Development, validity and reliability of the 'Sitting Balance Measure' (SBM) in spinal cord injury.

Clinimetric study. To develop the Perceived Sexual Distress Scale (PSDS) in Hindi language (that is, PSDS-H) for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), and to establish its content validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. New Delhi, India. Following a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured interviews, a 43-item questionnaire was drafted. Each item was rated on a 5-point scale. Content validity was established both qualitatively and quantitatively. Inter-item, item total correlations, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated. Expert panel opinion and content validity ratio (CVR) validated the content of the PSDS-H. Five items were dropped because of low CVR, resulting in a 38-item questionnaire. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.965. The test-retest reliability was 0.647. The PSDS-H is a valid, self/interviewer-rated tool that can help inform the rehabilitation team about the level of an individual's perceived sexual distress post SCI. It also provides an outcome measure to evaluate the efficacy of interventions related to sexuality post injury.

Study design: A methodological research design.Objective: To create an objective measure for assessing hand functions in C5-C7 spinal cord injury (SCI) and estimation of its content validity and internal consistency reliability.Method: This study was executed in three phases. Phase 1 included a thorough review of the literature, semi-structured in-depth interviews of participants with tetraplegia and interviews of caregivers of SCI individuals and healthcare workers dealing with SCI to understand the hand functions of individuals with C5-C7 SCI. Phase 2 consisted of the development of the tool. The content validity ratio (CVR) method and the opinion of the expert validated the content of the upper extremity functional skill measure (UEFSM). Phase 3 included a quantitative evaluation of the tool which was done on a targeted group of 30 subjects with C5-C7 SCI.Results: Through the review of the literature and in-depth interview of the participants, 11 items were developed under four content areas: grasp, grip, pinch and gross movement. Items with a minimum CVR of 0.56 were retained at a significance level of p = 0.05 resulting in a 10-item tool for assessing the hand function of individuals with C5-C7 SCI categorized under four subscales. Pilot testing on 10 subjects reveals an average time of 2 minutes and 25 seconds to complete the task. The Cronbach’s alpha was found to be 0.878.Conclusion: UEFSM is a 10-item tool with good content validity and internal consistency reliability for the assessment of hand functions in individuals with C5-C7 SCI.

Background: Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic infestation that involves especially the skin of children worldwide. Studying the children’s perception of the disease’s risk factors, the effectiveness of personal preventive measures, and its implications for their health could be a major leap forward in health promotion activities. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Children’s Perception Scale of Head Lice Infestation (CPS-HLI) and its initial feasibility assessment for use on Iranian and possibly other elementary school children. Methods: The scale’s items were retained based on an extensive literature search and classified into the underlying constructs of the extended health belief model (EHBM). An expert panel endorsed the qualitative content and face validity of the preliminary draft, and 47 items remained for quantitative validity testing on a sample of 362 elementary school students in the city of Paveh, West of Iran. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were employed to test the content and structural validity of the constructed instrument. Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the internal consistency and reliability of the scale. Results: The values of Lawshe's content validity index (0.90) and content validity ratio (0.77), the subscales’ Cronbach's alpha (0.59), and intra-class correlation (0.72) coefficients confirmed plausible internal consistency of the scale. The values of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (< 0.08 with χ2 < 0.05), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.9 approved the applied statistical model’s goodness of fit. The ranges of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for the underlying subscales (0.49 - 0.74) and the statistically significant result of Bartlett’s test of sphericity (P < 0.001) confirmed the patterned relationship among the constructed scale’s items. The principal component analysis that was performed using STATA favored the 11-factor solution. Conclusions: The study findings support the construct validity of CPS-HLI for use in studies on children’s perception of head lice infestation risk factors, the effectiveness of personal preventive measures, and the disease implications for their health and well-being. Further cross-cultural and cross-national validation studies are recommended for using the instrument in a wider range of populations and settings.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of the Clinical Learning Environment Tool (CLE-T) within the Pakistani culture and context. METHODOLOGY A quantitative descriptive study was conducted from June to November 2023. This study was conducted in two phases. Phase one focused on content validation using an online form, while phase two involved field testing and psychometric evaluation. The adapted 34-item tool was then administered to 392 nursing students from government colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, selected via probability random sampling. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations, while construct validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained prior to the commencement of data collection. RESULTSThe study prioritizes cultural alignment, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Results demonstrate strong content validity with high Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) scores, supported by a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.980, indicating reliability. Factor analysis identifies three dimensions: supportive learning, communication, and learning scenario efficacy. The validated CLE-T emerges as a reliable resource for educators and policymakers, fostering effective clinical learning environments and skilled healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION The paper suggests broader validation across contexts and longitudinal exploration, affirming the CLE-T as a valuable tool for educators and policymakers.

