Digital platforms and cloud computing for smart cities: a review

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

Introduction. The digitalization of the transport sector is transforming traditional approaches to management accounting and cost control, especially in smart cities. The implementation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), IoT solutions, GPS monitoring, and Big Data not only enhances the efficiency of transportation but also optimizes cost accounting and analysis. At the same time, cost calculation methods require adaptation to new economic and technological conditions. Research objective. The study aims to develop theoretical and methodological approaches to cost formation and the determination of passenger transportation costs in a smart city, as well as to improve the cost accounting and control system through the use of digital technologies. Methodology. The study employs system analysis methods, comparative analysis of costs in traditional and digital transport systems, Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Standard Costing, and Cost Center Accounting. Empirical data on the impact of digitalization on urban transport costs were also analysed, including case studies on the implementation of intelligent transport systems in various cities worldwide. Results. The study substantiates the feasibility of using modern cost calculation methods to enhance cost accounting transparency in transport companies. A model for integrating digital technologies into management accounting is proposed, enabling real-time cost control and informed decision-making on tariff policies and route optimization. The analysis shows that the use of digital solutions can reduce operating costs by 10–20% due to automated transport management, improved resource utilization, and the implementation of analytical tools.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) can boost the development of smart cities, and artificial intelligence and edge computing are key technologies that support the implementation of ITS. Vehicle localization is critical for ITS since the safety driving and location-aware serves highly depend on the accurate location information. In this article, we construct a vehicle localization system architecture composed of multiple Internet of Things (IoT) with arbitrary array configuration and a large amount of vehicles in smart cities. In order to deal with the coexisting of circular and non-circular signals transmitted by vehicles, we proposed several vehicle number estimation methods for non-circular signals. Based on the machine learning technique, we extend the vehicle number estimation method into mixed signals in more complex scenario of smart cities. Then the DOA estimation method for non-circular signals based on IoT is proposed, and then the performance of this method is analyzed as well. Simulation outcomes verify the excellent performance of the proposed vehicle number estimation methods and the DOA estimation method in smart cities, and the vehicle positions can be achieved with high estimation accuracy.

A smart city is a city that uses information and communication technologies (ICT), smart sensors, actuators and video cameras to better support and optimize the delivery of urban services and to address challenges within city communities. A smart city collects and analyzes data from smart IoT sensors (IoT devices/nodes) and video cameras. The data collected by the sensor nodes can be used to develop applications and systems that benefit the city and the community. Smart city industry is projected to be a $400 billion market by 2021, with 600 cities around the globe expected to generate 60% of the world's GDP by 2025, according to McKinsey research. Many cities have adopted at least one smart city project. However, the majority of cities around the globe are not yet smart cities. The key hurdle is securing the huge fund needed to start a smart city project, and ensuring that there are sufficient resources to sustain the project over time. Because implementing new smart city infrastructure is a large and complex financial undertaking that poses a financial hurdle, specifically, for most of the under-developed countries, a viable and cost-effective strategy is needed to tackle this problem and conquer the digital divide. Building upon and leveraging existing infrastructure is the key to address this problem. This minimizes the cost of technology upgrades and allows for an easier integration process. In addition, leveraging existing infrastructure can give cities a better and quicker return on investment. The main objective of this work is to devise an innovative research and development initiative, which builds upon and leverages ongoing global deployment of smart city and outdoor lighting infrastructures trend, to explore the potential and assess the feasibility of gradually transitioning existing Egypt’s cities infrastructure into truly IoT-enabled smart cities. Specifically, we propose and develop an innovative cost-effective, future-proof, scalable and modular end-to-end device-to-cloud connected outdoor Lighting network infrastructure solution that is based on P2P 4G LTE cellular technology to provide the direct connectivity between lighting poles (IoT devices) and the cloud. The proposed intelligent Lighting solution includes three key building blocks:1) light pole-mounted smart control nodes; 2) cloud-based smart city software solution (NetServ) to remotely monitor, manage, and control the entire lighting infrastructure; and 3) P2P 4G LTE cellular network. In the proposed architecture, smart streetlights serve as the framework for a high- bandwidth, low-latency wireless sensor network, capable of transporting large amounts of data in real-time, while concurrently supporting deployment of a wide range of smart city services.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have developed rapidly over the last three years in Korea. This has been driven largely by rapid development of information processing, communication, and vehicle technology, combined with ever-increasing congestion on the urban streets. This is every reason to believe that ITS will be most heavily deployed in metropolitan cities of Korea, where important safety and congestion benefits. ITS is being developed as a national program to cope with diverse traffic problems in Korea. The Korea government plans to spend 1% of the total transport expenditure on research and development of ITS over the next 5 years, reaching 100-200 million US$ annually. It is suggested that the benefits of ITS systems are substantial, but that failure to address a number of important institutional issues is one major reason for failure this system to live up to expectations, at least thus far. This paper examines the institutional issues that affect the implementation of ITS in Korea. In this paper, the definition and components of ITS are explained, and the recent developments of this system are discussed. The institutional issues on ITS implementation are identified on an extensive literature review.

