Digitalni model reljefa

The article explores the creation of digital terrain models (DRMs) based on dense point cloud classification in QGIS, Digitals, and 3D Survey software. In the research process, a dense cloud of points created during 3D scanning of the territory of the botanical garden of NUBiP of Ukraine was used, followed by classification and construction of digital relief models in various software tools. The stages of point cloud classification, creation of classification layers, data export to QGIS, Digitals and 3D Survey software tools for further modeling and drawing of models with isolines were studied. The digital model of the relief and the stages of its creation, "cleaning" of the original cloud of points of different density are considered. On the basis of the same initial data, a dense cloud of points, the formation of digital models of the relief of the territory of the botanical garden of NUBiP of Ukraine was carried out in various software tools. The process of creating a digital relief model was investigated based on a dense point cloud using QGIS, Digitals, 3D Survey programs. The main advantages and disadvantages of building a digital relief model based on a cloud of points formed by the results of 3D scanning are analyzed. Features and capabilities of software tools QGIS, Digitals, 3D Survey and their ability to build 3D surfaces based on exported point clouds are considered.

The technical support of the process of creating a cartographic basis for improving the efficiency of territorial management is considered. It is proved that digitalization of information about all management objects is based on the initially implemented stage of preparation of a digital model of terrain and relief. The effectiveness of management decisions depends on the detail and quality of the developed cartographic framework. The authors summarize the practical experience of using innovative technologies in the process of developing a cartographic framework, it is shown that the most promising direction here is the introduction of neural networks. The specifics of their application in the process of creating a digital model of terrain and relief are analyzed.

In this section we will use remote sensing data to extract structural, depositional and erosional features from digital relief models and satellite imagery, jointly interpret them using the concept of geomorphology with goal of building geologic models to explain the geological setting of the study area. This process benefits from including existing information by other experts familiar with the target area and with the processes that shaped the geologic setting. Therefore, we have provided references related to the geologic processes on a global and regional scale, historic studies that provided insights into the geological setting and maps that can be used to correlate and calibrate the interpretation obtained from the remote sensing data.KeywordsStructural mapping: fold, anticline, fault, thrust, compressional tectonics, transpressional tectonics, structural front, incised valley, fluvial erosion, dendritic drainage system, vegetationMapping arctic depositional and erosional features: digital elevation model at high latitude, ArcticDEM, GMTED2010, moraines, ground moraines, terminal moraines, glacier terminus, floodplainMapping hot arid desert depositional and erosional features: lithology mapping, mesa, plateau, canyon, fault-guided erosion, surface gradient, multi-spectral co-rendering

The Purpose of the work is to study the reflection patterns of the interblock tension zones structure in relief at various scale levels of the Earth's crust tectonic divisibility in the Baikal rift. Methods. The study involves the analogue modeling on elastic-plastic material (clay paste) with the following construction of digital models of the control sample surface relief. The resulting digital terrain models are analyzed by constructing the distributions of vertical motion gradient. The similar method is used to study the readily available digital terrain models of the natural analogue of the experimental models of the Baikal rift. The data obtained in the analysis of the two types of digital models are compared. Results. Distributions of the gradient of vertical motions for the experiment and the relief gradient of the north-west and south-east flanks of the Baikal rift have been obtained and analyzed. Sections reflecting the extension zones of different ranks and their internal structure have been distinguished in the gradient field. A procedure has been proposed to identify the interblock zones of different hierarchical levels based on the relief gradient of Earth’s fault zones. Conclusions. The fault zones and their structure formed under extension are reflected in gradient distribution by the increased parameter values. The maximum values of the parameter are characteristic of the main fault of the zone, smaller values are referred to second-order cracks. Strike-slip cracks formed under extension are not demonstrated by special gradient values but they can be traced by the displacement of local maxima associated with other cracks. In most cases, found regularities are valid for experimental and natural extension zones.