The objective of the current study was to translate and test psychometric properties of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) in Iran. Using a standard "forward-backward" procedure, the English version of PSST was translated into Persian. A random sample of university students aged 18years and over completed the questionnaire in Tehran, Iran. Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of PSST were assessed by performing reliability (internal consistency) and validity analyses [Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI)]. In all, 925 female students took part in the study. Of these, 284 (30.7%) had premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and 119 (12.9%) had premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Reliability of the PSST as measured by internal consistency was found to be satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha coefficient, 0.93). The content validity as assessed by CVR and CVI were desirable (0.7 and 0.8, respectively). The Iranian version of PSST seems to be a reliable and valid measure of detecting PMS and PMDD in Iranian young female populations.

INTRODUCTION:The importance of life skills and their application in promoting personal, family, and occupational health in military personnel is well recognized. It is, therefore, important to identify and assess life skills in military personnel with a valid and reliable tool. The present study aims to develop such a tool and evaluate its psychometric features in military personnel.MATERIALS AND METHODS:As part of a mixed study, a qualitative concept analysis study was conducted using hybrid approach to redefine life skills in military personnel, and results obtained were used to form a pool of items. Next, in a methodological study, psychometric evaluation, qualitative and quantitative face validity, qualitative and quantitative content validity, and construct validity (exploratory factor analysis), and reliability (using test-retest and internal consistency) were performed on the inventory.RESULTS:Initial pool of items was designed with 156 items, which were reduced to 93, following qualitative face validity, and further reduced to 80 after quantitative face validity (item impact score). No further reduction was implemented after qualitative and quantitative content validity (content validity ratio and content validity index ratio). Following construct validity (factor analysis), the remaining 80 items were summarized in 5 factors. Cronbach's alpha for the 5 factors was found 0.7, and correlation coefficient of test-retest results exceeded 0.9 and was significant at 0.01.CONCLUSION:Given the acceptable results of psychometric features, this tool can be used as a valid and reliable tool for assessing life skills in military personnel.

The prevalence of psychosomatic disorders associated with emotional instability has risen considerably in recent years. Among the different negative emotions, anger stands out as the most intense and prototypical. When excessive and poorly regulated, it serves as a significant contributing factor in the pathogenesis of various psychosomatic disorders. This study aims to develop and systematically validate an integrated Ayurvedic Anger Assessment Scale (AAAS) for the adult population based on Ayurvedic, Indian philosophical, and contemporary psychological concepts, and this manuscript discusses its psychometric validation. An extensive literature review and expert consultations were conducted for item generation. A panel of 10 experts evaluated content and face validity. Subsequently, pre-testing was carried out with 15 healthy individuals to assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Construct validity was further assessed by administering the questionnaire to a sample of 105 individuals. Content Validity Index (I-CVI) of the items ranged from 0.50 to 1.00. Given that the panel consisted of ten experts, a minimum acceptable CVI value of 0.78 was applied. Accordingly, seven items with CVI values below this threshold were excluded, and the Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was subsequently calculated, yielding a value of 0.91. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) across items ranged from 0.20 to 1.00. Reliability analysis demonstrated strong internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.944. Test-retest reliability, assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, produced values ranging from 0.70 to 1.00 (p<0.01) across all items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis extracted nine components with eigenvalues >1. This scale adopts an integrative approach to assessing the intensity of expressed anger, including negative consequences in the form of anger rumination. The development and validation process has been comprehensive, with significant psychometric properties inspiring future researchers to undertake similar studies.

Assessments are fundamentally important for training surgeons. Currently, there are no formal means of assessing operative fracture fixation. An assessment tool has been developed which can be used by trainers to critique the quality of a trainee's operative fracture fixation. The tool is based on the AO principles of fracture management. The reliability and validity of the assessment were tested in a prospective study. The assessment tool comprises of 4 domains focusing on the different factors pertinent to fracture fixation (reduction, stability, implant and overall impression). Reliability and validity were evaluated by asking 10 consultant trauma and orthopaedic surgeons to score 20 test cases on two different occasions at least 7weeks apart. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were assessed by the inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and content validity by the content validity ratio (CVR). Cronbach's alpha was 0.976, with all component criteria correlating well with each other. Total score inter-rater reliability, for a single assessor, as given by the ICC, was 0.708. Overall test-retest reliability was 0.961. The CVR for the assessment tool was 0.65 (which is above the critical value for establishing validity with 10 assessors). Internal consistency is demonstrated by the excellent Cronbach's alpha with substantial single assessor and excellent test-retest reliability also shown. The CVR above the critical value illustrates that the assessment is valid. The assessment tool has a number of applications within training and service evaluation that could benefit the global orthopaedic community.

