Digital Technologies And Automated Information Processing Systems In The Penitentiary System

The correctional system is an important component in the framework of the integrated criminal justice system in Indonesia. This institution has strategic duties and responsibilities in enforcing the law and providing guidance to prisoners, correctional students, and correctional inmates at the pre-adjudication, adjudication, and post-adjudication stages. The implementation of the penitentiary system in Indonesia is based on the noble values ??of Pancasila and the state constitution, which upholds the principles of legal protection and respect for human rights. However, the implementation of the correctional system in many correctional institutions in Indonesia still faces various obstacles and problems. One of the crucial issues that often arises is the problem of overcrowding or excess housing capacity in correctional institutions. This condition not only gives rise to various technical and security problems but also hampers development and rehabilitation efforts for prisoners. This research aims to examine in depth three main aspects related to the penitentiary system in Indonesia. First, this research will analyze the legal basis and statutory regulations governing the correctional system, starting from constitutional norms to operational technical regulations. Second, this research will explore various efforts and strategies carried out by correctional institutions, especially the Medan Class I Correctional Institution, in overcoming the problem of overcrowding and optimizing the implementation of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections. Third, this research will comprehensively analyze how the law is implemented in the practice of coaching and mentoring prisoners at the Medan Class I Penitentiary. The research method used in this study is an empirical juridical research method, which combines normative studies of statutory regulations with direct observation and interviews in the field. This research is descriptive-analytic, which means that the data and information obtained will be analyzed in depth concerning the applicable legal framework. The research results show that legal regulations regarding the penitentiary system in Indonesia are rooted in higher legal norms, namely Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, which are then revealed in various statutory regulations, including Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections. To overcome the problem of overcrowding at the Medan Class I Correctional Institution, the institution has made various efforts, such as optimizing the social reintegration program, transferring prisoners to other correctional institutions that have more adequate capacity, and collaborating with various related parties. Implementation of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections in Class I Medan Penitentiary covers various aspects, starting from fulfilling the rights and obligations of prisoners, implementing coaching and mentoring programs, as well as implementing a security system that is under applicable security standards. Even though there are still several obstacles in its implementation, the institution continues to strive to improve and improve the quality of the implementation of the correctional system to achieve the goals of law enforcement and justice.

When Nakamoto invented Bitcoin, the first generation of cryptocurrencies followed it in applying POW (Proof of Work) consensus mechanism; due to its excessive energy consumption and heavy carbon footprints, new innovations evolved like Proof of Space , POS (Proof of Stake) , and a lot more with many variants for each. Furthermore, the emergence of more blockchain applications and kinds beyond just cryptocurrencies needed more consensus mechanisms that is optimized to fit requirements of each application or blockchain kind; examples range from IoT (Internet of Things) blockchains for sustainability applications that often use variants of BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance) algorithm, and consensus needed to relay transactions and/or assets between different blockchains in interoperability solutions. Previous studies concentrated on surveying and/or proposing different blockchain consensus rules, on a specific consensus issue like attacks, randomization, or on deriving theoretical results. Starting from discussing most important theoretical results, this paper tries to gather and organize all significant existing material about consensus in the blockchain world explaining design challenges, tradeoffs and research areas. We realize that the topic could fit for a complete textbook, so we summarize the basic concepts and support with tables and appendices. Then we highlight some case examples from interoperability solutions to show how flexible and wide the design space is to fit both general and special purpose systems. The aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of the topic, along with the links to go deeper into every detail.

The main purpose of this paper is to present and clarify the subdivision of teaching machines into the General Purpose and Special Purpose categories. Initial defining of: Teaching Machines, General Purpose Teaching Machines, Special Purpose Teaching Machines, and Teaching Machine Technology will establish a frame of reference within which this paper will be presented. The distinctions between the general purpose and special purpose teaching machines will be in the areas of the motivations of each type, the differences in the-basic functional block diagrams, if any, and the applications of each type to technical training and engineering education. A prediction is also given.

