Digital library activities in germany the german digital library program global info

The Integrated Research Biobank (IRB) at the Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IKCL) is the central biobank resource of the University Medicine Greifswald (UMG) for all biological materials collected within the framework of clinical and experimental studies carried out by internal and external researchers. The IRB is a core unit of the UMG and focuses on collection, processing and storage of mainly liquid biomaterials, e.g. blood, urine, saliva or swaps in established workflows and thereby securing highest quality standards. Aliquots are usually stored at –80°C in one of the two fully automated LiCONiC biorepositories or, if necessary, in one of the –80°C freezers. Up to now, the IRB stores more than 1.1 million liquid aliquots and the collection grows continuously. Currently, the storage capacity of the IRB is limited to 3 million aliquots. Funding statement: European Fond for Regional Development (EFRE) funded by the European Union (grant INZ-EFRE 1503). Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 81Z7400173). German Biobank Alliance (GBA) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 01EY1705). National Cohort (NAKO) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 01ER1301/18).

The majority of payment solutions in the field of electronic money in Ukraine are implemented on top of card payment systems. At the same time, a number of factors, including the digitization of the economy, orientation towards the European vector of development, the need to counteract the outflow of funds from the country, determine the urgency of developing a competitive national electronic money payment system. The more complex functionality of the electronic money institutions (EMI) determines the more complex structure of the organization of cash flows in the system. At the same time, European legislation clearly regulates the need for the payment system to comply with a number of conditions. In particular, at any moment the sum of balances on all internal wallets of the system must be identical to the balance on the system bank account. The issue of developing a general model of the movement of all types of funds in EMI in real time is still unresolved, which increases the risk of errors at the EMI design stage and ultimately leads to an increase in costs for the full cycle of development of the payment system. The purpose of the article is to develop a model of the movement and distribution of cash flows in the electronic money payment system in real time, which ensures compliance with the conditions of the regulator and the requirements of economic security. The article examines the general structure and main types of payment operations in the electronic money system, derives and substantiates the ratio that determines the liquidity of such a system. The set of basic and auxiliary operations in real modern electronic money systems is considered. A static model for ensuring the integrity of cash flows in electronic payment systems has been built. A model of cash flows in the electronic money system is proposed, which allows considering all basic and technical transactions of the system within one scheme in real time. The proposed model provides accounting of transactions of various types on various electronic wallets, which facilitates not only control over transactions, but also subsequent modernization and adaptation of the system to changing market needs.

Introduction. In recent years, the number of payment transactions carried out using electronic payment systems has grown rapidly. Despite the steady growth of electronic payments among both individuals and legal entities, a number of problems remain unresolved, which primarily include ensuring the security of electronic payment transactions by the state at the legislative level and the development of effective means of combating and preventing crime. in the specified area. The current criminal legislation contains certain rules that can ensure the security of the electronic payment system. But insufficient research of some theoretical aspects of criminal liability for this type of criminal offenses significantly reduces the effectiveness of criminal law protection of this area of life. One such aspect is the theoretical uncertainty of the object that falls under the protection of criminal law. In particular, there is a lack of theoretical definition of the system of electronic payments in terms of the object, which is placed under the protection of criminal law. The aim of the article. The importance of the researched problems and the need to increase the efficiency of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine determine the purpose of this study, which is to define the concept of electronic payment system as an object of criminal protection. Results. Criminal offenses committed in the system of electronic payments belong to a qualitatively new type of mercenary crime in the banking sector, which is directly related to the modernization of economic relations in society. They cover the sphere of economic interests of the state as a whole, individual legal entities, as well as individuals who use the electronic payment system in their own interests. There is a need to develop a universal criminal law terminology in order to improve the regulatory framework governing relations in the field of electronic payments. Unfortunately, the definition of electronic payment system (electronic payment system) has not been properly developed either in the financial and economic sphere or in jurisprudence, and the existing definitions are not clear and contain a list of essential features of such systems. Conclusions. The system of electronic payments as an object of criminal encroachment - is regulated by law the order of public relations for the transfer of funds between participants in the payment system through a special payment mechanism, which is a set of methods, tools, methods to make calculations for effective and safe transfer of funds from the payer to the recipient in time and space and regulated by a special law and payment rules, are implemented on the basis of the contract against which the criminal encroachment is directed. This definition indicates the specifics of the electronic payment system as an object of crime, and also contains a list of all the most important features of this system, which will further contribute to the correct classification of crimes committed in this area.

