Disclosure, HIV, and the Dialectic of Sameness and Difference

This study investigated whether norms of self-disclosure of one's online and offline identity are linked to online disclosure of personal and intimate information. We expected online disclosure of personal and intimate information to be associated with norms of online disclosure. Secondary analysis of the 2006 Pew and American Life Survey of parents and teens data set was conducted to test the study's hypotheses. A weak relationship emerged between adherence to norms supporting the disclosure of offline and online personal information. Supporting theories of computer-mediated communication, our findings show a strong relationship between adherence to norms of online identity disclosure and the disclosure of personal information online through the posting of personal photos, videos, and an online profile.

There has been a consistent concern about the inadvertent disclosure of personal information through peer-to-peer file sharing applications, such as Limewire and Morpheus. Examples of personal health and financial information being exposed have been published. We wanted to estimate the extent to which personal health information (PHI) is being disclosed in this way, and compare that to the extent of disclosure of personal financial information (PFI). After careful review and approval of our protocol by our institutional research ethics board, files were downloaded from peer-to-peer file sharing networks and manually analyzed for the presence of PHI and PFI. The geographic region of the IP addresses was determined, and classified as either USA or Canada. We estimated the proportion of files that contain personal health and financial information for each region. We also estimated the proportion of search terms that return files with personal health and financial information. We ascertained and discuss the ethical issues related to this study. Approximately 0.4% of Canadian IP addresses had PHI, as did 0.5% of US IP addresses. There was more disclosure of financial information, at 1.7% of Canadian IP addresses and 4.7% of US IP addresses. An analysis of search terms used in these file sharing networks showed that a small percentage of the terms would return PHI and PFI files (ie, there are people successfully searching for PFI and PHI on the peer-to-peer file sharing networks). There is a real risk of inadvertent disclosure of PHI through peer-to-peer file sharing networks, although the risk is not as large as for PFI. Anyone keeping PHI on their computers should avoid installing file sharing applications on their computers, or if they have to use such tools, actively manage the risks of inadvertent disclosure of their, their family's, their clients', or patients' PHI.

