Development of Electric Source Machine for Public Used

In order to solve the problems of heavy workload, weak planning, and repetitive maintenance in the periodic rotation of smart energy meters, the author proposes a verification cycle optimization method based on the evaluation results of energy meter status. This method first obtains data on six indicators of smart energy meters: regional factors, reliability, full event, abnormal metering events, battery overload, and clock battery undervoltage; Subsequently, on the one hand, the coefficient of variation assignment method is used to obtain the status score of each electricity meter, and on the other hand, these six indicator data are used as input data, and the K means clustering algorithm is used to classify and obtain the corresponding categories. Finally, the two algorithms are combined to obtain a new method for evaluating the status of smart energy meters, and the final evaluation result is output. The experimental results indicate that: The number of electricity meters scored below 80 points obtained by this method accounts for 22.08% of the total number of electricity meters, while electricity meters scored above 80 points account for 77.93% of the total number of electricity meters. This indicates that this method is in line with the actual situation and objective laws. Constructing a state evaluation model for electric energy meters, using historical data and on-site calibration data as state variables, analyzing the annual operational quality of electric energy meters, and providing reference basis for adjusting the calibration cycle of electric energy meters.

BackgroundPatient activation has an impact on the management of patients’ health, clinical outcomes, and treatment costs. Mobile electronic devices (MEDs) have shown the potential to engage patients in wellness behavior. Furthermore, the potentially positive role of MEDs is evident in supporting health professionals in their practice.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the impact of MEDs on patient activation to search for information on chronic conditions and medications and the impact of MEDs on the empowerment of health professionals or future health professionals.MethodsWe conducted 6 focus groups—2 with health sciences students, 2 with health professionals, and 2 with hospitalized patients with chronic conditions. A protocol comprising eight questions was used to guide discussions. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically; a ranking system was used to analyze the relevance of identified themes and subthemes, using a coding system depicted by the + symbol, to indicate different relevance levels.ResultsOur results suggest that MEDs can positively affect patient activation to search for chronic conditions and medication information by facilitating patients’ information-seeking behavior. Key drivers leading to patients’ activation to seek information related to chronic conditions and medications through MEDs were the accessibility and abundance of available and detailed information, reduced search time, information updates, and convenience in finding information at any time and place. The lack of accurate information in one’s native language, access to incorrect information, and limited access to the internet were key obstacles to seeking information related to chronic conditions and medications via MEDs. In addition, findings of this study suggest that MEDs in general and mobile apps, in particular, may have a positive impact on the work routine of health care professionals as they enable them to make quicker decisions by accessing the required information faster, thus improving practice efficiency. Furthermore, the appropriate usage of MEDs by patients for seeking information about their chronic conditions and medications may positively impact the physician-patient relationship. All focus groups recognized the questionable reliability of health information on the internet and its potential negative effects on patients. Therefore, our findings suggest the need for an additional role of health professionals in assisting patients in using MEDs to search for health and medication information, such as providing reliable websites and mobile apps where patients can safely search for health-related information on the web.ConclusionsThe use of MEDs may help activate patients to seek chronic conditions and medication-related information, potentially leading to better management of their chronic conditions and medications. Our findings also highlight the positive impact MEDs may have on empowering health professionals in their practice and the need for health professionals to help patients through specific education that addresses MEDs utilization for chronic conditions and medication information seeking.

BackgroundMobile electronic devices, such as mobile phones and PDAs, have emerged as potentially useful tools in the facilitation and maintenance of weight loss. While RCTs have demonstrated a positive impact of mobile interventions, the extent to which mobile electronic devices are more effective than usual care methods is still being debated.ResultsElectronic databases were systematically searched for RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of mobile electronic device interventions among overweight and obese adults. Weighted mean difference for change in body weight was the primary outcome. The search strategy yielded 559 citations and of the 108 potentially relevant studies, six met the criteria. A total of 632 participants were included in the six studies reporting a mean change in body weight. Using a random-effects model, the WMD for the effect of using mobile electronic devices on reduction in body weight was −1.09 kg (95% CI −2.12, −0.05). When stratified by the type of mobile electronic device used, it suggests that interventions using mobile phones were effective at achieving weight loss, WMD = −1.78 kg (95% CI −2.92, −0.63).ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that mobile electronic devices have the potential to facilitate weight loss in overweight and obese populations, but further work is needed to understand if these interventions have sustained benefit and how we can make these mHealth tools most effective on a large scale. As the field of healthcare increasingly utilizes novel mobile technologies, the focus must not be on any one specific device but on the best possible use of these tools to measure and understand behavior. As mobile electronic devices continue to increase in popularity and the associated technology continues to advance, the potential for the use of mobile devices in global healthcare is enormous. More RCTs with larger sample sizes need to be conducted to look at the cost-effectiveness, technical and financial feasibility of adapting such mHealth interventions in a real clinical setting.