PurposeThe paper explores the emergence of smart city governance with a particular focus on the cognitive value of the new technologies and the different accountabilities emerging in the digital infrastructures attempting to visualize and rationalize urban dynamics.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on ethnographic, netnographic and interview data from an empirical case study of the Smart and Wise City Turku spearhead project, the study builds on the assumption that smart cities emerge from the interaction between the characteristics of technologies, constellations of actors and contextual conditions.FindingsThe results report smart city activities as an organizational process and a reconfiguration that incorporates new technology with old infrastructure. Through the lens of the empirical examples, we are able to show how smart city actors, boundaries and infrastructures are mobilized, become valuable and are rendered visible. The smart cities infrastructure traces, values and governs actors, identities, objects, ideas and relations to animate new desires and feats of imagination.Practical implicationsIn terms of implications to practice, the situated descriptions echo recent calls to leaders and managers to ask how much traceability is enough (Power, 2019) and limits of accountability (Messner, 2009).Originality/valueThe central theoretical concept of “thinking infrastructure” highlights how new accounting practices operate by disclosing (Kornberger et al., 2017) new worlds where the platforms and the users discover the nature of their responsibilities to the other. The contribution of this paper is that it examines what happens when smartness is understood as a thinking infrastructure. Different theorizations of infrastructure have implications for the study of smart cities. The lens helps us grasp possible tensions and consequences in terms of accountability that arise from new forms of participation in smart cities. It helps urban governance scholarship understand how smartness informs and shapes distributed and embodied cognition.

Transport policy in Korea is driven by the need to cope with ever-worsening traffic conditions. The development of an intelligent transport systems (ITS) Master Plan for Korea is of particular interest and demonstrates the heavy reliance placed on ITS measures to facilitate both the management of congested (but expanding) highway networks and to encourage a shift to greater use of public transport. The paper highlights the major achievements of ITS in Korea by assessing the evidence provided by the widespread implementation of ITS technologies (such as the creation of 'showcase' demonstrations). Some observations from the implementation of ITS in (so-called) transitional economies are presented.