Received: 29. 05. 2009 Accepted: 19. 06. 2009 Best practice article Abstract The aim of this paper is to present, from penological aspect, the involvement and structure of recidivism at minors with mental deficiency within the whole area of juvenile criminality in Macedonia. The research covers 62 subjects who pay the penalty in juvenile penitentiary or institutional measure directing to correctional institution for minors. Of the total number of minors who hold one of the above-mentioned sanctions, minors with lower average IQ are presented with 56.4%. The shown involvement is in penological terms (refers to minors who hold institutional measure correctional institution for minors or penalty - juvenile penitentiary) which does not mean that this category of juvenile delinquents participate in such percent in the total number of reported, accused and convicted minors. According to the research results it can be concluded that falling behind in intellectual development is an indicator for delinquent behavior but in no case it can be crucial or the most important factor for criminality. Of the total number of juvenile delinquents with intellectual deficit, 80% are repeat offenders in criminal legal sense. It is of great concern that 56% of the under average juvenile delinquents defied the law for the first time before the age of 14 years that is as children. Key words: juvenile delinquents, under average, recidivism, sanctions, criminal acts, socio-penological aspects (ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) Persons with Intellectual Deficiency and their Ability for Guilt Persons with intellectual deficiency do not have the capacity for proper reasoning and assessment of social manifestations and processes, that is, they cannot make an assessment of what is allowed and normal and what is forbidden and pathological (1). Favourable psychological basis for committing crimes and other offences at minors emerges from the undeveloped capability for adjustment to the environment, from the insufficiently developed consciousness for the consequences of their own behaviour, from suggestibility as well as lack of self-control and inhibitions in behaviour (2). Persons with intellectual deficiency who manifest offensive behaviour Leferens divide in four groups: the first group of delinquents with mental deficiency are characterized by rapid and short reactions that can be difficultly stopped. Second group is comprised by delinquents who commit offences with violent elements. Third group encompasses those minor offenders with intellectual deficiency who are characterized by great irritability and explosiveness as a result of which they commit the offences in anger. The last group is comprised of persons with severe mental deficiency who almost never commit criminal acts (3). Classification of Intelligence Wechsler gives one of the classifications of intelligence and the frequency of persons who belong to a certain category and it is as follows: Recently, the importance of social successfulness have been emphasised in great extent, as a criterion for evaluating intelligence (4). In terms of criminal responsibility that is capability for guilt of great interest for us are the persons who have intellectual deficiency as well as persons with borderline IQ. Borderline IQ indicates a level of intellectual development at the borderline, which divides normal i.e. average intelligence and mental retardation. Persons with borderline IQ score 70-80 IQ at standardized tests, and in some areas up to 85. This category of persons can attend regular schools, have preserved (developed) work ability, have a capacity for independent life, but most frequently do not have higher education and are not capable of highly creative and complex work tasks (5). At borderline cases there is falling behind in the intellectual development where inferiority in studying is strongly expressed. …

Electronic Communication of Mathematics and the Interaction of Computer Algebra Systems and Proof Assistants

يهدف البحث إلى تحديد مهارات الحاسب الآلي اللازمة لنزلاء المؤسسة العقابية والإصلاحية بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. ولتحقيق ذلك اعتمد الباحث على ثلاثة مصادر رئيسية، تمثلت المصادر الأولى في الدراسات والأبحاث السابقة ذات الصلة، حيث تم تحليل العديد من الدراسات العربية والأجنبية، واستخراج أهم المهارات الواردة بها مع التركيز على الدراسات المتعلقة بفئة النزلاء. أما المصدر الثاني فكان من خلال استطلاع آراء الخبراء، والمتخصصين في مجال الحاسب الآلي من خلال مقابلات معمقة شملت أسئلة مفتوحة ومغلقة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم إجراء تحليل محتوى للعديد من الكتب والمراجع في مجال الحاسب الآلي لاستخلاص المهارات الواردة بها كمصدر ثالث. وقد تم تكوين قائمة أولية مكونة من 20 مهارة بناءً على نتائج المصادر الثلاثة، ثم عرضها على لجنة من الخبراء لمراجعتها وإجراء التعديلات اللازمة من حيث حذف وإضافة ودمج بعض المهارات، والتوصل إلى القائمة النهائية التي تضمنت 12 مهارة أساسية تفرع منها 125 مهارة فرعية، وتم اعتمادها، لتمثل أهم مهارات الحاسب الآلي اللازمة لنزلاء المؤسسات العقابية والإصلاحية في دولة الإمارات. The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the essential computer skills required by inmates within the penal and correctional institutions in the United Arab Emirates. To accomplish this goal, the researcher employed a tripartite methodology, drawing upon three primary sources. The initial source involved a comprehensive review of pertinent prior studies and research endeavors, encompassing both Arab and English literature. A meticulous analysis of these studies enabled the extraction of crucial skills, with particular emphasis on those relevant to the incarcerated population.The second source of data collection involved a survey conducted among experts and specialists in the field of computers. In-depth interviews were employed, featuring a combination of open-ended and closed questions to garner insights from these knowledgeable individuals. Concurrently, a third source was utilized, encompassing content analysis of various books and references within the computer science domain. This rigorous process was undertaken to identify and extract pertinent computer skills. Subsequent to synthesizing information from these three sources, an initial list comprising 20 skills was formulated. This list underwent scrutiny by a committee of experts, who engaged in a thorough review process. Amendments were made, including the deletion, addition, and merging of certain skills. The final iteration of the list comprised 12 fundamental computer skills, which further branched into 125 sub-skills. This meticulously crafted and validated list represents the paramount computer skills deemed essential for inmates of penal and correctional institutions in the UAE.