This study investigated the relation between preschoolers’ mobile electronic device (MED) use and sleep disturbances. A national sample of 402 predominantly college-educated and Caucasian mothers of 3–5-year-olds completed a survey assessing their preschoolers’ MED use, bedtime resistance, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness. Heavier evening and daily tablet use (and to some extent, smartphone use) were related to sleep disturbances. Other forms of MED use were not consistently related to sleep disturbances. In addition, playing games on MEDs at bedtime was related to compromised sleep duration, although other forms of MED use at bedtime were not related to sleep outcomes. Although the relations between MED use and sleep disturbances were small in size, they were larger than the relations between sleep and other predictors in the models. Continued work should investigate how MED exposure is related to children’s cognitive, psychological, emotional, and physiological development, particularly given the popularity and widespread use of these devices.

In this study, the purpose was to evaluate the effect of mobile electronic devices (MEDs) use on the sleep states of university students. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional fashion between April 21, 2019 and May 31, 2019 with the participation of the students registered in a public university at medical faculties and faculty of health sciences. Television viewing, MED and desktop computer use form, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Sleepiness Severity Index (SSI) were used as data collection tools. The data of 752 students (56.5% girls, mean age: 20.57 [SD = 1.54] years) were analyzed. In this study, overall MED use times and PSQI, ESS, and SSI total scores were higher in students who had an evening-oriented chronotype. There was a negative relationship between overall and evening MED use times and the chronotype scores of the students. As a result of the regression analyses applied to the PSQI, ESS, and SSI dependent variables, a positive and significant relationship was detected with smartphone use times (P < 0.05, P = 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, there was a positive relationship between PSQI and ESS variables and iPod touch use times (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Overall MED use times were determined to be higher in students who had Type E chronotype. It was also determined that their sleep quality was poorer and their insomnia severity was higher, and there was more sleepiness in the students with chronotype E. Comprehensive interventions must be planned by professional healthcare staff for students on the topics of sleep hygiene and conscious media use.

The urge to manage daily energy consumption has now become a worldwide priority. The Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart meter has been widely used to monitor energy consumption in many households. LoRaWAN connectivity is confirmed to be one of the most reliable connectivity to be used as a network system for IoT use cases. It can fulfill the needs of low power, long-range, efficient, and affordable IoT technology in utility energy monitoring. LoRaWAN-based smart electric meters are designed in rural areas for monitoring and managing electric energy consumption. The smart electric meter system consists of smart kWh meters, LoRa gateway, network system, and dashboard for energy usage monitoring. The system design process consists of feature design, architecture design, data flow design, LoRa gateway site planning, and platform setup. The implementation can be concluded that LoRa can be used for smart electric meters in rural areas. A gateway can reach a maximum distance of 1.58 km, with an RSSI of -99.40 dBm ±4.56 dBm. LoRa gateway availability can reach 100% by implementing gateway protection systems. The LoRaWAN-based smart electricity meter has also proven to be costoptimized, efficiently reducing monthly costs to 92.12%.

Smart electric meters collect data on electricity use to potentially improve efficiency for utilities, shape power consumption, and ultimately reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Consumer groups and experts have raised concerns about privacy, as smart meters can provide detailed information about activity within the home. This study examines privacy beliefs of U.S. consumers using qualitative data from focus groups together with experimental data from a national online survey of utility customers. Exploratory analysis of focus group findings suggested that consumers who felt in control of their data perceived fewer risks and more benefits from having access to the data. Participants in the online experiment saw greater risk and less benefit when advised that smart meters could be used to raise prices under time‐of‐use pricing. Participants also saw greater risk when the utility shared customer data with a third party. Risks and benefits influenced perceptions of control. These findings accord with several information privacy frameworks adding new insights about consumers' perceived control over their energy data. The findings can inform utility companies and policymakers with respect to giving consumers more control over their data, reducing consumers' privacy concerns, communicating benefits of smart meter data, and providing accurate information about the risks.