Half of the world’s population resides in cities and this percentage is going to rise in the coming years. This rapid transformation of the economy and society is making traditional city management redundant. Intensive urbanization has brought with it some challenges. Scanty resources, population growth, increased carbon footprint, reduced air quality, congestion on roads, depriving health status, and falling food quality, all are prominent parts of cities. Does this bring a question in mind is accelerated growth sustainable? The answer and solution to this is an adaption of the Smart City Concept. A smart city integrates all the available technology with the requirements of city development and builds infrastructure which can improve the quality of life of citizens. Smart cities are designed in a manner to use minimum resources with maximum efficiency in all areas of urban life. It provides smart solutions using smart technologies. Urban needs and technological advancements meet in smart cities. It manages cities more quickly and effectively by using AI, IT technologies, and robotic process automation. Intelligent transportation, intelligent energy, intelligent governance, intelligent security, intelligent healthcare are all central to the idea of smart cities. The emphasis of this essay is on smart transit as a component of smart cities. The movement of people and goods across several geographical boundaries has been significantly aided by the transportation sector. Globally, the majority of smart cities face logistical and transportation issues. Both the fast growing human population and the increase in the number of cars on the road are to blame for this. In order to design and run a sustainable transportation system, technology may be of great assistance. Robotic systems for real-time vehicle data collection, traffic management, and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with traffic congestion. The transportation industry, which faces difficulties including traffic congestion, unanticipated delays, and routing issues that cause businesses to lose money, has successfully used robotic process automation. Robotic process automation provides reliable results and affordable solutions while reducing uncertainty in the decision-making process. It is very helpful in designing and running a successful transit system. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) systems for obtaining real-time data from vehicles, buses, and trucks for traffic management and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with poor management and congestion. By examining different uses of robotic process automation, it is possible to evaluate precise prediction and detection models that are intended to forecast traffic volume, an appropriate route, traffic conditions, accurate information about timing, incidents, and which time and roadway for transport are suitable for running and mobility. The application of RPA in smart cities could be seen in Intelligent Transportation Systems’ Traffic Management, Public Transportation, Safety Management, Manufacturing, and Logistics. The research focuses on areas of concern for smart cities in the sphere of the transportation sector and related difficulties that may be solved via robotic process automation. The article emphasizes the challenges and solutions for making smart transportation more effective by using Intelligent Robotic Transportation Systems.

With the rapid development of information technology and the advancement of smart city construction, urban management and services increasingly rely on networked intelligent systems. However, this highly interconnected network environment has also brought numerous network security challenges to smart cities. Smart cities involve a large number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, big data platforms, cloud computing technologies, and smart infrastructure, making network security problems more complex and severe. This paper analyzes the composition and development trends of smart cities, explores the main security risks currently faced, and focuses on the security risks in key areas such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, and intelligent transportation systems. Furthermore, this paper proposes a multi-layered protection system and strategies for smart city network security, aiming to improve the network security assurance level of smart cities. The research seeks to provide practical protection measures to help smart cities cope with the growing security threats and ensure their sustainable development.

As cities gradually introduce intelligence in their core services and infrastructure thus becoming “smart cities”, they are deploying new Information Technology devices in the urban grid that are interconnected to a broad network. The main focus of widely implemented smart cities' services was the operation of sensors and smart devices across city areas that need low energy consumption and high connectivity. However, as 5G technologies are gradually been adopted in the smart city infrastructure thus solving that problem, the fundamental issue of addressing security becomes dominant. While latest network topologies and standards include security functions thus giving an illusion of security, there is little focus on the fact that many smart city end nodes cannot realize all security specifications without additional help. In this paper, we discuss briefly smart city security issues and focus on problem and security requirement that need to be address in the smart city end nodes, the sensors and actuators deployed within the city's grid. In this paper, attacks that cannot be thwarted by traditional cybersecurity solutions are discussed and countermeasures based on hardware are suggested in order to achieve a high level of trust. Also, the danger of microarchitectural and side channel attacks on these devices is highlighted and protection approaches are discussed.

Recent years have seen a more intensified deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in Polish cities. Work is also underway on the implementation of ITS on the national roads within the National Traffic Management System (KSZR). The research project RID-4D (part of Road Innovations), is designed to fill the gap, which is the lack of systematics of ITS services in Poland. The paper presents a proposal of ITS services systematics, which was developed based on an analysis of key international standards. FRAME architecture and American standards were the basis for the preparation of a standard scheme of ITS services. The results of the work on the KSZR architecture as well as local and regional architectures of urban systems were also taken into account.