When we hear the word computer today, we automatically think of a digital, general purpose, programmable device. From laptops to paralleled supercomputers, they all share these characteristics. However, before there was digital, there was analog. Before there was general purpose, there was special purpose. Before there was programmable, there was hard wired. Before there was UNIVAC, or even ENIAC, there was the Mark 1. This paper gives a brief discussion about Mark 1 which was a product of 40 years of development of mechanical analog computers for gun fire control on Navy ships.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal and institutional foundations of prison chaplaincy in Japan’s penitentiary system. The study focuses on the historical evolution of religious guidance in correctional institutions — from its origins during the Meiji era (1868—1912), through postwar reforms, to current practices, particularly within the framework of the National Federation of Prison Chaplains. The article explores the legal codification of religious activities in places of detention, analyzing key legislative acts that define the rights and functions of religious instructors. Particular emphasis is placed on the contributions of monks from the True Pure Land tradition (Jôdo Shinshû), who played a leading role in the establishment and expansion of prison chaplaincy. These monks not only initiated the practice but also worked systematically to institutionalize it. The article examines how Buddhist schools sought to preserve their social relevance and maintain integration within the state system by utilizing religious instruction in prisons as a continuation of their traditional public functions. Attention is given to the sectarian monopolization of this activity and to the conflict surrounding the appointment of the Christian reformer Tomeoka Kôsuke at Sugamo Prison — a pivotal moment in the broader debate over religious policy in the penal sphere. A separate section is dedicated to the work of Ogawa Shigejirô, a prominent reformer of Japan’s juvenile justice system, who significantly contributed to the adaptation of the German penitentiary model, which combined religious instruction, education, and discipline. His concept of “protective education” formed the basis of the Prison Act (1908), which institutionalized moral and ethical rehabilitation as a core element of penal practice. The article also underscores the continuing significance of spiritual and moral guidance as a distinct component of Japan’s correctional philosophy. It highlights the contemporary collaboration between religious organizations — primarily through the National Federation of Prison Chaplains — and state institutions under the constitutional principle of secularism, reflecting the ongoing evolution of Buddhism’s social role in modern Japanese society.

The problem is that the relationship between punishment and correctional facilities must be returned to the concept of rationality of crime prevention mechanisms. The focus of efforts to control crime is not only on preventing and overcoming crime but also on penal system policies that are oriented towards a prison. The problems in this research are: 1). How can efforts be made to overcome overcapacity in correctional institutions in Indonesia? This research uses a normative juridical approach, by examining and interpreting theoretical matters concerning the theory of the penal system in an effort to overcome overcapacity in correctional institutions in Indonesia. The results show that the government needs to immediately implement a new criminal system theory as an effort to overcome the overcapacity of correctional institutions throughout Indonesia, namely by applying the theory of Social Integrity, Rehabilitation Sanctions for Narcotics users, Restorative Justice Efforts and most importantly the need for a new KUHP and KUHAP The criminal system that has been running does not run on a system of imprisonment and imprisonment for criminals by taking into account the values of justice for victims of crime.

This study aims to obtain information and analyze the law regarding the placement of prisoners in detention centers as a form of fostering correctional institutions in the judicial system based on Law No. 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections. By using the approach method in this research is a normative juridical approach. The formulation of the problem in this research is How is the Placement of Prisoners in Detention Centers in Accordance with the Law? and What is the Role of Prison Officers in Placing Convicts, So There Is No Riots/Riots Among Inmates? The form of Correctional Institution Guidance in providing guidance on the Placement of Prisoners in Detention Centers is grouped based on age and gender, or other reasons according to the risk and needs assessment carried out by the Correctional Assessor. Correctional is a criminal justice subsystem that carries out law enforcement in the field of treatment of prisoners, children, and inmates. The Correctional System is held in order to provide guarantees for the protection of the rights of prisoners and children and to improve the quality of personality and independence of inmates so that they are aware of their mistakes, improve themselves, and do not repeat the crime, so that it can be accepted again by the community, can live normally as a good citizen, obey the law, be responsible, and can actively play a role in development and at the same time provide protection to the community from repeating criminal acts. When viewed from the point of view of the penal law rules that the prison system in Indonesia is quite good, such as the system contained in Law no. 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections. However, it should be noted that in the correctional process the main thing is the facilities and infrastructure in the Correctional Institution.
 