Low operating temperature micro solid oxide fuel cell (micro-SOFC) systems which utilize liquid fuels are attractive for high energy efficiency and density. Long time operation is possible for micro-SOFCs by refueling and it is not restricted by battery charge. Hence, it is expected to alternative power source for compact mobile electronic devices which consume a large amount of power. In previous, diverse types of micro-SOFCs focused on its performance was reported and a maximum power density of 1 W/cm2 at 500oC was achieved. However, they have many problems of durability and repeatability for practical use. Additionally, it is necessary to consider how to heat up micro-SOFC cells to operating temperature, compatibility with other electronic circuits and thermally self-sustained condition. In this study, micro-SOFC system was proposed in order to adopt the micro-SOFCs into a power source of compact mobile electric devices. We designed the micro-SOFC package with thermal insulation and heat exchanger. Its insulation performance was experimentally confirmed and power generation test with micro heater in the micro-SOFC package was performed. Micro-SOFC packages require thermal insulation to keep the surface temperature below about 85oC, which is the maximum operating temperature of other electronic circuits. We applied vacuum insulation widely used for thermal insulation in MEMS devices to the package. The heat of the exhaust gas was recovered by the liquid fuel through heat exchanger. From the calculation of temperature distribution by the finite element method, surface temperature of the package was kept from 57 to 88oC when operating temperature is 500oC. As long as the liquid is evaporated, temperature of the heat exchanger is kept constant. Therefore, heat conduction from high temperature glass flow channels to vacuum insulator was prevented and low surface temperature was achieved. Applying micro-SOFC system as independent power sources, thermally self-sustained condition is required, i.e. micro-SOFC packages should keep operating temperature more than 300oC only by the generated heat from reaction of fuel cells during power generation. For thermally self-sustained condition, the amount of heat generated during power generation needs to exceed that of heat loss from surface of the package and transferred heat by exhaust gas. We calculated thermally self-sustained condition of a micro-SOFC system with 4 W output fueled by methanol and water that has reformer and heat exchanger from exhaust gas. From the result, generated heat from reaction of fuel cells was 4.8W, heat loss from surface was 1.5 W and transferred heat by exhaust gas was 4.6 W at 500oC. The result confirmed that transferred heat by exhaust gas was dominated in this system. Hence, recovering the heat of exhaust gas with the gas-liquid heat exchanger was essential to achieve thermally self-sustained condition. Micro-SOFC cells and micro heater were fabricated in general MEMS technology. Power generation test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of micro-SOFC (Pt-Pd | 15 mol% Y-doped BaZrO3 | Pt-Pd) by micro heater were measured in the temperature range of 200-330oC. A maximum power density of 1.12 mW/cm2 and open circuit voltage of 1.09 V at 330oC were obtained using wet H2 as fuel and air as the oxidant. As a result of impedance measurement, electrode reaction resistance was very high in cell total resistance. Therefore, the improvement of electrode will reduce cell resistance to a level for actual utility. We actually fabricated the micro-SOFC package installed vacuum structure and heat exchanger to evaluate cooling performance of the insulation package and performed power generation test in the package. In the case of heat exchanger filled with 50 vol% ethanol solution, surface temperature was 89.6oC when micro heater temperature was 500oC. In accordance with the result, it was possible to keep surface temperature of the package sufficiently low with heat exchanger. As a result of power generation test of micro-SOFC inside the package, a maximum power density of 1.27 mW/cm2 and open circuit voltage of 0.94 V at 300oC were obtained using wet 25% or 50% H2 as fuel and air as the oxidant. Additionally, surface temperature of the package was kept under 80oC. Therefore I achieved power generation in compact micro-SOFC system with thermal insulation. The micro-SOFC package was designed for applying micro-SOFCs to power source of mobile electronic devices in this study. As a result of calculation, the package installed vacuum insulation and heat exchanger could achieve thermally self-sustained condition and low surface temperature. Power generation test of micro-SOFC inside the prototype package was achieved and the package kept low surface temperature. Hence, this study presented that applicability of micro-SOFC system to power source for compact mobile electronic devices.

An in-home display (IHD) is an important add-on to a smart electric meter that provides continuous real-time feedback to households about their energy usage and costs. Utilising experimental variation in an online survey, I estimate a price elasticity of demand for IHD of −0.15, conditional on smart meter adoption. Households who did not pay for their smart meter device are also more sensitive to the IHD price, suggesting potential negative spillovers from smart meter subsidies.

The use of metaphor is essential in user interface design, particularly for the mobile landscape, as the visual environment continues to be populated with more and more mobile electronic devices. A metaphor allows us to understand one concept in terms of another. Although considerable research has gone into the mobile technology, little attention has been paid to mobile interface metaphor, which is the key to user interaction. This paper explores the role of metaphor in interfaces in facilitating user interaction with mobile devices. It presents a classification of metaphors. It also proposes a framework with salient factors in relation to visual communication with metaphors. It also offers some thoughts on the use of new metaphors.

Point-of-care diagnostic devices are well-suited, and typically designed, for remote and/or resource-limited environments. The obvious application is for healthcare in the developing world; however, other additional important uses exist, including for security (biothreat agent detection) and human health and research during future manned deep space exploration missions. The objective of this thesis was to develop, and experimentally validate, techniques for improved quantified detection of labels used in lateral flow assays. Limits of detection were characterized for: (a) optical approaches, i.e., unaided eye, mobile electronic device camera images and microscope images with image analysis software developed through this thesis, and (b) a conductance based approach with direct measurement of electrical impedance in the detection region using hardware and software that were developed. Analysis of camera images from mobile electronic devices enables simultaneous detection of many targets on a multiplexed assay. Additionally, a peripheral device was designed which was intended to provide conductimetric analysis capabilities to mobile electronic devices. The detection limit of gold nanoparticles for the unaided eye was determined at a concentration of (3.98 ± 0.40)×10-11 M; mobile electronic device image analysis, microscope image analysis, and the conductance based approach showed improvements by approximately a half to a third, an order of magnitude, and three orders of magnitude, respectively.