Dynamics of the evapotranspirational demands in the Czech Republic within three decades from 1961 to 1990 has been studied. The determination of the levels of influence of the respective natural components depends on the regionalized modelling techniques. The project of regionalized modelling is theoretically based on the potential evapotranspiration values (ET0) calculated by FAO methodology (eqs. 1, 2) and the series of temperature and rainfall observations obtained by climatologic stations during a 30-year period from 1961 to 1990 and its relation to the absolute altimetric. The DMR-2 military digital elevation model of the Czech Republic relief consisting of a regular network of points with their altitudes specified in meters was used for the purpose of regionalized modelling. One step of the network in the S-42 coordinate system with the Gauss conforms cylindrical projection is equal to 100 meters; this implies that the smallest area for which the data can be processed is 1 hectare. The digital relief model can be linked to both direct (temperature, precipitation) and derived (evapotranspiration) quantities, which is one of the many novelties of regionalized modelling. The climatic data used in regionalized modelling records daily measurements were obtained by 85 climatologic and rainfall-monitoring stations from 1961 to 1990. Our results showed an appreciable decrease of the most drying area (ratio P/ET0 up to 0.755) in the last decade 1981-90; half as less amounts compared with the previous decade 1971-80 (about 500,000 hectares). On the other hand, an apparent increase (more than 500,000 hectares in comparison with the previous decade 1971-80) of the wettest area (ratio P/ET0 over 1.508) through the last decade was observed. Both first decades 1961-70 and 1971-80 look similar. The project mentioned in this article has made it possible to create models for the different time intervals which have showed higher reliability for heterogeneous application.

Orthometric heights are practically determined from levelling and gravity measurements by applying orthometric corrections to levelled height differences. Currently, Helmert’s definition of orthometric heights is mostly used, with the mean gravity computed only approximately from observed surface gravity by applying the Poincaré–Prey gravity reduction. In this study, we apply the state-of-the-art method for the orthometric height determination and demonstrate its practical applicability. The method utilizes advanced numerical procedures to account for the topographic relief and mass density variations, while adopting the Earth’s spherical approximation. The non-topographic contribution of masses inside the geoid is evaluated by solving geodetic boundary-values problems. We apply this method for the first time to practically determine the orthometric heights of levelling benchmarks from levelling and gravity measurements and digital terrain and rock density models. The results obtained after the readjustment of newly determined orthometric heights at the levelling network covering Hong Kong territories are compared with Helmert’s orthometric heights. This comparison revealed that errors in Helmert’s orthometric heights vary between −3.13 and 0.95 cm. Such errors are very significant when compared to accurate values of the cumulative orthometric correction between −1.88 and 0.84 cm. Moreover, large errors (up to 1 cm) already occur at levelling benchmarks at very low elevations (<100 m). These findings demonstrate that the accurate determination of orthometric heights is crucial, even for regions with moderately elevated topography.

In this article an attempt was made to analyse the Bytom city relief changes in 1883-1994 years. It concentrates on the forms which are an effect of the mining and metallurgical activity such as subsidence depressions and dumps. Two digital relief models representing a topographic situation in year 1883 and 1994 were made by the Vertical Mapper tool in order to determine changes in the relief. The models were made by linear vectorization of contour lines, which then were processed into points. The made points were interpolated by the natural neighbour method. Maps of slopes, area profiles, contour line sketches and hypsographic curves were generated for two time periods on basis of the digital relief models. An area and values of subsidence for areas subjected to the mining activity, changes of the slopes, an average land altitude in 1883 and 1994 year were determined and an anthropogenic denudation ratio was also calculated. As the result of the research made, it has been established that the area of the subsidence is 3727 ha (about 54% of the city area) and the maximum value of subsidence is about 37 meters, there was a growth of the slopes at a simultaneous drop of the land average altitude, and the anthropogenic denudation ratio is 44 mm/year (800 greater than the natural denudation ratio).

The article describes the possibilities of the effective use of combat unmanned ground vehicle swarms in performing offensive tasks on the battlefield. An integral part of the effective tactical use of these robotic weapon systems is the planning of the axes of their coordinated maneuvers towards a single or group of targets. The Maneuver Control System CZ was used to calculate the axes of the offensive maneuver of the entire swarm of combat unmanned ground vehicles, which evaluates the combination of surface and terrain, weather and also the influence of enemy and friendly units deployment. The basis for the system’s calculations is a digital territory model, a digital relief model, weather forecasts, and information on the deployments of forces on both sides. The possibilities of the effective use of the Maneuver Control System CZ in planning the axes of a swarm maneuver of unmanned ground vehicles are demonstrated in three scenarios of simulated tactical situations. The calculated axes of the maneuvers were then checked in the field by an ATV.