Self-care is one of the most critical factors in disease prevention. Adults with pre-diabetes are at 5 to 15 times higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with others. Without self-care behaviours to promote health and prevention, more than 70% will ultimately develop type 2 diabetes during their lives. This study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate the self-care of adults with pre-diabetes. This study was a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study. In the first phase of the mixed-methods study, a qualitative study was conducted with a directed content analysis approach according to Riegel etal.'s middle-range theory as a guide. This qualitative-directed content analysis was conducted on prediabetes from June 2023 to October 2023. The experiences of 39 adults with pre-diabetes and 6 healthcare workers were assessed through individual, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed based on the Elo and Kyngäs's method. The psychometric properties of the primary tool were evaluated in the second phase. Face and content validity, item analysis, structural validity, internal consistency, relative and absolute reliability, interpretability, responsiveness, and feasibility were evaluated, and the scoring method was determined. The concept of self-care in prediabetes includes behaviours that are performed to return blood sugar to a normal state in a routine and usual way (self-maintenance) and behaviours in response (self-management) to the changes that have been detected following the follow-up and interpretation of symptoms, periodic examinations and tests (self-monitoring). The primary tool entered the psychometric evaluation phase with 57 items (blueprint). After performing face and content validity and item analysis, the number of items was reduced to 29 items. Exploratory factor analysis was performed with 29 items and 207 people with prediabetes, and finally, three subscales with 19 items were formed, which explain 38% of the total extracted variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis with 200 samples indicated the acceptable fit of the model. The Cronbach's alpha of all subscales was higher than 0.7, and the intraclass correlation coefficient of the scale was higher than 0.90. The standard error of measurement was 1.340, the minimum detectable change was 6.57, and the minimal important change was 3.71. The total score of the questionnaire had no ceiling and floor effect; the percentage of unanswered items was within the acceptable range. The results show that the self-care questionnaire for prediabetes has good psychometric properties and can measure self-care in adults with pre-diabetes.

CBRN events can occur randomly or intentionally. Rapid and appropriate response to CBRN events can significantly mitigate the adverse effects on physical health and reduce mortality rates. The effectiveness of these responses largely depends on the preparedness of hospital emergency Clinical staff. This study was a mixed-methods research aiming to develop and validate a psychometric research instrument in 2025. Based on the review of the literature regarding CBRN events, the items were extracted, rewritten, and validated. In the quantitative phase, the validity of the questionnaire was evaluated in terms of face, content, and construct validity, and its reliability was evaluated based on internal consistency and stability (Cronbach's alpha and Interclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]). The designed questionnaire included 6 dimensions and 65 items. The dimensions included (1) programs and guidelines, treatment of the injured; (2) exercise; (3) decontamination and waste management; (4) education and human resources; (5) prevention, coordination, and security; and (6) PPE. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were approved by the specialists and experts of hospital emergency and health in disasters and emergencies. The content validity ratio was >0.6 for all items. The content validity index was also approved for all items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and ICC were respectively 0.977 and 0.972 for the total questionnaire. Hospital Emergency Clinical Staff play a vital role in responding to CBRN events; therefore, policies, programs, coordination efforts, budgets, and other necessary measures are strongly recommended to increase ED clinical staff preparedness against CBRN events.

Background: A few studies have been done regarding the validity and reliability of the Mini-Peer Assessment Tool across various specialties. This study was conducted to determine the reliability, content and construct validity of Mini-Peer Assessment Tool to assess the competency of emergency medicine residents. Methods: This study was carried out to investigate the psychometric properties of the mini-PAT tool to evaluate the professional competencies of emergency medicine residents in educational hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The initial Mini-Peer Assessment Tool was translated into Persian. After that, the content validity index and content validity ratio determined by consulting 12 professors of emergency medicine. The construct validity was determined with exploratory factor analysis and investigation of the correlation coefficient on 31 self and 248 peer assessment cases. The reliability of the mini peer assessment tool was determined by internal consistency and item deletion by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Reliability was also assessed by determining the agreement between the two tools of self-assessment and peer assessment by using the diagram Bland and Altman. Results: The results showed content validity ratio (CVR) of the items ranged from 0.56 to 0.83, and the content validity index (CVI) of the items ranged from 0.72 to 0.90. The reliability of the self-assessment and peer-assessment tools were 0.83 and 0.95 respectively and there was a relative agreement between the self-assessment method and the peer assessment method. Finally, the tool underwent exploratory factor analysis resulting extraction into two factors namely 'clinical competencies' and 'human interactions' in the peer assessment tool. In the self-assessment tool, the factors of 'good practice' and 'technical competence' were extracted. Conclusion: The results of the present study provided evidence of the adequacy of content validity, reliability of the contextually customized mini-peer assessment tool in assessing the competencies of emergency medicine residents.