- Now-a-days a menstruation is the part of the women’s life it is important to take measures for the hygiene during these days. Due to poor hygiene many health problems arise. Usage of cloth during menstruation is also unhygienic. In India women are still shy of purchasing sanitary napkins from medical stores. We can overcome this problem by installing the vending machines in public places, offices, toilets, schools and colleges. The existing vending machine operates on coin which provides a napkin whenever a coin is inserted. But it has a drawback sometimes the vending machine is unable to recognize which coin due to which the napkin is easily provided when a duplicate coin is inserted. Instead of using coin we are coming up with the idea of using QR code. Whenever the QR code is scanned the napkin is dispensed and the owner gets the SMS on the registered mobile number whenever the napkin is dispensed and it also gets the count of the napkins remaining in the vending machine. Key Words: IOT, Sanitary Pad Vending Machine, Accessibility, Hygiene, Menstruation, Remote Monitoring, Automated Dispensing System.

Smart water meters at household connections are being installed in large numbers throughout the world due to the benefits they are expected to bring to the water utilities and water consumers. Smart metering provides high‐resolution readings and promises benefits to the water utilities, such as demand forecasting, regulating time‐of‐use watering, and making intelligent operation and planning decisions. For the consumers, smart metering promises improved billing and demand reduction by providing detailed and timely information about their water use and early notification of possible water leaks in their premises. However, the fine‐grained information collected by smart meters raises growing concerns of privacy invasion due to personal behavior exposure (private activity, daily routine, etc.). Nevertheless, there is no readily available technology for protecting water consumers from revealing their in‐home private activities. Thus, a viable argument in favor of smart metering technologies will not be possible without proactively accounting for the associated privacy challenges. Here, we present a practical technology coupling a dedicated apparatus with a control model for increasing personal privacy. We quantify the level of privacy achieved using information‐theoretic criterion and an empirically based occupancy detection method between the smart meter readings and actual water use. Furthermore, we evaluate and compare privacy protection using the best effort approach previously developed for masking activities revealed from smart electricity meters. The main results reveal that simple control actions can disguise personal behavior patterns and, thus, hedge against privacy breach in smart water meters. Furthermore, we quantify the trade‐off between the size of the apparatus and the level of privacy protection it provides. Our results demonstrate how “privacy friendly” smart water metering technology could be implemented in real‐life systems and reduce the privacy concerns of water consumers.

The many sensors hosted by mobile electronic devices are commonly used to recognize user activities and context, in order to provide new functionalities, such as tracking physical activity and sleep cycles. Despite its potential, such context recognition is only employed for power management purposes in very specific scenarios (e.g. in-pocket detection). In this work we present a novel context recognition system able to reliably identify whether a mobile device is not being looked at, and to consequently trigger power management actions such as turning off the display and moving to suspended mode. Our method takes as input the readings from common low-power sensors present in virtually all mobile devices and classifies them using a Convolutional Neural Network. Most importantly, the power-hungry camera sub-system is not used, resulting in an extremely energy-efficient detection strategy. Results show that our system is able to identify scenarios in which a device is not being used with 95.6% accuracy, thus reducing the energy overheads by 91% compared to a standard timeout-based power management and by 58% compared to a system relying on the camera.

Fuel load is a crucial parameter for evaluating design fires for buildings. However, the availability of fuel load data is currently hindered by the lack of an efficient on-site data collection method. This research develops a new methodology for fuel load surveys that can facilitate the collection, storage, and analysis of fuel load data for a variety of building occupancies. The new survey method harnesses recent developments in mobile electronic devices, cloud storage, and machine vision to efficiently complete fuel load surveys in buildings. A four-step method is developed comprising digital inventory, data organization, item matching through computer vision, and fuel load estimation. The method is completed through an interactive electronic surveying form accessible on any mobile device with an internet connection, such as a tablet. The application allows taking digital measurements and pictures of the room and content, which are stored, and later searched through retail search engines using image recognition. Automatic matching of the picture with an online catalogue item gives access to further information about this item which are then used to evaluate the item fuel load, using a table of materials calorific values coded in the application. A wide adoption of this method could provide benefits by progressively populating such digital fuel load database. The results can then be used to provide design guidelines for fuel load density in codes and standards, for application in performance-based design of structures in fire.