This research aims to find out which variables most influence user acceptance of electronic payment systems. Researchers used a quantitative approach in their research. The students who used motorcycles and electronic payment methods made up the study's population. sampling strategy that combines purposive sampling with the non-probability sampling technique. There were one hundred responders in the study's entire sample. Researchers used observation, interviews, surveys, and related literature to gather the information they needed for this investigation. The elements that were demonstrated to have an impact on users' acceptance of electronic payment systems were behavioral intention, use behavior, social influence, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions, according to the research findings. The variable that most influences user acceptance of electronic payment systems is facilitating conditions for use behavior, which shows that users repeatedly use electronic payment systems because the management has adequate facilities and infrastructure and is commonly used in other public parking lots, such as card readers for tapping in and exit parking, as well as staff who help if there are difficulties and sufficient knowledge in using them.

На сьогодні для Системи електронних платежів Національного банку України актуальною є модернізація та осучаснення відповідно до реальних потреб учасників платіжної системи в умовах сучасної економічної ситуації в Україні. Для вдосконалення форм міжбанківських розрахунків важливою є перебудова національної платіжної системи відповідно до міжнародних стандартів і стандартів ЄС.
 Проведено аналіз функціонування платіжної системи ТАРГЕТ2, розкрито її переваги і принципи організації. Проведено порівняльний аналіз платіжних систем ТАРГЕТ2 та системи електронних платежів Національного банку, а також надано рекомендації щодо вдосконалення вітчизняної платіжної системи на основі досвіду Європейського Союзу.
 Система електронних платежів НБУ є досить сучасною та ефективною, але існування певного часу у проходженні платежу, недостатньо високий рівень нормативного та інформаційного забезпечення учасників системи електронних платежів та її контролю призводять до можливості непрозорих фінансових операцій у самій системі.
 В Україні технологічний рівень розрахункової системи НБУ не зовсім дозволяє якісно використовувати більшість із засобів підтримки внутрішньоденної ліквідності, що є значним недоліком СЕП у порівнянні з її зарубіжним аналогом — ТАРГЕТ2.
 Аналіз функціонування ТАРГЕТ2 та СЕП надав змогу більш детально розглянути позитивні і негативні моменти обох платіжних систем.
 Значною перевагою ТАРГЕТ2 є система управління ліквідністю, що за певних умов є дієвим інструментом при плануванні розрахункових операцій. Це дозволяє учасникам системи попереджувати виникнення проблем під час розрахунків та ефективно розв’язувати їх. Оптимізація управління ліквідністю у СЕП є незначною.
 Національний банк України, на відміну від Європейського центрального банку, надає інформацію стосовно СЕП не в повному обсязі, що свідчить про закритість платіжної системи та неготовність НБУ забезпечувати максимально прозорий механізм розрахунків.
 На сьогодні система розрахунків ТАРГЕТ2 є більш сучасною та відкритою у порівнянні із Cистемою електронних платежів НБУ.

The paper is devoted to the study of innovations in the market of modern payment systems. The pandemic and quarantine restrictions have accelerated the expansion of the payment infrastructure in Ukraine, which in turn raises the issue of security of electronic payment systems. Ukrainians are more actively switching to electronic payments. At the same time, the trend of growing popularity of contactless payment instruments and settlements with them continues. A comparative analysis of the security of payment systems using electronic technologies in the implementation of money transfer services in Ukraine has been performed. The components of the payment system, information security measures in the electronic payment system have been also considered. The schema of electronic payments and the block diagram of the information protection subsystem of electronic payment system have been constructed. The criteria for assessing the security of the electronic payment system have been determined. A total of fifteen safety criteria have been identified, they are divided into six groups according to the degree of safety. Six electronic system payments were used for the study and the research results have been presented in this paper. The tendencies of development of electronic payment systems in modern conditions and ways of improvement of their activity taking into account the newest information technologies have been outlined.

PurposeA significant amount of digital repository research and development activity is taking place worldwide, which calls for the investigation of issues identified as critical to the development, management and sustainability of these repositories. The purpose of this paper is to establish a comprehensive set of critical success factors (CSFs) that would enable successful digital libraries implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe design of this study is exploratory in nature due to lack of previous research about CSFs in digital library projects. The paper builds the research framework to find CSFs for digital libraries initiatives by collecting possible factors from literature on CSFs of information systems; and feedback from ten experts who have had experience in digital library research and development as well as implementation, through e‐mail interviews. Six dimensions in the enterprise architecture framework (namely motivation, resource, people, process, location and time) needed to create the environment in which digital delivery can be effective and sustained, are mapped with the CSF established from the literature.FindingsThe results revealed six dimensions of CSFs and 36 potential success factor statements contributed by the study participants. Based on these findings, this paper postulates that successful deployment of a digital library implementation may depend on this set of success factors. The identification of these factors has important implications on digital library development.Originality/valueThere has been no comprehensive study on the success factors of digital libraries in the library and information science context, as such, no investigation of the factors in some real‐life contexts of digital library activities. It may help digital library start‐ups to understand what sources and services they need to develop to make their applications successful in an already very populated network. Both researchers and practitioners in the field of digital libraries may value the novelty and results of this study.