개인정보자기결정권은 헌법전에 명문으로 규정되지 않았음에도 불구하고 헌법해석에 의해 기본권으로 인정되는 기본권이다. 그리고 개인정보자기결정권이라는 기본권은 정보화시대에 정보주체의 사생활 보호 등 여러 보호영역과의 관련성을 갖는 중요한 기본권이다. 그런데 메르스 사태 이후 현재의 코로나19 상황에 이르기까지 감염병 예방과 전파방지의 과정 속에서 개인정보의 제한과 침해에 대한 숙고와 검토가 필요하다는 것이 자명해졌다. 왜냐하면 실제로 코로나 19에 대한 효과적 대응을 위한 정보공개 시스템 실행의 이면에는 확진환자 개인의 사생활이 여과 없이 공개되는 부작용 발생이 적지 않았기 때문이다. 이미 국가인권위원회도 확진자의 과도한 사생활 노출로 인한 인권침해가 발생하지 않도록 해야 한다고 권고한 바 있다. 이러한 상황에 대한 문제의식을 바탕으로 이 글에서는 개인의 민감정보 등 개인정보 공개와 관련한 개인정보 보호법과 감염병 예방법의 관련 규정들을 상관적으로 검토하였다. 특히 개인정보자기결정권과 관련하여 감염병 예방법상의 정보공개와 관련된 규정인 제34조의2 규정을 중심으로, 확진자의 내밀한 사생활을 보호할 수 있는 세부적이고 합리적인 공개기준의 정립 여부와 특히 위치정보 등의 공개로 인한 권리침해의 문제에 대해 살펴 보았다. 일반적인 개인정보와 구분되는 개인위치정보의 특성을 고려할 때 개인위치정보가 개인정보 보호법상의 민감정보에 해당될 수 있는가, 개인위치정보의 분류에 관하여 온라인행태정보유형으로 생존하는 개인에 관한 정보로써 개인정보 가명가공정보익명가공정보 중 어디에도 해당하지 않는 정보유형으로 새로이 “개인관련정보”를 입안하는 방안의 검토, 감염병 예방법상 개인위치정보를 비롯한 개인정보를 제공하고 공개함으로써 발생될 수 있는 권리침해에 관한 대책과 절차에 대해 검토하였다. 개인정보에 관련된 법제는 그 정보의 보호와 이용이 동시에 고려되어야 할 필요가 있다. 즉 개인정보 관련법제는 ‘개인정보의 유용성 배려’와 ‘개인의 권리이익 보호’의 균형을 맞추는 병존적 구조를 반영한 것이어야 할 것이다. 다만 양법익 간의 관계에 있어서는 ‘개인의 권리이익 보호’가 우선적으로 고려되는 것이어야만 함은 물론이다. 안전사회 추구로 인한 부작용을 간과해서는 안되는 것도, 개인정보의 유통으로 인한 비재산적 손해에 대한 배상책임을 고민해야 하는 것 도 이러한 헌법정신에 기인한다고 하겠다. 감염병 예방법의 새로운 수정이 시작되어야 한다.The right to self-determination of personal information is a basic right recognized as a basic right by constitutional interpretation, even though it was not prescribed in the Constitution. And this right is an important basic right that has relevance to various areas of protection, such as protection of the privacy of the information subject in the information age. However, from the MERS outbreak to the current COVID-19, it has become apparent that it is necessary to consider and review the restrictions and infringements of personal information in the process of preventing infectious diseases and preventing transmission. This is because, in fact, behind the implementation of the information disclosure system for effective response to COVID-19, there were not a few occurrences of side effects in which the personal life of confirmed patients was disclosed without filtering. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea has already recommended that human rights violations should not occur due to excessive exposure of the confirmed person s private life. Based on the awareness of the problem in this situation, in this article, the related regulations of the Personal Information Protection Act and the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act related to the disclosure of personal information, such as personal sensitive information, were reviewed correlatively. In particular, with respect to the right to self-determination of personal information, detailed and reasonable disclosure standards have been established to protect the confidential personal life of the confirmed person, with a focus on Article 34-2, which is a regulation related to the disclosure of information in the Infectious Disease Prevention Act, and, in particular, disclosure of location information, etc., I reviewed the problem of infringement of rights caused by. Considering the characteristics of personal location information that are distinguished from general personal information, can personal location information correspond to sensitive information of the Personal Information Protection Act?, review of a plan to devise a new “personal-related information” as an information type, review measures and procedures for rights infringement that may occur by providing and disclosing personal information including personal location information in the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act. Legal systems related to personal information need to consider the protection and use of the information at the same time. In other words, the legislation related to personal information should reflect the coexistence structure that balances “consideration of the usefulness of personal information” and “protection of individual rights and interests”. However, in the relationship between the two legal interests, ‘protection of individual rights and interests’ should be given priority. It can be said that this constitutional spirit should not overlook the side effects caused by the pursuit of a safe society and the need to consider liability for compensation for non-property damages caused by the distribution of personal information. A new modification of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act must be initiated.

A construal level theory approach to privacy protection: The conjoint impact of benefits and risks of information disclosure

Past research has extensively studied the negative effects of brand betrayals on consumer attitudes, but largely ignored their potential positive consequences. Also, while previous research has focused on betrayals made by the brand itself, it has paid less attention to betrayals by the brand’s personnel. This paper focuses on one potentially important positive consequence of brand personnel betrayal experiences (a consumer’s feeling of being betrayed by the brand staff members): the increased willingness of consumers to share personal insights and information with the brand after experiencing a brand personnel betrayal. A field data set and two online experiments show that consumers are more prepared to share personal information with the brand when experiencing brand personnel betrayals than when experiencing other types of service or brand failures. The effect is mediated by consumers’ social affirmation mindset and moderated by privacy concerns.

