water supply, billing, distribution.

The following research aims to enhance and spread the capacity of assessing risk due to landslide‐generated tsunamis by fostering the use of a GIS (Geographic Information System), and in this particular instance, an Open Source GIS (where “Open Source” can be loosely defined as freely available source code). For this purpose, we tested a procedure to be spatially implemented in the Open Source GRASS GIS through developing a module named r.impact.tsunami that simulates landslide‐generated tsunami. In this article we present its application in a case study performed on Como Lake (Lago di Como) in northern Italy. The review of the results identified sources of uncertainties while the model sensitivity outlined the influence of the parameters governing the model. Moreover, in order to verify the model validity, we implemented a new module (r.swe), that simulates the tsunami propagation and run‐up with the shallow water equations, and compared the results. Notwithstanding non‐negligible differences, the two models produced results of the same magnitude; this confirmed the validity of both models, although a rigorous validation of the models could not be performed due to the lack of observed data.