The teaching of communicative competence plays an increasingly important role in medical education. In addition to traditional teaching formats, such as role-plays with simulated patients, technology-based approaches become more important in medical education. Teaching materials are increasingly augmented by videos of simulated doctor-patient conversations. This combination allows the content of teaching materials to be demonstrated with video or for videos to create a basis for reflection activities. In addition, conversation videos can illustrate different qualities of clinical communication and serve as illustrative material for describing particular issues in more detail. In addition to teaching clinical communicative competence, the assessment of this competence also plays an important role in medical educational research. So far, this has mainly been conducted through direct observation using checklists or rating scales. Relatively little is known about the assessment of communicative competence using standardized online-based tests. Situational Judgement Tests (SJTs) offer a promising approach in this respect. The BMBF-funded (BMBF = Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – Federal Ministry of Education and Research) joint project voLeA (Entwicklung videobasierter Lehr- und Assessmentmodule zur Gesprächskompetenz im Medizinstudium = Development of video-based teaching and assessment modules for communicative competence in medical studies) addresses these two issues. Specifically, the project is engaged in developing e-learning modules to promote communicative competence and an assessment of this competence using an SJT. The present paper focuses on the benefits of technology-based learning and assessment units for clinical communicative competence in medical studies, using the voLeA project as an example.

This study was to determine the relationship between e-library and quality assurance in the Federal Government Colleges (unity schools) in Rivers and Bayelsa states, Nigeria. The population comprised of the teachers and students (SS3 and JS3) of the six unity schools in Rivers and Bayelsa States Nigeria numbering 3186 (teachers 1019, students 2167). A research sample of 637 was used through proportional stratified random sampling technique using 20%. A self-designed questionnaire known as E-library and Quality Assurance Questionnaire (ELQAQ) was used to elicit information from the respondents. Three research questions and one null hypothesis were formulated. Mean, rank order, standard deviation and z-test were used to find solution to the research questions and the hypothesis. The major findings of the study include that Federal Ministry of Education (F.M.E.) is a pacesetter of quality education, the library (print or non-print/digital) is the heart beat of the school system as it increases ones reading habit, e-library has the capacity of storing large content of information which can be accessed from anywhere, not all unity school (under study) have functional e-library, the print library is still useful, unity school teachers and students prefer a blend of the print and e-library as both have their advantages. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the print library should not be relegated but upgraded periodically to complement the digital library for quality service delivery, the Federal Ministry of Education Nigeria should endeavor to complete and equip the e-libraries as planned, the Inspectorate division of the F.M.E. should always inspect schools facilities for quality assurance, more qualified ICT teachers should be recruited in the unity schools (as model schools) to promote computer literacy and the F.M.E. should implement effective and regular capacity building in the unity schools of Nigeria to maintain qualitative education as  quality teachers produce quality students.   Key words: Federal Government College, library, e-library, quality assurance.

With rapid development of information and communication technologies purchasing digital content through the Internet has been greatly increased. Therefore, secure and fair electronic payment systems are important issue. To reduce system computational, communication and storage costs in many existing electronic schemes, Yang et al. recently proposed a novel electronic payment system based on authenticated encryption technology. But, Chaudhry et al. showed that Yang et al.'s electronic payment system is vulnerable to impersonation attack. Furthermore, Chaudhry et al. proposed improved electronic payment system. But, in this paper we point that Chaudhry et al.'s improved electronic payment system does not satisfy anonymity and fairness properties and the dispute resolution means in Chaudhry et al.'s electronic payment system are not effective. Furthermore, combining authenticated encryption and verifiably encrypted signatures technologies, we propose an improvement on Chaudhry et al.'s electronic payment system. Compared with Chaudhry et al.'s electronic payment system, the major changes of the proposed electronic payment system are in exchange phase. In this phase the private key and public key of the user are not needed, and the user generates verifiably encrypted signatures on his payment voucher. These changes guarantee the user anonymity, eliminate the advantages of the merchant, ensure the fairness of the payment system and the effectiveness of the dispute resolution phase. We also give the comparisons of proposed electronic payment system with some existing electronic payment systems.