This article is single-source introduction to the emerging concept of smart cities. It can be used for familiarizing researchers with the vast scope of research possible in this application domain. The smart is primarily concept, and there is still not clear and consistent definition among practitioners and academia. As simplistic explanation, smart is place where traditional networks and services are made more flexible, efficient, and sustainable with the use of information, digital, and telecommunication technologies to improve the city's operations for the benefit of its inhabitants. Smart cities are greener, safer, faster, and friendlier. The different components of smart include smart infrastructure, smart transportation, smart energy, smart health care, and smart technology. These components are what make the cities smart and efficient. Information and communication technology (ICT) are enabling keys for transforming traditional cities into smart cities. Two closely related emerging technology frameworks, the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data (BD), make smart cities efficient and responsive. The technology has matured enough to allow smart cities to emerge. However, there is much needed in terms of physical infrastructure, smart city, the digital technologies translate into better public services for inhabitants and better use of resources while reducing environmental impacts. One of the formal definitions of the smart is the following: connecting the physical infrastructure, the information-technology infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city [4]. Another formal and comprehensive definition is a smart sustainable is an innovative that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operations and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects [12]. A broad overview of various components needed in smart is depicted in Figure 1. Any combination of various smart components can make cities smart. A need not have all the components to be labeled as smart. The number of smart components depends on the cost and available technology.

Smart city can be taken as the biggest implementation of Internet of things (IoT) applications. Smart city technologies promote cloud-based and IoT-based services in which real-world user interfaces use smart phones, sensors, RFIDs, etc. The IoT ecosystems cannot properly communicate between them. So it needs a bridge between them to fill the global common approach. Implementation of this can be done with the help of information and communication technologies (ICT) which may result in enhancing quality, interconnection, and the performance of various urban services. It highlights the need for cloud computing and IoT technologies and both have a major impact on how we build and deploy smart applications for it. There are still numerous difficulties that remain with regard to its deployment due to its varying requirements. In this paper, authors tried to converge the two domains that are cloud computing and IoT for smart city application deployment and also present the identified security threat types and their countermeasures in the context of smart city.

With the idea of new developing technologies and the rapid change in our technical environment, there is a need for smarter, more efficient technology to keep up with the needs of today's world. Thus, the idea of smart cities has come into being. The purpose of this chapter is to promote the idea of building a smart city and providing a framework for future development of the same. We are moving towards a more futuristic world where everything is connected and done over the internet, which will create more network dependency. The problem with the concept of smart cities is the need for better technologies to improve the system of data transfer to address the problem of trust in the system, as massive amounts of people's private data is at stake with bad actors trying to hack the system to gain access to it. There is also the problem of the massive amounts of data produced in smart cities, so there is a need to provide a framework to efficiently store all the data. These problems can be solved with the help of technologies such as blockchain and cloud computing. Cloud computing can be seen as a way of sharing resources offering compute, storage, databases, and network services that can be used on a larger scale. Cloud computing stores massive amounts of data, it can also be used to share and transfer data between networks in a cloud, it is cost-effective, and you can also retrieve lost data or backup data when needed. Despite cloud computing being so great, it also has its own drawbacks. The problem of security in cloud storage is ever-increasing; since cloud storage, centralized systems have been a major target for hackers and data breaches, and the data in the cloud can be tampered with and accessed by unauthorized users. If data is being transferred through the cloud it can be intercepted during transmission because of the problem of encryption. These problems can be solved as well as the system being improved and made faster with the help of blockchain. Blockchain is a database or ledger that is shared across a network. The ledger is encrypted so that only people who are authorized can access the data. Blockchain will decentralize the data stored, which will improve the security of the data immensely. If a hacker targets a single block in a node, it will not have much effect and will continue to function. Block chain works by breaking the data into smaller chunks, and the chunks are distributed in a way that even if the network is down the data will still be available. While a file is being shared it is broken into smaller pieces and sent in a way that the file transfer is quicker. The files are encrypted using a cryptographic hash table and each individual shard or part of the file is also encrypted, making the security even tighter. With the help of blockchain, the storage of files will become much cheaper and more secure. A framework is provided to manage and secure the data acquired from IoT devices through encryption using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and storing the data in a private or public cloud depending on the data; and then decrypting the data and sending it to the users who requested the data or for further analysis. This chapter provides a framework for a smart city storage and security model and can be used as a prototype model for future development in the field.

Smart transport in a smart city: European and Russian development management track