Testing language for specific purposes (LSP) refers to that branch of language testing in which the test content and test methods are derived from an analysis of a specific language use situation, such as Spanish for Business, Japanese for Tour Guides, Italian for Language Teachers, or English for Air Traffic Control. LSP tests are usually contrasted with general purpose language tests, in which purpose is more broadly defined, as in the Test of English as a Foreign Language {TOEFL) (Educational Testing Service 1965). As you will see, it is important to note that tests are not either general purpose or specific purpose – all tests are developed for some purpose – but that there is a continuum of specificity from very general to very specific, and a given test may fall at any point on the continuum. I will argue later in this chapter that LSP testing is a special case of communicative language testing, since both are based on a theoretical construct of contextualized communicative language ability, and that LSP tests are no different in terms of the qualities of good testing practice from other types of language tests.

We are proposing a cache addressing scheme based on hashing intended to decrease the miss ratio of small size caches. The main intention is to improve the hit ratio for ’random’ patterns pointer memory accesses for embedded (special purpose) system applications. We introduce a hashing scheme, denoted as bit juggling, and measure the effect such a scheme has in the cache access miss ratio. It is shown, for the considered benchmark, that 3-bit bit juggling will reduce the miss ratio for up to 12%, for associative caches of maximum size of 16KBytes when compared to usual cache addressing schemes.

Yönetimin tamamlayıcı unsuru denetimdir. Denetim devletin etkin işlemesini sağlamaktadır. Devletin denetlenmesinde siyasi, hukuki ve idari denetim yolları uygulanmaktadır. Ombudsmanlık denetimi devletin diğer denetim yollarına alternatif bir denetim türü değildir, diğer denetim yollarının eksik kalan yönlerini doldurmaya yönelik bir denetim mekanizması öngörmektedir. Ombudsmanlık kurumu, günümüzde birçok ülkede uygulanmaktadır. Ombudsman vatandaşlar ile kamu kurumları arasında ortaya çıkan anlaşmazlıkların giderilmesi için kurulan bağımsız bir kurumdur. Ombudsmanlık türlerini genel ve özel amaçlı ombudsmanlar olarak ikili sınıflandırabiliriz. Genel amaçlı ombudsmanlar kendilerine gelen her türlü şikayeti değerlendirmekle görevli kılınmışlardır. Genel amaçlı ombudsmanlık kurumunda ombudsmanlar konu ayrımı ve kısıtlamasına tabi tutulmamışlardır. Özel amaçlı ombudmanlık kurumlarında ise ihtisas alanına göre uzmanlaşma yaşanmaktadır. Ombudsmanlar belli bir konuda uzmanlaşmakta ve yalnız bu konuda kendilerine yapılan başvuruları kabul edebilmektedir. İngiltere’de ombudsmanlık kurumu yaklaşık 50 yıllık bir tecrübeye sahiptir. Birçok konuda özel ombudsmanlar kurulmuştur. Parlamento komiserliği, yerel yönetimler komiserliği, cezaevleri ve şartlı tahliye ombudsmanlığı bu özel ombudsmanlık türlerinden üçüdür. Türkiye’de son 8 yıldır kamu denetçiliği yasal bir zeminde yer almaktadır. Genel amaçlı olan kamu denetçisi devletin taraf olduğu uyuşmazlıkların çözümü için öneriler sunmakta ve başarılı sonuçlar elde etmeye çalışmaktadır.

Based on unpublished archival materials, the article analyzes the state of prisons and the situation of prisoners in the Tver province in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to such means of reforming those in custody as the involvement of prisoners in labor activities and religious and moral education. The subject of the research is the prison institutions of the Tver province and the persons kept in them. The work is based on archival documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of the Tver Region, which are for the first time introduced into scientific turnover. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the principles of historicism and scientific objectiveness, as universal methods of scientific knowledge. The article also uses special historical research methods: historical-typological, historical-comparative, problem-chronological, as well as the method of historical and legal analysis. As a result of the work carried out, the main types of external and internal work that the prisoners were engaged in, the amount of income received from prison work were considered. The role of the Prison Trustees Committee of the Tver Province and its district offices in the activities of the prison institutions of the province is described. The main problems typical for prisons of the Tver province in the late 19th – early 20th centuries are identified. It is concluded that in the period considered, the prison institutions of the Tver province were characterized by a number of problems, which were largely determined by insufficient funding. At the same time, some positive changes that took place in the course of reforming the system were obvious - in a number of prison institutions they managed to organize prison labor, libraries appeared, and general centralization of management took place. However, this was not enough to turn the prisons into correctional institutions. Key words: penitentiary system, Tver province, Tver Prison Trustees Committee of the Tver Province.

Analyzing oral proficiency test performance in general and specific purpose contexts