The article presents the theoretical aspects of the payment system, clarifies the definition of the national payment system of a complex and interconnected set of payment and technical elements, each of which contributes to the efficient functioning of both the financial sector and the national economy as a whole. The classification features according to which payment systems are classified are generalized and their types are given. The main tasks of payment systems functioning are outlined. The components of the payment system of Ukraine are considered. It is proved that the non-cash payment system is designed to minimize the cost of issuing cash and reduce the cost of its maintenance, collection, and recalculation. It is highlighted that the main purpose of creating payment systems is to reduce the cash supply. The modern basic requirements to payment systems are defined. The current payment systems in Ukraine are analyzed, among which: the national electronic payment system (EPS), created by the National Bank of Ukraine, the National Payment System “Ukrainian Payment Space”, 10 intrabank payment systems, 2 money transfer systems, 11 money transfer systems, 1 system settlements and 1 card system created by non-banking institutions, as well as 8 money transfer systems and 4 card payment systems created by non-residents, as well as international payment systems, which include 5 money transfer systems created by Ukrainian banks and 4 money transfer systems created by non-banking institutions . The current state of operations of Ukrainian banks with electronic money is studied. The basic requirements for national payment systems are given. Measures to increase the level of security of the national payment system of Ukraine are outlined. Recommendations for the development of the electronic payment system of Ukraine are presented. Special attention needs to be paid to the development of the national payment system of Ukraine, which depends on the effectively implemented innovations, which consist in the application and expansion of non-cash forms of payment and guarantee of the electronic payment system.

In Bangladesh, Shariatpur is one of the lowest performing districts in primary education, standing near the bottom at 62 out of 64 districts based on dropout rates (BBS, 2012). It is also one of the most flood affected areas and has a high number of extreme poor. Concern Worldwide (Irish-based International Humanitarian Organization) has implemented a 3-year project from January 2013 to December 2015 namely “Digital School Library for Extreme Poor Children” with 10 schools in 2 Upazillas reached approximately 1000 children and developed a knowledge base society working with CBOs (Community-Based Organizations). The main aim of the project was to attract the extreme poor children to school and improve their education in a sustainable way through training and learning by the innovative approach of a digital school library. The author was appointed as a library consultant of that project. It was an amazing experience of the author that he had to face many challenges to get the attention because the extreme poor children were not interested at all to learn anything. They were very much fond of watching TV (television), moving here and there unnecessarily, playing in a group at riverside and jumping over the river for nothing. To attract them towards school, author in association with the research team made and presented some educational short videos namely, “Mina Cartoon (2015)” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dahl8UII3n4l (b) Increased enrolment rate; (c) Increased retention rates; (d) Increased involvement of the SMCs and PTAs in development and implementation of School Level Improvement Plans; and (e) The poorest children and their parents got a good idea on Equality, Right Based Approach (RBA), HIV and AIDS and on their Rights and Entitlements. Thus school based small digital libraries have turned into integral part in their lives. The basic aim of the paper is to share the author’s experience on how the digital school library project demonstrated access to primary school for the poorest and out-of-school children. Some interesting case studies will also be discussed in this paper. Key words: Digital libraries, school libraries, libraries for extreme poor, knowledge base society.

Today’s Internet has dramatically reshaped how people make payments and transfer money. Electronic transactions are playing a vital role now in these days to shop, pay bills and money transfer, and many more. Among the electronic payment system nowadays, E-wallet is one of the most famous payment systems. Many countries have already implemented the use of electronic wallets as part of their daily purchase transaction options for their customers. The goal of the study is to recognize the overview study of E-wallet and the features of theirs and to determine the different level of use and learn the best E-wallet and what the reason for practicing. Specifically, the research investigation focuses on Malaysian public university students. To achieve this, we conducted a survey to collect data from 120 participants from the university campus. Statistics were evaluated by using SPSS software and have been documented in this survey. The results show that, among 120 respondents, received 120 valid responses. Among the 120 valid responses, about 101 (84.2%) of them are using the E-wallet payment system. The following respondents who never use e-wallet payment 19 which achieve a rate of 15.8%. The study also reveals that the new financial service has a huge effect on the use of e-wallet among bachelor students. While analyzing gender well the usage of e-wallet, man has larger satisfaction levels and also requires e-wallet often than female students. In addition, students’ perceptions of their perceived use, practice, and reason had a significant impact on their confidence. For practical involvement, the use of E-wallets by most respondents confirms that there is a great potential for this payment spread in Malaysia.KeywordsElectronic payments systemE-walletBoostM-moneyTouch n goLazadaAEONGrab payVcash, WeChatAlipay

