DIFTONGISASI DALAM BAHASA RIBUN

This study examined a well-known feature of the Cretan dialect, namely the palatalization and affrication of voiceless velar stops triggered by following front vowels /i/ and /e/ and the high glide. The material was drawn from conversational speech uttered by five male speakers of the western Cretan dialect. The results revealed three realizations of the underlying voiceless velar stop /k/, specifically a standard palatal stop [c] realization and two dialectal ones, a palatal [c c ] and an alveolo-palatal [t ɕ ] affricate. Dialectal realizations occurred more frequently in stressed syllables than unstressed ones and in word-medial syllables than in syllables in word edges.

The fact that low vowels tend to have longer intrinsic duration than high vowels is sometimes attributed to mechanical characteristics associated with the greater distance the jaw travels in producing low vowels. To investigate this tendency, 6 adult speakers of English each produced 72 [h]-vowel-consonant stimuli containing high and low vowels under 'normal' conditions and with their jaw fixed. If duration differences commonly observed between high and low vowels are a result of only mechanical effects of mandibular movement, it was hypothesized that stabilizing the jaw would eliminate these intrinsic vowel duration differences. Based on acoustic measurements that were made, it was found that the fixed-jaw conditions affected the intrinsic durational differences between high and low vowels to some extent, but the contrast was not entirely removed. In addition to the vowel duration changes, a number of systematic effects upon consonant closure duration were also observed as a result of the normal versus fixed-jaw conditions.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine normative nasalance scores for non-cleft children, adolescents and adults, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, during the production of words and syllables, for cross-linguistic comparisons in populations with and without cleft palate. Nasalance was assessed in 62 individuals, aged 6–10 years (n = 20), 11–17 years (n = 20) and 18–35 years (n = 22), using a nasometer II model 6450 (KayPENTAX), during production of one sequence of nine oral words (pipa, bis, burro, tatu, pilha, cuca, gui, fila, luz) and of sequences of isolated syllables (e.g. pa, pa, pa, pa, pa, pa) composed of plosive, fricative, liquid and nasal consonants with high and low vowels. In order to validate the new nasalance stimuli, nasalance scores for traditional oral and nasal stimuli were also obtained. Differences were analyzed at a significance level of 0.01. Mean nasalance scores (±SD) during the production of the sequence of words were 18 ± 5% (children), 18 ± 7% (adolescents) and 21 ± 5% (adults). Differences between age groups were not significant. During the production of syllables, adults had the highest mean nasalance scores (except for syllable /mi/); significant differences between age groups were observed only for /pa/ ,/sa/ and /la/. Nasalance scores were significantly higher in oral and nasal syllables with high vowels than with low vowels, and in nasal syllables than in oral syllables with high and low vowels. The nasalance scores obtained for the sentences were comparable to previously established norms. In conclusion, the nasalance scores defined for Brazilian Portuguese speakers, in different stimuli, may be adopted as normative values for local and cross-language comparisons in the identification of hypernasality related to conditions such as cleft palate, neurogenic disorders and syndromes.

Hypernasality (HP) is observed across voiced phonemes uttered by Cleft-Palate (CP) speakers with defective velopharyngeal (VP) opening. HP assessment using signal processing technique is challenging due to the variability of acoustic features across various conditions such as speakers, speaking style, speaking rate, severity of HP etc. Most of the study for hypernasality (HP) assessment is based on isolated sustained vowels under laboratory conditions. We measure the variability of acoustic features and detect HP using vowel /i/, /a/ and /u/ in continuous read speech with gradually increasing severity of HP of CP speakers. Linear predictive coding (LPC) method is used for acoustic feature extraction. In first part of our study, we observe the variation in acoustic parameters within and across vowel category with gradually increasing HP. We observe that inter-speaker variability in spectral features among CP subjects for vowel /i/ is 0.96, /a/ has 1.13 and vowel /u/ has 2.05. The inter-speaker variability measurement suggests that high back vowel /u/ is mostly affected and has the highest variability. High front vowel /i/ is least affected and has the lowest variability with HP. In the second part, ratio of vowel space area (VSA) of hypernasal and normal speech is calculated and used as a measure for HP detection. We observe that VSA spanned by CP subjects is 0.65 times less than isolated uttered Bangla nasal VSA and 0.43 times less than read speech uttered English oral VSA.