This study focuses on teenagers’ awareness of the consequences of disclosing personal information on social media and identifying the factors that encourage the disclosure of personal information on social media among teenagers. This leads to, unraveling the steps that should be taken as a smart and responsible social media user. The approach used in this study is to use a questionnaire method to students of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Universiti Teknologi MARA Penang Branch. This study uses a cross-sectional design where data is collected only once in a short period of time. The results of the study found that almost the majority of students are exposed to the issue of disclosure of personal information on social media. The involvement of the highest percentage of respondents is from bachelor’s degree studies which is 53.8 percent while diploma is only 46.2 percent. This shows that the majority of respondents are from students who are currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree program. The implications of this disclosure of personal information have shown that individuals, social media platforms, and governments have their own and important roles in creating a safe online environment. With that, it can significantly reduce the risk of disclosure of personal information on social media as well as being able to protect user privacy.

In the context of the European Safer Internet project EU Kids Online, the aim of this article is to address how young people deal with privacy issues in social networking sites, using Facebook as an example. The study on which it is based examined the type of personal and contact information young people disclose through their profiles. In addition, it assessed gender differences in the disclosure of personal and contact information. A hundred and thirty-one Facebook member profiles were observed, selected to fit the European Commission's youth age range of 1330. Results suggested that most people regardless of gender enter full name, facial pictures, hometown and e-mail addresses in their profiles. However, males are more likely than females to disclose mobile phone number, home address and instant messaging (IM) screen names. Consistent with the past literature, youth, especially between the ages of 18 and 22, seem unaware of the potential dangers they are facing when entering real personal and contact information in their profiles while accepting friendship requests from strangers. Recommendations for future research include investigating the levels of awareness young people have when disclosing information about themselves that can potentially harm them in more ways than one.

This study examined the effects of privacy concerns, information control, and perceived benefits of personal information disclosure of Japanese consumers, on the attitudes toward disclosing personal information and the willingness to disclose information. The results of an online survey on Japanese consumers aged 20–60 (N = 1,000) confirm the moderation effect of information control and the mediation effect of perceived benefits on the relationship between privacy concerns and the attitudes toward disclosing personal information. The willingness to disclose medical and financial information, along with social media profiles, is negatively associated with privacy concerns compared to typical personal information like names and addresses.

The rapid growth in consumers' adoption of social networking sites revolutionized the marketing landscape, transforming the way brands communicate with their customers. At the same time, the widespread popularity of social networking sites raised major concerns about the privacy and security of users' personal information on these platforms. Drawing on social identity, and privacy calculus theories, this study examines the roles of consumer‐social networking site relational dimensions, namely personal information disclosure and social networking sites identification as drivers of consumer brand engagement on social networking sites‐hosted brand pages. We show that the extent of consumer‐social networking site identification and the degree to which consumers disclose personal information on a social networking site affect their engagement with other brands hosted on that platform. Online survey data collected from a nationally representative sample of US consumers (n = 506) and empirically tested through structural equation modeling provide overall support to the proposed model. This study contributes to the literature by being the first to empirically demonstrate the spillover effects of consumer‐social networking site relational attributes to online consumer brand engagement. The findings provide guidance to marketing managers seeking to increase brand engagement on social media.

Is it fair to say that the disclosure of personal information, in an online setting, is voluntary or due to incentivization, cognitive risk-benefit analysis, cognitive predisposition, or based on information sensitivity, whereas our personal information is being collected, knowingly and forcibly most of the time, and unknowingly and inadvertently at other times? While the collection of personal information is necessary to organizations and online users alike, in completing online transactions, the issue is the collection of additional non-pertinent information that serves only organizations' prescriptive and predictive analytics and their business interests, and not the users'. Most study on the phenomenon have centered on voluntary or willful disclosure, and on technical collections. This article examines the phenomenon based on the concept of the obligatory passage point and found that online users disclose their personal information online mostly because the information are designated as required in an online setting, contrary to conventional beliefs.