Creating the virtual Eiger North Face

Assessment of the most recent satellite based digital elevation models of Egypt

Accurate orthometric height information is critical for a variety of urban geospatial applications, including cadastral mapping, infrastructure development, and flood risk assessment. Traditional techniques such as differential leveling, while precise, are labour-intensive, time-consuming, and often impractical in densely built or rapidly expanding urban environments. This study investigates the integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and differential Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations for orthometric height determination in an urban environment. High-resolution DEMs were generated from UAV photogrammetry, while ellipsoidal heights obtained from GNSS surveys were converted to orthometric heights using the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08). The resulting orthometric heights from both UAV and GNSS methods were compared against leveling-based reference heights to assess their accuracy and consistency. The UAV-derived orthometric heights achieved a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.514 m, while the GNSS-derived orthometric heights yielded a slightly lower RMSE of 0.470 m. These results demonstrate the potential of integrating UAV photogrammetry with GNSS and geoid model for generating reliable and accurate orthometric heights, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to conventional surveying in urban areas where access may be constrained.

The worked out modeling methods of topographic surfaces allow nowadays to reflect, with different degree of adequacy, the real characteristics of the subject modeling. One of the main applied tasks is representation of continuous topographic surface in digital form, using final memory volume. The well-known topographic modeling systems (geographical information systems) comprise various models—Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and etc. and they are oriented on complex variety of practical tasks solving. As a rule topographic surface modeling systems pursue the following common tasks: DTM model generation, DTM change and optimization, DTM analysis, DTM visualization, DTM and produced information rendering. The most part of DTM is being made on the base of one of two structural data types: regular network or TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). The matters of choosing TS modeling method in a great number of existing methods are considered in this article. Different regularity criteria are suggested.

The results of a comprehensive analysis of fault tectonics of the Kola Peninsula, carried out on a regional scale, are considered. Based on a digital relief model, generalized for various scale levels, lineaments were identified manually and automatically. The results obtained in combination with literature data made it possible to carry out tectonophysical reconstructions using the Hancock model. Based on the results of these reconstructions, the proposed areas of tectonic structures were identified that had the greatest hydraulic activity at the time of the introduction of mafic-ultrabasic massifs and dike complexes of pegmatite belts, which are associated with ore deposits of scarce types of strategic minerals of the Kola Peninsula (copper, nickel, chromium, rare metals, etc.) The areas were identified, promising for the discovery of new ore objects.

An aerophotography of the experimental area on the Tuaphat massif (area of 6 ha, SBIO RAS) and a bathymetric survey of the adjacent water area have been made within the framework of the “Carbon test site in Krasnodar Region” development. Digital relief models (DRM) of the test site onshore and offshore components were developed based on the survey results. The article presents the methods of work and graphical representation of the developed DRM.

Until now, the study of the morphology of the bottom of large reservoirs, subject to gradual siltation, received little attention. Morphometric descriptions of reservoirs are limited by the type, shape, altitude position, size of the bed, and the volume of water in them. The article presents the results of the analysis of the bottom relief of the Krasnodar Reservoir and the transformations of this relief for 2005–2021. The analysis was performed based on the materials of bathymetric surveys for the regulated volume of the reservoir on an area of 224 km2 with the construction of the corresponding digital relief models. The relief of the bottom of the reservoir is represented by flat areas of a flooded accumulative plain with prevailing slopes of about 0.2–0.4°, dissected by river channels of lower order tributaries. The transformation of the relief is caused by gradual siltation. The total volume of deposits for the specified area in 2005–2021 amounted to 127 million m3 with an average silt layer of 0.4 m. To describe the morphological properties of the bottom topography, we used geomorphometric techniques with the calculation of the BPI (Bathymetric Position Index) and the classification of mesoscale landforms based on it. For the bed, relief forms have been established related to three types of surfaces: flat (lower bank shelf), concave (depressions, deep depressions) and convex (reef crests, back reefs, mid-slope reefs). The constructed maps reflect the differentiated morphology of the bed surface, the evolution of landforms under conditions of continuous transformation of the basin, and also make it possible to judge the prevailing processes of morphogenesis. The coastal zone and the shallow part of the bed are the most complex in morphological terms. Here, along with reefs of different genesis, deep depressions and depressions in the form of underwater channels in advanced deltas can form on the accumulative shoal.