The design of noise-free, low-pollutant combustion devices requires the understanding and the prediction of the combustion noise. The noise originates from the coupling between perturbations in the heat release rate with the oscillating gas (acoustic velocity). Prediction of combustion noise requires the transfer function (TF) that correlates the variation in the heat release rate of the ame with the perturbation (acoustic velocity). Computational costs prohibit an e??cient calculation of the TF by simulating all combustion phenomena associated with the ame dynamics. Simpli??ed theoretical models, such as the hydrodynamic models, allow a signi??cant reduction of the computation time and capture the main features of the ame front dynamics. The fundamental assumption of the hydrodynamic models is that the Bunsen ame, which is described as a thin layer ( ame front) separating the burnt from the unburnt gas, is attached at the burner rim. Within the thin layer approximation, the computation of the TF requires the ame area and, consequenctly, the time-dependent ame front position. By de??ning the ame front as the zero-level set of a distance function, the evolution of the ame front is described by a level set equation. The existent experiments and theoretic kinematic models based on the thin layer approximation (e.g., the G-equation model) provide contradictory information on the phase of the TF. Experiments suggest a low-pass ??lter behaviour of the gain of the TF and an increase of the TF's phase up to several ?? as the frequency increases. In contrast, most of the theoretical models indicate a saturation of the phase of the TF at the level of ??/2. Although the use of a convective wave model for the ow [80] leads to a better agreement between theory and experiments, the origin of the convective wave remains little understood. The discrepancies between theory and experiments most likely reside in the simpli??cations employed in the theoretical models. To understand the behaviour of the experimental TF, here we extend the theoretical models based on the G-equation approach. In the ??rst step, we extend the models by addressing ames that have an arbitrary cone angle and a burning velocity with variable direction. To carry out this ??rst extension we analyse the evolution of a Bunsen ame in a Poiseuille ow from an initially at pro??le to a stationary conical shape. The analysis leads to the correct derivation of the boundary conditions in the extended model employed for the ame evolution in a perturbed Poiseuille ow. We demonstrate that the new model proposed here improves the description of the front close to the boundary and, hence, the behaviour of the ame response to velocity perturbations. Because recent measurements [52] suggest that a better understanding of the TF's phase behaviour requires a hydrodynamic model that accounts for the moving edge of the ame, in the second step we extend the hydrodynamic model to account for non-attached ames. We model the ame front as an open curve by using two level set functions whose zero-level sets are locally normal at the edge point. The movement of the edge along the ame front is accounted for via a novel model for the edge speed. During computer simulations of the ame kinematics with the new extended model the local orthogonality of the level sets is preserved by employing a novel algorithm. The simulations demonstrate that our extended model qualitatively accounts for the ame stabilisation, the ame front and edge kinematics, and the stand-o?? distance of the ame above the burner rim.

In this thesis we will analyse phonological phenomena which involve nuclear positions in Brazilian Portuguese. The theory of Charm and Government is the framework on which our analysis is based. We will discuss the distribution of Brazilian Portuguese vowels with respect to the primary stressed position which, we propose, is subject to charm constraints imposed on nuclear segments. Emphasis is placed on analysing vowel coalescence in Brazilian Portuguese. Specifically, we will consider phonological processes which involve vowel- glide alternations. We will argue that whether a high vowel alternates or fails to alternate with its corresponding glide depends on the governing relations that adjacent nuclear positions contract with each other. Our analysis aims not only to provide a general account for the occurrence of high vowels and glides, but also to determine how glides are phonologically interpreted in Brazilian Portuguese.

Meigenia websteri, n. sp.Female.—Head a little wider than thorax and abdomen. Eyes brown, very sparsely hairy; front and face not quite one half the width of head; front a little prominent; frontal vitta about one-fourth the width of front, brown, lighter behind where it splits on each side of the ocelli; frontal bristles in a single row, descending a little below base of third antennal joint, some fine hairs on sides of front outside them; two orbital bristles; sides of front with a slightly brassy tinge; sides of face moderately wide; a little less than one-half the width of the facial depression, silvery, bare; face slightly receding, facial depression silvery, facial ridges cliliate to a little below base of third antennal joint; cheeks moderately wide, cinereous, hairy, with bristles on lower border; vibrissæ inserted at a little distance above the oral margin; antennæ not as long as the face, blackish, third joint slightly reddish at base; second joint not elongate, bristly; third joint not widened, more than three times as long as the second; arista black, microscpically pubescent, thickened more than half its length, three-jointed, the second joint hardly elongate; proboscis, brown, fleshy, not so long as height of head, labella well developed, palpi well developed flavous club-shaped, thickened and curved at the tip, black bristly; occiput cinereous, gray hairy below, with fringe of black hairs on orbital margins.