With the further development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research, more and more assessment tools related to ADHD have been used. However, there is still no measurement instrument to evaluate the compensatory behavior of ADHD in China. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Compensatory ADHD Behaviors Scale (CABS) adapted in Chinese and explore ecological characteristics in adults with ADHD using the CABS. Data were collected from a sample of 306 adults (Mage = 26.43 years, SD = 5.32; 46.08% male). The original version CABS was translated into Chinese using the forward and backward translation procedures. Participants completed the CABS and questionnaires assessing ADHD symptoms and executive function. We utilized content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion validity to test the validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were employed to test the reliability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare ADHD subgroups based on gender, ADHD subtype, comorbidities, and medication status, while controlling for demographic variables as covariates. CABS exhibited good construct validity (two factors: present-oriented and future-oriented), content validity (content validity index: 0.98), internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.85 to 0.87) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.59 to 0.88). The results of CFA showed acceptable fitness for each subscale. CABS demonstrated significant associations with inattention symptoms and plan/organizational abilities. Medicated ADHD individuals scored higher on future-oriented effectiveness subscale of CABS than non-medicated (F = 6.106, p = 0.014). The results indicate that the Chinese CABS exhibited good validity and reliability. It can be considered a valid tool for assessing compensatory behaviors in Chinese adults with ADHD. Further research is needed to explore the connection between medication and compensatory behavior.

Motivational Interviewing Skills in Health Care Encounters (MISHCE): Development and psychometric testing of an assessment tool.

BACKGROUND:Assessment of the patient safety competency is necessary for the growth of nursing and safe care profession as well as evaluation of the nurses' educational needs. The present study was conducted to determine psychometric properties of the Persian version of the patient safety competency self-evaluation (PSCSE) tool in Iranian psychiatric wards.MATERIALS AND METHODS:All nurses (n = 209) working in two psychiatric hospitals of Kerman, Iran, were included in the present cross-sectional study using census method. This tool contains 41 items: six items are related to knowledge, 14 items deal with attitude, and 21 items are about skill dimension. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire including its content and face validity were also examined. The factor structure of the questionnaire was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The internal consistency and reliability were assessed by test–retest method with an interval of 14 days. Cronbach's alpha and corrected item-total correlation were used to measure reliability.RESULTS:The content validity index was 0.65 and the content validity ratio was 0.89. Item 14 was removed from the skill domain because it was not related to the psychiatric ward. According to the results of factor analysis, there was a significant relationship between the questions and the relevant factors. The correlation coefficient for test–retest with 14 days interval was intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92 for the whole instrument and 0.89, 0.89, and 0.92 for the domains of knowledge, attitude, and skill, respectively. The internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) of the whole tool was 0.95 and 0.95, 0.79, and 0.95 for the domains of knowledge, attitude, and skill, respectively. Finally, PSCSE Questionnaire was obtained with 40 items in dimensions of knowledge (6 items), attitude (14 items), and skills (20 items).CONCLUSION:Persian version of the nurses' competency tool in ensuring patient safety in psychiatric wards has acceptable psychometric characteristics.

Background: Many survivors of intensive care units experience functional disabilities and significant physical, mental, and perceptive impairments known as post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). Objectives: This research intended to translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the healthy aging brain care monitor self-report (HABC-M-SR). Materials &amp; Methods: This methodological research was directed to ascertain the psychometric properties of the Persian version of HABC-M-SR (p-HABC). This study was conducted in Ahvaz City, Iran, in 2021. The HABC-M-SR was translated into Persian. Face validity, content validity index, and content validity ratio were examined. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on 500 samples. The Cronbach α and interclass correlation coefficients were calculated to check the reliability. Results: Regarding the quantitative and qualitative face and content validity assessments, all items were suitable for further analysis, with a content validity index &gt;0.79 and a content validity ratio &gt;0.62. Afterward, exploratory factor analysis was implemented on 270 subjects assuming that three factors were constant on the questionnaire. Also, questions 7, 8, 9, and 12 were removed due to low factor loading, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed on 23 questions. Finally, 230 samples were taken, and the results were almost within the acceptable range. The Cronbach α (0.828) and interclass correlation coefficient (0.752) were satisfactory results. Conclusion: The p-HABC showed acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to screen for PICS. The p-HABC can trigger further studies on early diagnosis and management of PICS in ICU survivors in Iran.