An expert is a person who has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrow field. (Niels Bohr) Introduction Comprehensive, generalizable evaluations of digital libraries (DLs) are rare. Where evaluation does occur, it is generally minimal. Saracevic (2004) analysed around 80 evaluations to conclude that, both in scientific research and in practice, thorough evaluations of DLs are rather the exception than the rule. The complexity of DL systems can be identified as one reason for this. Examining them in their entirety is not straightforward. Even when attempting to do so, we lack scientifically accepted concepts, approaches and models. Another reason is the allocated funding in DL projects. Evaluation is always a ‘must have’ stated by the funder, but is rarely supported by adequate resources. These reasons are, unfortunately, still valid at the time of writing. In this chapter the method of expert evaluation is presented and shown to be one possible way of addressing such problems. Expert evaluations are heuristic or qualitative in nature, as opposed to quantitative evaluations, which aim to provide statistically significant results. Heuristic evaluations (Nielsen, 1994) are common in usability engineering, where user interfaces are evaluated by a small group of experts on the basis of their conformity to certain usability principles (heuristics). Expert evaluations differ from other types of heuristic evaluation in that they lack predefined heuristics. The experts are free to provide any comment, on the assumption that their views will be informed ones. Some examples of the 10 general heuristics defined by Nielsen are visibility of the system status, error recognition, error prevention, user control (support undo and redo), aesthetics and minimalistic design. The advantages of such an expert evaluation are fast and cost-effective results, in contrast to the more expensive types of qualitative user study, which require a larger number of evaluators in order to reflect a representative result. We can distinguish further between two types of expert evaluation: in the first case, the experts themselves are the evaluators, conducting the evaluation and providing the results. In the second, the experts are monitored by evaluators, who lead the evaluation and assess the results.

Credit card is the most popular payment method used in Internet shopping. The idea of credit card payment is to buy first and pay later. The cardholder can pay at the end of the statement cycle or they can pay interest on the outstanding balance. Therefore, there are many credit card-based electronic payment systems (EPSs) that have been developed to facilitate the purchase of goods and services over the Internet such as CyberCash (VeriSign), iKP (Bellare, Garary, Hauser, et al, 1995), SET (Visa and MasterCard, 1997), CCT (Li & Zhange, 2004), and so forth. Usually a credit card-based EPS involves five parties: cardholder, merchant, acquirer bank, issuer bank, and financial institution. Internet is an open system and the communication path between each other is insecure. All communications are potentially open for an eavesdropper to read and modify as they pass between the communicating endpoints. Therefore, the payment information transmitted between the cardholder and the merchant through Internet is dangerous without a secure path. SSL (Zeus Technology, 2000) is a good example to secure the communication channel. Besides the issue of insecure communication, there are a number of factors that each participant must consider. For example, merchant concerns about whether the credit card or the cardholder is genuine. There is no way to know the consumer is a genuine cardholder. As a result, the merchant is incurring the increase in losses due to cardholder disputes and frauds. On the other hand, cardholders are worried about the theft of the privacy or sensitive information such as the credit card number. They don’t want any unauthorized usage of their credit cards and any modification to the transaction amount by a third party. These security issues have deterred many potential consumers from purchasing online. Existing credit card-based EPSs solve the problems in many different ways. Some of them use cryptography mechanisms to protect private information. However, they are very complicated, expensive, and tedious (Xianhau, Yuen, Ling, & Lim, 2001). Some EPSs use the Certificate Authority (CA) model to fulfill the authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation security schemes. However, each participant requires a digital certificate during the payment cycle. These certificates are issued by independent CAs but the implementation and maintenance cost of this model is very high. In addition, the validation steps of Certificate-based systems are very time-consuming processes. It requires access to an online certificate server during the payment process. Moreover, the certificate revocation list is a major disadvantage of the PKI-based certification model (The Internet Engineering Task Force). The cardholder’s certificate also includes some private information such as the cardholder’s name. The requirement of a cardholder’s certificate means software such as e-Wallet is required to be installed on the cardholder’s computer. It is the barrier for the cardholder to use Certificatebased payment systems. To solve this problem, Visa Company has developed a new payment system called Verified by Visa (VbV) (http:www/visa-asia.com/ ap/sea/merchants/productstech/vbv_implementvbv. shtml). However, sensitive information such as credit card number is still passed to the merchant. Therefore, the cardholder is not protected by the system.