If a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous one in a porous medium or Hele-Shaw cell, the unfavorable mobility gradient is known to cause the classical ’viscous fingering instability’. In the past, this instability has been investigated mostly on the basis of Darcy’s law, which involves certain averaging procedures that are usually not valid for the case of a Hele-Shaw displacement. In this diploma thesis, miscible fingering in a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell is studied by means of Stokes simulations and linear stability analysis. The difference from former studies is that a nonmonotonic concentration viscosity profile is used which can exist in nature for specific fluid pairs. Here, particular emphasis is placed on identifying parameter regimes in terms of the Peclet-number Pe, the viscosity contrast R, the value and position of the viscosity maximum μm and cm. Λ is an additional parameter depending on the end-point derivatives. The existing nonlinear Stokes code for monotonic exponential viscosity profiles developed by N. Goyal was modified to incorporate any general viscosity concentration functional relationship. These twodimensional simulations lead to a moving finger with a quasisteady state near the tip of the displacement front for sufficiently large Peclet number and high viscosity ratios. The front thickness d0 and the tip velocity vtip of the quasisteady state is primarily affected by the Peclet number Pe and the viscosity contrast R. The scale of d0 with Pe−1/2 which is found for the monotonic profile is deviating for the nonmonotonic profile. A higher value of the maximum of the nonmonotonic viscosity profile leads to a slower tip and thicker front, while a shift of the maximum from the less viscous fluid to the more viscous fluid leads to a increase of the tip velocity and a decrease of the front thickness. In a second step the results of the direct numerical Stokes flow simulation are used to examine the stability of the quasisteady front to spanwise perturbations. In the linear stability analysis the viscosity contrast R is the dominant factor that affects the stability of the flow. Manickam&Homsy [10] investigated that for the Darcy flow a negative Λ leads to a more stable configuration than a positive Λ, while we see a reversal of this behavior. Only higher values of Λ lead to strong changes for the growth rate σmax of the most dangerous mode and the corresponding wavenumber βmax. Because the shape of the profile is also changing a lot with high values of Λ it is really hard to figure out what leads to this change. The exact reason could not be identified and would need further investigation.

This paper centers on the problem of transparency in Romance metaphony patterns, wherein a post-tonic high vowel triggers height assimilation in a stressed vowel. Two patterns are contrasted involving words with antepenultimate stress: systems that show height assimilation across a transparent penult and systems that exhibit harmony in both an intervening penult vowel and the stressed antepenult. A two-fold proposal is made. First, it is argued that metaphony is driven by a licensing constraint which requires that marked structure be associated with a strong position. In metaphony, the high, unstressed vowel is marked by virtue of its perceptual difficulty. Second, a generalized licensing constraint formulation is proposed, under which licensing is satisfied by various configurations. These include direct licensing and indirect licensing configurations (Steriade 1995), and also a new configuration, termed identity licensing, in which marked structure in a weak position is licensed through a correspondent in a strong position. Identity licensing maintains strict segmental locality (Ni Chiosain & Padgett 2001) by positing a copied feature in forms showing assimilation across a transparent penult vowel. Applications of the generalized licensing approach to the Asturian Lena Bable and Nalon Valley varieties and the Cantabrian Tudanca variety are discussed.

While the Western Front of First World War has been studied from various aspects, the other fronts of the war were neglected in the historiography. The studies on the Caucasian Front of the war concentrated on military movements and various massacres that were committed at that front. This article is a part of an effort to go beyond the established limits of historiography and to analyze the under-studied Russian occupation of the Ottoman territories during the war. An important aspect of the occupation was that the military and governmental departments were not the only agents that undertook the occupation. Russian scientific community, along with other interested parties, had its own plans and expectations regarding the Ottoman territories. The military occupation provided the Russian scientists with a long-awaited opportunity to claim their supremacy on the scientific study of Ottoman territories. This article presents the first results of a research on this scientific occupation in the example of the city of Trabzon.

This paper focused on improve results accuracy Alphabet text transliteration into Arabic text in Indonesian Malay. Alphabet text transliteration into Jawi in this research using reference books by Rosadi rule that takes into account the beheading of syllables for determination its Jawi text. The method used in this study to identify syllables is Fine State Automata (FSA) developed by Basuki, however the syllable identifiers can not distinguish beheading diphthong with the vowel sequence, this of course affects the transliteration accuracy. The method used in this study to improve the accuracy of transliteration that modify FSA for identifier Indonesian syllables that have been made by Basuki then added the ability to recognize patterns diphthong syllables and vowel series. Results obtained modifications that have been done syllable recognition accuracy improvement is 25% from the previous. The level of accuracy of the transliteration is 94.74% if calculated based on the results of beheading the right conditions, but when it counted the results obtained from incorrect beheading, the transliteration accuracy is 90%. Keywords: jawi, natural language processing, recognition syllables.

This article examines both the front and back shifts of the Southern Vowel Shift (SVS) in a rural Kentuckiana (south-central Indiana) community through 50 years of real time, from the middle of the twentieth century to the early twenty-first century. Euclidean distance measurements between the pair of high front vowels /i/ and /I/ and between the pair of mid front vowels /e/ and /ε/ are subjected to analyses of variance (ANOVAs). The mid front vowels are found to be involved in the SVS and increasingly so through real time; the high front vowels, in contrast, not only are not participating in the SVS but have exhibited movements in non-SVS directions. Fronting of the back vowels is analyzed through linear mixed-effects regression analyses. Except for /℧/, which remains stable over time in this community, the other back vowels, /u/, /o/, and the nucleus of the /a℧/ diphthong all show real-time changes that are consistent with the SVS. Some of the real-time developments are at odds with profiles of change through apparent time, which underscores the value of real-time data when and where it is available.

This entry contains the front cover, front matter and back cover.

This entry contains the front cover, front matter and back cover.

This entry contains the front cover, front matter and back cover.