Young people, disclosure of personal information and online privacy: Control, choice and consequences

Purpose Organizations committed to nondiscrimination and inclusivity can monitor employee experiences to expose inequalities and develop precise, targeted policies. One approach is to collect and analyze personal data on sexual orientation and gender identity. However, are employees prepared to share such personal information? What are their hesitations, and under what conditions are they willing to disclose? To comprehend the complexities of employees’ preferences regarding the disclosure of personal information on sexual orientation and gender identity, our study investigates their attitudes toward collecting such data in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach We conducted 23 in-depth semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion. Findings We uncovered four factors that shape employees’ attitudes toward data collection, including (1) the perceived benefit and relevance of collecting data on sexual orientation and gender identity to the workplace, (2) minority vs. majority group membership, (3) fear of misuse of information and negative career-related consequences, and (4) the risk of ascribed categorization. Additionally, we found four key conditions that influence employees’ disclosure preferences, including (1) the transparency of data collection purposes, (2) the accessibility and perceived privacy of data, (3) trust and anonymity issues, and (4) the voluntariness of the data collection process. Practical implications By shedding light on employees’ attitudes, this research enhances our understanding of workplace disclosure practices, including those of sexual and/or gender minorities, helping to foster more inclusive work environments. Originality/value To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study on employees’ attitudes toward data collection on sexual orientation and gender identity in the workplace.

Purpose This study explores consumer behavior regarding the disclosure of personal information to GenAI systems, examining how potential benefits influence their willingness to share such information. The study adopts the conservation of resources theory, framing personal information as a resource that consumers aim to protect. Design/methodology/approach Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was employed to segment consumers based on their willingness to disclose specific types of information to GenAI in hotels. The analysis identified distinct consumer profiles and analyzed the way they became receptive to offers and engagement with GenAI-powered systems. Findings Three unique consumer profiles were identified, each exhibiting different behaviors regarding information disclosure and engagement with GenAI systems. Significant differences were observed in the willingness of these profiles to pay for AI-personalized products or information. However, general demographics and behavioral variables showed minimal variance across profiles. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on personal information disclosure in opaque systems like GenAI. It relies on a novel segmentation strategy using LPA and offers insights that challenge traditional demographic or behavioral segmentation models. The study highlights the potential superiority of LPA-based segmentation over traditional demographic or behavioral approaches.

LBS(Location-Based Service) is one of the smartphone application services which has been receiving great attention recently. Various applications of smartphone use LBS to provide innovative services. However, use of LBS raises privacy concerns because the location information of users is constantly exposed. Privacy calculus perspective attempts to understand the characteristics of the user's privacy. It is based on the risk-benefit analysis in the economics' perspective. That is, when the benefit expected through personal information disclosure is higher than risk, we are willing to provide personal information. This research suggested a research model based on the privacy calculus perspective to clarify the effect of information disclosure intention of smartphone LBS application users. Based on the main factors of privacy calculus, perception of privacy risk and privacy benefit, the relationship of the perceived value and the information disclosure intention was empirically analyzed by utilizing structural equation modeling(SEM) methodology. According to the results of the empirical analysis, it was found that all relations have statistically significant explanatory power except the relation between privacy concern and information disclosure intention. This study showed a strong evidence of antecedent factors based on privacy calculus of personal information disclosure in smartphone LBS applications.

PurposeWith the widespread collection and utilization of user data, privacy security has become a crucial factor influencing online engagement. In response to the growing concern about privacy security issues on social media, this research aims to examine the key causes of social media users' privacy calculus and how the balance between perceived privacy risks and benefits affects users' privacy concerns and their subsequent willingness to disclose personal information.Design/methodology/approachThe characteristics of the privacy calculus were extracted through partially structured interviews. A research model derived from privacy calculus theory was constructed, and latent variable modeling was employed to validate the proposed hypotheses.FindingsInformation sensitivity, experiences of privacy violations, social influence and the effectiveness of privacy policies influence users' privacy calculus. Privacy risk positively influences privacy concerns. Personal information disclosure willingness is positively influenced by privacy benefits and negatively influenced by privacy concerns, with both paths moderated by social media identification.Originality/valueThis study explores the key antecedents of users' privacy calculus and how these factors influence privacy concerns and subsequent willingness to disclose information on social media. It offers new insights into the privacy paradox observed within social media by validating the moderating role of social media identification on users' information disclosure willingness.